International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Function, Circulation and Application Role in Human Diseases
Get PDFThe field of microRNA research has shown significant growth during the past decade. MicroRNA (miRNA) profiles have been identified as indicative of pathological conditions and have shown potential as biomarkers for diagnosing and evaluating human diseases. The mammalian genome encompasses a collection of more than 2200 miRNA genes, of which more than 1000 are attributed to the human genome. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as regulators of essential cellular functions, such as development, differentiation, growth, and metabolism. The influence of gene proximity within the genome and their positioning within introns of coding genes, noncoding genes, and exons has significantly impacted gene expression levels in eukaryotic cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit substantial conservation throughout eukaryotic creatures, suggesting their enduring importance as a component of gene regulation networks. In this study, we want to elucidate fundamental inquiries about the role of microRNAs in human disease and the consequential clinical implications of these molecules. This discussion focuses on micro-RNAs` role in epigenetics, cancer, and metabolic illnesses. Illustrative instances are drawn from cholangiocarcinoma and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
 
Effectiveness of Synthetic Biology to Diminish Global Biological Diversity Loss: A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFThe status of biological diversity and genetic variations across the globe is changing faster due to various climatic and anthropogenic disturbances. Numerous research projects have revealed that traditional conservation approaches and protected area networks are inadequate to reduce the biodiversity loss rate. Synthetic biology is the most effective option to preserve biological diversity and increase sustainable protection of species in the existing environment through genetically improved materials. Synthetic biology is a field that connects research with practice, transforms ideas into innovations, offers the potential to resolve conservation problems via genome editing, and thinks strategically and tactically at the same time. This paper is prepared based on an extensive literature survey and explores synthetic biology`s effectiveness for the overall conservation practices of global biodiversity. The study revealed a communication gap and inadequate involvement between the conservation and synthetic biology communities. This paper broadly elucidates the potential applications of synthetic biology and discloses the necessity of optimistic synthetic biology technologies for protecting the global biological diversity.
 
Establishment of Significant Correlation between Seasonal Physicochemical parameters and Zooplankton Diversity in Saheb Bandh, at Purulia, West Bengal
Get PDFIn the aquatic ecosystem, zooplankton plays a crucial role. Its distribution and assortment, however, are driven by several physicochemical parameters in an association. The present study, on the zooplankton community, was carried out between March 2021 to February 2022 for one year at the Saheb Bandh, Purulia West Bengal, to unveil the critical association between zooplankton and physicochemical parameters. For this purpose, Water samples were also tested for zooplankton community composition and density. The parameters correlated positively with several zooplankton groups. A variety of physicochemical characteristics were measured for the water samples. Totally 4 taxonomic groups of zooplankton were identified from Saheb Bandh, Purulia (Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda, and Ostracoda). A total of 25 taxa were recorded (Rotifera 10, Cladocera7, Copepods 5 and Ostracoda 3). Among the Rotiferans, Branchionus sp, and Keratella sp, etc. species; among the Cladocerans, Daphnia sp, Moina sp, and Bosmina sp, etc. species; among Copepodans, Cyclops sp and Mesocyclops sp, etc. species and among the Ostracodans, Candona sp, Heterocypris sp, and cypria sp, etc. species were abundant. The zooplankton in this lake follows a sequence as Rotifera > Cladocera > Copepods > Ostracoda. A correlation was drawn between various physicochemical parameters and zooplankton density. Some changes in zooplankton community structure are related to seasonal changes in water temperature, ph, hardness, alkalinity, and nutrient content in the water. Increased levels of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and nutrients such as nitrates, and phosphates indicate favorable conditions for the growth of zooplankton. This study showed that the presence of the aforementioned species is considered a biological indicator of eutrophication.
 
Antibacterial Activity of Unbranded Antiseptic Soap Used In Hand Washing during the Covid-19
Get PDFHand washes, if properly done with antiseptic soaps that contain the right ingredients, limit the spread of diseases. Hand wash was recommended as one of the important ways through which the spread of the Corona virus Disease (COVID-19) could be prevented. This research evaluated the Antibacterial activity of unbranded antiseptic soaps used in hand washing during the COVID-19 pandemic in some of the most affected areas of Kano state, Nigeria. Four different samples of unbranded antiseptic soap were used in this analysis and the samples were labeled as A, B, C, D, and Septol was used as a control. Palms and finger tips of students were swabbed before and after washing hands with the unbranded antiseptic soap samples. Four bacterial genera were isolated. These include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The bacterial load formed after incubation period was used to estimate the percentage reduction in bacterial load. All the samples showed some levels of inhibition against bacterial load. However, the highest efficacy was recorded in sample C (97%), followed by samples D (70%). Sample A had 42% while the lowest percentage was recorded in sample B (35%). It could, therefore, be concluded that some of the unbranded antiseptic soap produced in the study areas were effective in hand washing.
 
Study on Diversity of Rodents (Mammalia : Rodentia) in and around Achalpur City, District Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Get PDFThe present study on rodent diversity was done during 2019-2020 for one year by visiting different habitats of Achalpur City, Amravati district of Maharashtra state, India. Total 07 species of rodents under 04 genera of 02 families were recorded from the study area. Human habits, crop field, gardens and ground areas were chosen for sampling of terrestrial rodents, while forest area around the city was selected for arboreal species. Arboreal rodents were observed with the help of binoculars, whereas the standard size live traps were used for trapping of the small and medium size rodents.
 
Antibacterial Activity of Leaves and Fruit of Pistacia lentiscus
Get PDFThe study was carried out on the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Pistacia lentiscus leaves and fruits. The extracts were tested for its antibacterial activity against the following organisms; Staphylococcus aureus, Esherichia coli and Klebsilla pneumonia at different concentrations of 40, 80, 100, 120 ?l. The ethanol extract of Pistacia was more effective than water extract. ethanol extract showed variation in the anti-bacterial activity toward S. aureus that isolated from clinical source, the zone of their inhibition ranged between (10-25mm).
 
Prediction of physic-chemical property/ Biological Activity and ADMET (absorption, distribution, mechanism, excretion, and toxicity) parameters of approved HIV Medications
Get PDFThe purpose of this short study is to estimate the main chemical-physical properties, pharmacokinetics, and biological activity of the main anti-HIV drugs. The ADMETlab, pkCSM server, and The Pass Online Server were used to complete this computational investigation. The canonical SMILES strings of these compounds were retrieved from PubChem (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) using their CAS registry number or chemical name(s). Regarding the in Silico toxicity study, between all the HIV antivirals investigated, “Lamivudine/Zidovudine”, sold under the brand name “Combivir”, reported good overall values, indicating that it is potentially the least toxic, except for the Minnow toxicity parameter (LC50 with a value of about 7.025 (log mM). Furthermore, Lopinavir also reported overall acceptable values against the various toxicity tests, except that of the Max. tolerated dose (human) with a value of -0.297 (log mg / kg / day in units ), compared to Combivir of 0.684 log mg / kg / day in units. From this evaluation, Combivir is one of the best drugs, manly in terms of toxicity parameters and also it would be useful to focus on discovering similar chemical structures, based on their structure.
 
Effect of Postharvest Treatments on the Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical Content of Fluted Pumpkin (Talfairia Occidentalis) Leaf
Get PDFThe effect of two different drying techniques (Sun drying at ambient temperature for 2 days, and oven drying at 65oC for 4 hours, on the proximate, mineral composition, vitamin content and ant-nutrients of fluted pumpkin leaf were studied. The results obtained showed that oven drying technique had higher protein (21.75%), moisture (82.25%) and Ash (6.50). High levels of vitamins A (17.25mg/100), B1 (2.35 mg/100g), and B2 (2.17mg/100g) content were observed in sun-drying of fluted pumpkin leaf. Low levels of P (156.25 mg/100g), Na (405.45 mg/100g) and K (178.40 mg/100g), were observed in the sun-drying. Oven-dried fluted pumpkin leaf showed significant lower level of anti-nutrients contents of Tanins (1.34 mg/100g), saponin (61.35 mg/100g), oxalate (70.20 mg/100g), phyates (1.12 mg/100g) and Trpsin (22.50 mg/100g) and microbial count of total plate count (2.4 x 102 Cfu/g) and Yeast/Mold (1.4 x 101 Cfu/g). This work showed that oven-drying of fluted pumpkin could be the best method of preserving it without compromising on its quality.
 
Cyanobacteria as a Natural Biotechnological Tool for Bio-Reclamation of “Usar” Soils
Get PDFSoil salinity is only of the best international challenging situations ‘Usar’ (Saline/Alkaline) soils. ‘Usar’ soil is widespread in eastern Utter Pradesh India and is either saline or alkaline. Such soils are unproductive, impermeable, hard, barren, and compact. ‘Usar’ soils restrict plant increase through bad water infiltration, enhanced mechanical resistance to root growth, water logging, and bad water availability with inside the soil profile. The experimentally studied soil sample has high pH, EC, Organic compound, high exchangeable Na+, and low Ca2+. The low amount of EC and Calcium in ‘Usar’ soil cannot support the conventional growth of plant species. Blue-green algae act pretty much as good plant food and will be used for reclamations of such soils. Heterocystous filamentous forms increase the N content of soil and area unit capable of solubilizing microorganism nutrients. The adhesive sheath of blue-green algae absorbs water and retains it. Comparatively, more growth of isolated cyanobacteria (Nostoc linckia Roth) in ‘Usar’ soils solution than in Allen-Arnon nutrient medium showed that the strain is alkalophilic and salt tolerant. The inhibition of sodium ion influx appears to be a major mechanism for the survival of cyanobacteria against salt stress and synthesis of salt-stress proteins have been found in cyanobacteria. Therefore, farmers will use blue-green algae to create their agricultural land and ‘Usar’ land nitrogen-rich and fertile economically and naturally.
 
Monitoring the Ecological Component of Sustainable Development Goals using Geospatial Information Tools: A Review
Get PDFThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) comprising 17 goals and 169 targets is a global strategy for guiding all nations in the course of changing and managing the social, economic, and ecological dimensions of the world. Quantifying a set of measurable indicators for all the goals is essential for monitoring the progress in accomplishing the SDGs. In this regards, geospatial technology is of great importance. Yet, there is less awareness and understanding specifically at the strategic or decision-making level, of the vital and integrative role of geospatial information in implementing the SDGs. Thus, this article focuses on the role of geospatial information tools in monitoring the ecological component of SDGs. The study is guided by parts of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough search was conducted in reputable electronic databases using specific search keywords. A total of 2,192 papers were gathered, which were subjected to exclusion and inclusion criteria resulting into the selection of 104 papers for review. Furthermore, the topical and methodological trends of geospatial technology studies relating to SDGs were discussed. In the conclusion, limitations were identified and future scope was provided.