Dépôt numerique grenier du savoir du Burundi
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Détermination de la valeur fertilisante de quelques fumiers organiques appliqués au Burundi
No full textMémoire Présenté en vue d'obtention du diplôme de Master en Sciences Chimiques Spécialité : Contrôle et Analyses ChimiquesDeclining soil fertility in Burundi, compounded by acidity and the scarcity of mineral inputs, requires the use of organic fertilizers. This study evaluates the agronomic value of five livestock manures (goat, rabbit, pig, chicken, and cow) analyzed at the LACHISTE laboratory of the University of Burundi. The parameters studied include dry and organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, N, P, and K contents, C/N ratio, crude fiber, and fertilizer equivalent coefficient (CEE).
The results reveal that chicken manure has a pH of 8.03 ± 0.05, a high dry matter (81.11 ± 0.01%) and organic matter (44.93 ± 0.02%) content, as well as a high nitrogen (1.93 ± 0.01%) and potassium (1.72 ± 0.00%) concentration. These characteristics make it a particularly effective amendment. Rabbit manure, with a pH of 10.51 ± 0.05 and an electrical conductivity of 4.36 ± 1.7 mS/cm, can, however, reduce the effectiveness of nitrogen inputs through ammonia volatilization and disrupt the soil's biological balance. All the manures analyzed have a C/N ratio between 10 and 13, indicating good mineralization, particularly rapid in the case of pig manure. Cow manure stands out for its phosphorus content (0.63 ± 0.01%), while goat manure offers a more balanced profile but is generally less nutrient-rich.
Correlation analysis highlights a positive relationship between pH and electrical conductivity: an increase in pH leads to an increase in salinity. Furthermore, organic matter, carbon, and nitrogen are strongly correlated with each other, while crude fiber is inversely associated with mineral matter.
Overall, chicken manure appears to be the most complete, rich in nitrogen, potassium, and organic matter, with the highest CEE (2.276). Cow manure stands out for its high content of available phosphorus (total CEE = 2.016). Pig manure has a good NPK balance (total CEE = 1.784), suitable for various crops. Goat and rabbit manures, which are less concentrated in fertilizing elements (total CEE of 1.196 and 0.640 respectively), have more limited agronomic value but remain useful as amendments to improve soil structure. Comparative application to corn and tomato confirms that chicken manure covers nutrient requirements with moderate doses (13–16 t/ha for corn, 15–20 t/ha for tomato). Pig and cow manures appear to be good alternatives (23–28 t/ha for corn, while goat and rabbit manures require a mineral supplement
Contribution à la valorisation énergétique des déchets organiques par co-digestion anaérobie : Cas des pulpes de café et des épluchures de pomme de terre
No full textMémoire présenté et défendu publiquement en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Master en Sciences Chimiques Spécialité : Contrôle et Analyses ChimiquesThe excessive consumption of fossil fuels as a primary energy source has led to global climate change, pollution and environmental degradation, resulting in human health problems. In addition, waste, mainly from agriculture, the food industry and households, is increasingly produced due to population growth and industrialization. The dumping of this waste in uncontrolled dumps and landfills causes significant environmental impacts including greenhouse gas emissions, soil and water pollution.The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of organic waste (coffee pulp and potato peelings) by biomethanization. The biomethanization process was carried out in batch mode and different physicochemical parameters were measured before and after anaerobic digestion according to standard methods. This digestion was carried out in 4-liter digesters into which 2.5 kg of the Substrate/Inoculum mixture was introduced. For this purpose, 3 scenarios of the substrate-inoculum mixture including coffee pulps alone, potato peels alone and their mixture in the ratios 3/1, 1/1 and the control were carried out. The results show that the ratio 3/1 generates a high production of biogas for coffee pulps (49580ml of biogas with a methane composition of 67.9%). The mixture of coffee pulps - potato peels in the ratio 1/1 produced 44280 ml of biogas with a methane composition of 72.8% methane, while the potato peels, in the ratio 3/1, produced 26030 ml of biogas with a methane composition of 66.9%. It should also be noted that the coffee pulp-potato peelings mixture in its control report generated 23280ml with a methane composition of 67.8%. In terms of methane yield, the coffee pulp-potato peel mixture produced more methane than the other scenarios (67.8%, 77.57%, 72.8%) for the control, the S/I ratio 3/1 and the ratio 2/2, respectively. This significant production could be used by the population as energy for cooking and lighting
L’impact de la crise politico-institutionnelle de 2015 sur la coopération internationale au développement entre le Burundi et l'union européenne
No full textMémoire présenté et défendu publiquement en vue de l’obtention d’un Diplôme de Master en Science Politique et Relations Internationales Option : Science PolitiqueThe 2015 political and institutional crisis in Burundi, triggered by the challenge to President Pierre Nkurunziza to run for a third term, profoundly disrupted the country's relations with its international partners, particularly the European Union. The period from 2015 to 2020 was marked by a major political crisis. This led the European Union to suspend part of its direct aid to the Burundian government in March 2016, in accordance with Article 96 of the Cotonou Agreement, due to non-compliance with fundamental principles such as democracy, human rights, and good governance.
This thesis focuses on the following question: How did the 2015 political and institutional crisis in Burundi affect development cooperation with the European Union through sanctions and the suspension of aid? The results show that the crisis led to a suspension of European Union budget support under Article 96 of the Cotonou Agreement, causing a contraction in the external resources needed to implement public policies.
This situation has hampered the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The Burundian government has adopted a defiant stance, rejecting Western interference and seeking to strengthen its political and economic autonomy by diversifying its partnerships, particularly with China, Russia, and certain African countries
Préparation du charbon actif à base des produits locaux en vue d‟un traitement des eaux usées urbaines : Cas des rafles de maïs
No full textMémoire présenté et défendu en vue de l'obtention du diplôme de Master en Sciences Chimiques Spécialité : Contrôle et Analyses ChimiquesSolid agricultural waste management requires special attention. Solid agricultural waste can be recovered through methods that contribute to sustainable management and waste reduction, such as composting, biodigestion, biomass energy, organic fertilizers, and activated carbon. However, the lack of adequate infrastructure and awareness of sustainable management practices limits its effective treatment. The objective of this study is to contribute to the valorization of vegetable waste, specifically corn cobs, into activated carbon through carbonization at 450°C, preceded by chemical impregnation using 40% phosphoric acid. The prepared activated carbon was used to treat wastewater from the R3 collector in the city of Bujumbura, located in the Asian district. The corn cobs, the prepared activated carbon, and the wastewater to be treated were characterized using standard methods. The influence of the adsorbent dose and agitation time on the effectiveness of the activated carbon in treating wastewater from the R3 collector was also monitored.
The results obtained from the physico-chemical characterization of the corn cobs used to prepare the activated carbon are as follows: moisture content = 13.57%, dry matter = 86.3%, ash content = 6.505%, volatile organic matter = 79.63%, fixed carbon = 13.865%. The physico-chemical characteristics of the prepared activated carbon are: ash content = 3%, moisture content = 7.94%, pH = 6, iodine number = 1070.58 mg/g.
The overall results obtained from the treatment of wastewater from the R3 collector show improved pollutant removal rates, notably for NO₃⁻ at 96.6%, NH₄⁺ at 75.75%, phosphates at 70.49%, and turbidity at 94.4%. These results were achieved under the following conditions: a mass of 1g of adsorbent for 100 ml of water and an agitation time of 3 hours
Catastrophes socio-naturelles et résilience : Représentations et pratiques des habitants du bassin versant de la rivière Gasenyi face au risque d'inondation
No full textMémoire présenté et soutenu publiquement en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Master en Socio-anthropologieAlthough the neighborhoods within the Gasenyi river basin are identified as flood risk zone, in the absence of regulation by urban planning services, they continue to be occupied in an unplanned and anarchic manner, in a context of insufficient urban planning. Additionally, these neighborhoods face significant issues with the drainage of rainwater and wastewater, which increases their vulnerability to flooding. Despite recurrent floods and the ongoing risk of future flooding, people live there and continue to settle in the area.
This research questions how the residents of these neighborhoods perceive the flood risk they face, as well as how they perceive their living environment and, to some extent, the motivations or reasons behind their settlement in this zone. It also explores how these perceptions influence residents' behaviors regarding space occupation and flood resilience.
This study highlights that flood risk is often perceived by residents in a concrete and immediate way. Indeed, the concept of “risk zone”, frequently used in the literature and by experts, does not correspond to how the inhabitants of the Gasenyi River basin perceive the risk and their living environment. The increased flood risk is increasingly localized to specific places, which are linked to directly perceptible visual indicators such as ravines or the fact that the dwelling is situated close to the river.
This way of conceiving the risk and the environment at risk profoundly influences behaviors related to space occupation and the decision to adopt or not protective measures. Personal experience with floods, whether experienced or not, the position of living upstream or downstream of the Gasenyi River, the cultural capital associated with socioeconomic status, or attachment to property are also factors that influence residents’ perceptions and their adoption of protective measures. This research also shows that beyond the natural hazard, It is a tangle of social, economic, and political factors that exacerbates vulnerability to floods and motivates the settlement of inhabitants in this risk zone
Le droit à la liberté de croyance et la prolifération des confessions religieuses au Burundi : Période de 1992 à 2024
No full textMémoire présenté et soutenu publiquement en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Master en Droit JudiciaireThe religious phenomenon has always been anchored in the range of rights and freedoms that every human being must enjoy, in compliance with the laws and regulations established by the public authorities of each state throughout the world.
In Burundi, the right to freedom of belief is fully recognized; this is evidenced by the existence of religious institutions, whose proliferation is currently on a considerable scale. Thus, this study, which is offered for the reader's consideration, aims to understand the regulatory aspects of this situation and the control it poses by public authorities. In an effort to narrow down the relevant elements of the analysis undertaken, this thesis first highlights the general aspects surrounding the religious phenomenon.
Next, an attempt at a critical assessment of the legal framework for religious freedom is provided, providing an overview of the main international and national legal instruments relevant to this study. Finally, the thesis highlights the observation that the existence of religious legal institutions constitutes a sufficient guarantee that freedom of belief is respected, while their excessive proliferation raises questions about the appropriateness of their restructuring through a process of regulation and control of their activities
Migrations, investissements directs étrangers et croissance économique en Afrique subsaharienne (1996-2023)
No full textMémoire Présenté et défendu publiquement en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Master en Analyse Economique et Développement Option : Analyse EconomiqueThis study analyzes the impact of migration and foreign direct investment on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa over the period from 1996 to 2023. For migration, whether internal or international, migrants contribute to the economy by fulfilling the essential role in the labor market where labor is scarce, skilled migrants bring skills and knowledge to stimulate innovation and improve productivity. At the same time, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) constitutes the essential engine of growth by bringing capital but also modern technologies and opportunities for job creation by promoting technology transfer and infrastructure construction. This study proceeds, in the methodological part, by the specification of the GMM model and the presentation of the variables used. In the field of migration, the results of econometric estimations prove that net migration has positive impacts on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa in a non-significant manner. In the field of foreign direct investment (FDI), the results of econometric estimations show that foreign direct investment has positive impacts on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa in a non-significant manner. In addition, for the interaction between migration and foreign direct investment, the results of econometric estimations show that it has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, governments in the region should promote migration policies that facilitate the integration of skilled and unskilled migrants into key sectors of the economy while leveraging remittances sent by diasporas to finance development projects. At the same time, for foreign direct investors, an attractive and stable legislative framework must be put in place to encourage foreign direct investment, by offering tax incentives and strengthening transparency in the investment process. Key-words: Migration, foreign direct investment, Economic growth, Sub-Saharan Afric
Analyse des es déterminants de la politique de distribution des dividendes au sein des banques commerciales burundaises de 2018 à 2022
No full textMémoire présenté et défendu publiquement en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Master en Sciences de Gestion Spécialité : FinanceThe aim of this work is to analyze the criteria of dividend distribution policy within commercial banks in Burundi. This study implies 6 Burundian commercial banks over the period 2018-2022. To make it, we used a panel data regression method.
The results of the in-system GMM estimations show that the determinants of the dividend distribution policy of Burundian commercial banks are four among the variables considered. These are profitability, liquidity, indebtedness and the inflation rate.
The results of this study show that profitability, liquidity have a positive and significant influence on the dividend payout ratio, while the inflation rate, indebtedness have a significantly negative impact on the dividend payout ratio. Concerning the GDP growth rate and size, the relationship is not significant
Relation entre la gouvernance managériale et la préparation de la succession dans les PME familiales congolaises: rôle médiateur du succès entrepreneurial : Relationship Between Managerial Governance and Succession Preparation in Congolese Family SMEs: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Success
No full textArticle de rechercheThis study tests the relationship between managerial governanceand succession planning among family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as the mediating role of entrepreneurial success. Based on a sample of 299 family SMEs from Bukavu in Democratic Republic of Congo, results from structural equation modeling reveal that only two dimensions of managerial governance, namely altruism and communication, positively influence succession planning. The findings further support the mediating role of entrepreneurial success, indicating that the influence of these managerial governance dimensions on succession planning is channeled through entrepreneurial succes
Vaccination strategies to achieve outbreak control for MPXV Clade I with a one-time mass campaign in sub-Saharan Africa: A scenario-based modelling study
No full textArticle de rechercheAuthor summary
Why was this study done?
• The newly-emergent Clade Ib monkeypox virus (MPXV) can spread more easily between people compared to the previous Clade Ia MPXV, and can be transmitted
through both sexual and non-sexual contacts.
• Immunity from historical smallpox vaccination, which also offered protection against monkeypox, is waning with the ageing of the vaccinated population, increasing the risk of outbreaks in African countries.
• While some countries in Africa began to receive mpox vaccine donations in late 2024, few studies have explored how mpox vaccination could be carried out in Africa, especially for one-time campaigns across sub-Saharan African countries at different time points.
What did the researchers do and find?
• We provided the first assessment of mpox vaccine demand for one-time mass vaccination across sub-Saharan Africa based on transmissibility projections up to year 2050, adjusted for the diminishing smallpox-immunised population.
• The results suggested that as sexual transmission of Clade I MPXV becomes more prevalent, greater vaccination coverage and age-specific targeting would be needed.
• We also found that prioritising high-risk age groups, such as children under 5 years and young adults aged 20–29 years, could reduce disease spread more effectively than distributing vaccines evenly across multiple age groups.
What do these findings mean?
• With increasing Clade I MPXV transmission potential over time and persistent risk of outbreaks, planning one-time mass vaccination campaigns can support effective responses, especially when supplies are limited and multiple countries are affected.
• Where increasing sexual transmission is determined, vaccination strategies should adapt by shifting the priority from young children aged under 5 years to adults aged 20–29 years, which would also requires substantially greater minimum
vaccination coverage to successfully control outbreaks.
• These recommendations were based on information available about how Clade I MPXV was spreading in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo up to December 2024