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Considerations for Post-processing Parameters in Mixed-Method 3D Analyses: A Mesolithic Mandibular Case Study
Get PDFThe production of three-dimensional (3D) digital meshes of surface and computed tomographic (CT) data has become widespread in morphometric analyses of anthropological and archaeological data. Given that processing methods are not standardized, this leaves questions regarding the comparability of processed and digitally curated 3D datasets. The goal of this study was to identify those processing parameters that result in the most consistent fit between CT-derived meshes and a 3D surface model of the same human mandible. Eight meshes, each using unique thresholding and smoothing parameters, were compared to assess whole-object deviations, deviations along curves, and deviations between specific anatomical features on the surface model when compared with the CT scans using a suite of comparison points. Based on calculated gap distances, the mesh that thresholded at “0” with an applied smoothing technique was found to deviate least from the surface model, although it is not the most biologically accurate. Results have implications for aggregated studies that employ multimodal 3D datasets, and caution is recommended for studies that enlist 3D data from websites and digital repositories, particularly if processing parameters are unknown or derived for studies with different research foci.
La producción de mallas digitales tridimensionales (3D) de superficie e información tomográfica computarizada (TC) se ha generalizado en los analisis morfométricos de datos antropológicos y arqueológicos. Dado que los métodos de procesamiento no están estandarizados quedan dudas sobre la comparabilidad de conjuntos de datos 3D procesados y curados digitalmente. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los parámetros de procesamiento que tienen la compatibilidad más consistente entre mallas derivadas de TC y un modelo de superficie 3D de la misma mandibula humana. Fueron comparadas ocho mallas cada una con parámetros únicos de umbralización y suavizado, para evaluar las desviaciones de todo el objeto, las desviaciones a lo largo de las curvas y las desviaciones entre características anatómicas específicas en el modelo de superficie, en comparación con cada una de las tomografías computarizadas utilizando un conjunto de puntos de comparación. Con base en las distancias de separación calculadas, aunque no las más precisas desde el punto de vista biológico, se encontró que la malla con umbral en “0” con una técnica de suavizado aplicada se desvía menos de la superficie modelo. Los resultados tienen implicaciones para los estudios agregados que emplean conjuntos de datos 3D multimodales y se recomienda precaución para los estudios que incluyen datos 3D de sitios web y repositorios digitales, especialmente si los parámetros de procesamiento son desconocidos o derivados de estudios con diferentes focos de investigación
Analysis of the Hatchel Site (41BW3) Platform Mound Ceramic Vessels, Vessel Sections, Sherds, Pipes, and Other Clay Artifacts
Get PDFThe Hatchel site (41BW3) is a major ancestral Nasoni Caddo village and mound center on a natural levee deposit in the floodplain of the Red River in Bowie County, Texas, just a few kilometers west of the Arkansas state line. The site was occupied by the Caddo from at least A.D. 1040 to the late 17th century; the latest temporal estimate is based primarily on the association of the Hatchel platform mound with a mound and templo illustrated on a 1691 map drawn of the site during the Teran expedition, and selected decorated sherds and vessels in the uppermost mound zones; there are calibrated radiocarbon dates that extend to A.D. 1660 from other village areas or compounds.
The primary purpose of this study of the ceramic vessels, ceramic vessel sherds, ceramic pipes, and other clay artifacts from the WPA platform mound excavations at the Hatchel site has been to better understand the character of the ceramic artifacts from ancestral Caddo contexts at the site. This analysis is primarily focused on identifying the character of the ceramic tradition in place at the Hatchel site and its platform mound, temporal changes in the manufacture and use of these ceramic artifacts, as well as attributes specific to those artifacts (i.e., the use of pigments, or the use of long-stemmed versus elbow pipes and platform pipes) from sub-mound deposits (Zone K), the first primary platform mound (Zone I and J), and the series of temple mound structures in Zones A-H, the second primary platform mound. The characteristics recognized in the ceramic vessels, vessel sections, and ceramic vessel sherds at the Hatchel mound are also compared to and contrasted with other contemporaneous Red River basin ceramic assemblages, particularly Texarkana and Belcher phase assemblages from sites near to Hatchel, as well as along the Red River in southwestern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana.
The ceramic assemblage from the Hatchel site platform mound at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory discussed in this volume includes 18 vessels, 59 partially complete vessel sections, 15,041 ceramic vessel sherds, 45 sherds from elbow, tubular, platform, and long-stemmed pipes, 26 spindle whorls, and 11 ceramic disks. There are also a few pieces of daub and burned clay in the assemblage. The ceramic sherd assemblage includes 9818 plain rim, body, and base sherds, 2507 utility ware rim and body sherds, and 2718 fine ware rim and body sherds. About 89 percent of the sherds in the Hatchel mound excavations are from vessels tempered only with grog (i.e., crushed sherds). There is very little difference in the use of tempers in the plain ware, utility ware, and fine ware vessel sherds in the platform mound deposits, as grog temper is present in between 87.0-90.3 percent of the sherds in the three wares.
The decorated ceramic vessel sherds in and under the Hatchel platform mound can be segregated into four different groups based on zone stratigraphy, estimated temporal differences, and different proportions of specific kinds of utility ware and fine ware sherds in each zone: Group I, Zones A-D, ca. A.D. 1600-1691 Group II, Zones E-F, ca. A.D. 1550-1600 Group III, Zones G-J and Above Zone K, ca. A.D. 1500-1550, with the rapid construction of the primary platform (zones I-J) at or about A.D. 1500 Group IV, Zone K and Below Zone K, pre-A.D. 1200
Groups I-III represent Late Caddo period Texarkana ceramic assemblages, and Group IV is part of an Early Caddo period use of the Hatchel site before the eventual establishment of Texarkana phase village areas by ca. A.D. 1450 and the ca. A.D. 1500 construction of the platform mound over the Zone K archaeological deposits. Although the Early Caddo assemblage is separated in time by ca. 300 years from the beginning of construction and use of the primary platform mound in Zones I and J, nevertheless the primary platform mound was constructed directly atop important ritually used structures in Zone K.
The earliest Caddo component in the platform mound excavations at the Hatchel site is in Zone K, and is best represented by Crockett Curvilinear Incised sherds and one vessel, as well as var. Graves Chapel and var. Haley long-stemmed Red River pipes. The settlement responsible for the Zone K structures and the ceramic assemblage is estimated to date between ca. A.D. 1040-1200.
Zones G-J (dating ca. A.D. 1500-1550) are characterized by Bassett arrow points, elbow pipes and a platform pipe, a bulbous arrow point form, and a range of fine ware and utility ware vessels and vessel sections. Specific to these zones are vessels of Avery Engraved, var. Bradshaw, Bowie Engraved, an appliqued bowl, and a Moore Noded bowl. Other ceramic types that first appear in zones G-J, but are also made and used in later zones, include Simms Engraved, Belcher Engraved, Foster Trailed-Incised, McKinney Plain, and Barkman Engraved.
In Zones E-F (dating ca. A.D. 1550-1600), triangular Maud arrow points began to be manufactured and used by the Nasoni Caddo at the Hatchel site, and continued in use (in Zones A-D) until ca. A.D. 1691. The ceramic vessels and vessel sections specific to Zones E-F are Hatchel Engraved, Keno Trailed, and Foster Trailed-Incised, while Simms Engraved, Avery Engraved, and Barkman Engraved types are shared primarily with the Zone G-J ceramic assemblages.
Zones A-D are the latest structural zones in the Hatchel mound, and they have their own distinctive sets of arrow point (Maud), tubular pipes, and ceramic types in the vessels and vessel sections. The ceramic types in these zones include Cowhide Stamped and Hodges Engraved in Zones A and B, Avery Engraved from Zone D, and Belcher Engraved and Simms Engraved in Zones B and C, respectively. None of the recovered ceramics in Zone A, the latest of the mound zones, are specifically from identified Historic Caddo Red River ceramic types such as Natchitoches Engraved, several varieties of Foster Trailed-Incised, Keno Trailed, and Hodges Engraved, that date from ca. A.D. 1690-1730. This strongly suggests that although the platform mound at the Hatchel site was apparently occupied in 1691 during the time of the Teran expedition to the site, it was abandoned very shortly thereafter, as was much of the Nasoni Caddo community
Identification and Functional Analysis of ThADH1 and ThADH4 Genes Involved in Tolerance to Waterlogging Stress in Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 406’
Get PDFThe Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 406’ (T. hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 406’) [Taxodium mucronatum Tenore × Taxodium distichum (L.). Rich] has an outstanding advantage in flooding tolerance and thus has been widely used in wetland afforestation in China. Alcohol dehydrogenase genes (ADHs) played key roles in ethanol metabolism to maintain energy supply for plants in low-oxygen conditions. Two ADH genes were isolated and characterized—ThADH1 and ThADH4 (GenBank ID: AWL83216 and AWL83217—basing on the transcriptome data of T. hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 406’ grown under waterlogging stress. Then the functions of these two genes were investigated through transient expression and overexpression. The results showed that the ThADH1 and ThADH4 proteins both fall under ADH III subfamily. ThADH1 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas ThADH4 was only localized in the cytoplasm. The expression of the two genes was stimulated by waterlogging and the expression level in roots was significantly higher than those in stems and leaves. The respective overexpression of ThADH1 and ThADH4 in Populus caused the opposite phenotype, while waterlogging tolerance of the two transgenic Populus significantly improved. Collectively, these results indicated that genes ThADH1 and ThADH4 were involved in the tolerance and adaptation to anaerobic conditions in T. hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 406’
Ripley Engraved Ceramics: Taxonomic Re-Classification into New Types and Associated Varieties
Get PDFRipley Engraved was initially defined by Suhm and Krieger and Suhm and Jelks from large numbers of ceramic vessels recovered in excavations by University of Texas archaeologists and avocational archaeologists from what are now known to be post-A.D. 1450 ancestral Caddo sites of the Titus phase in parts of the Sulphur, Big Cypress, and Sabine stream basins in East Texas. Far-flung examples of Ripley Engraved are also present in McCurtain phase features on the middle Red River, on the Red River in Northwest Louisiana, and in Salt Lick phase sites in the middle part of the Sabine River basin. A major vessel database compiled by McKinnon has 1542 Ripley Engraved vessels in it, including mainly carinated bowls, but also bottles, bowls, compound bowls, and jars
Shipp Brushed Appliqued Ceramics
Get PDFIn recent years, new ceramic types have been identified and disc ussed in the archaeological literature pertaining to the Allen phase of the Angelina-Neches River drainages in East Texas, the core of the historic Hasinai Caddo area. These new types have included King Engraved, Lindsey Grooved, Mayhew Rectilinear, Spradley Brushed-Incised, Gallant Neck Banded, and Constricted Neck Punctated (Perttula and Selden 2014:43, 47-49; Marceaux 2011:140-141, 154; Jackson et al. 2012:177-180; Gregory and Avery 2007:33, 49-54). These ceramic types joined other longstanding and well-known types from the Allen phase such as Bullard Brushed, Hume Engraved, Killough Pinched, La Rue Neck Banded, and Patton Engraved (Suhm and Jelks 1962:21, 83, 91, 93, 117). This article introduces a new recognized ceramic type in the Hasinai area, especially in western Nacogdoches County
Teachers’ Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: What Are Special Education Teachers Experiencing?
Get PDFResearch has shown that people in the teaching profession have high levels of stress and often report increased levels of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Students’ academic progress may have adverse effects when their teachers have high-stress levels or report mental distress. Those who teach special education often face high levels of stress. However, there is little research considering special education teachers’ job-related health. This study collected data on 598 general and special education teachers in the United States. This study compared the endorsements of both stress and psychopathology between special education and general education teachers. This research found that both general and special education teachers demonstrate high levels of stress. However, special education teachers did have significantly higher levels stress. Interestingly, there was no difference in the levels of burnout between the two groups of teachers. High teaching-related stress levels predicted measured symptoms of anxiety and depression in both special and general education teachers. The special education teachers in this study did have higher rates of psychopathology diagnosis and symptoms. The perceived support and the respondents’ quality of life were also considered. There was no significant difference between the groups, although the perceptions of support were significantly poor. Suggestions for possible improvement in teachers’ mental health and stress include seeking to determine why special education teachers have a similar burnout rate as their counterparts and if the surface acting and deep acting reported by Yilmaz (2015) affect the rates of burnout
A RHYTHMIC ANALYSIS OF MICHAEL TORKE: THREE COLORS AND PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY: AN ORIGINAL WORK FOR SYMPHONIC BAND
Get PDFThis thesis analyzes three early Michael Torke “color” pieces, Ecstatic Orange, Bright Blue Music, and The Yellow Pages. This analysis provides insight into the compositional process of his early works, which continues to define his style today. Torke’s techniques include rhythmic motives and their variations, rhythmic canon, sectioning as the basis of form, and stratification. This thesis also provides an analytical notational device when defining a Rhythmic Canon Sequence or a Rhythmic Entrance Series. Through this analysis I demonstrate that all three pieces share these compositional techniques but are displayed in three very different pieces. I also explore the phenomenon of the golden section in each of the three pieces and describe the formal and aesthetic significance of the moments in all three pieces. In addition to this analysis, this thesis includes an original piece for symphonic band based upon the findings of my research, entitled Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. The title comes from different types of colors and is a tribute to Torke’s color titles. The analysis of my own work parallels the criteria applied to the Torke works
Microaggressions in the Academy: One Black Professor’s Narrative
Get PDFFor many Black men in academia, predominantly White institutions are the epicenter of racism and hindered success. My first year as an instructor at a predominantly White institution proved to be an experience I will never forget. I had some expectations of what I would encounter, but what actually happened far exceeded anything I could have imagined. Through the lens of a racial microaggressions framework, my personal narrative describes my lived experiences as a Black male preparing for the academy at a predominantly White institution in the south. Consequently, these experiences had a long-term emotional, physiological, and psychological impact. These experiences shaped my identity as a Black man in academia as well as influenced my dreams and aspirations in the professoriate
