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    Technical Expertise Report ref. exp-123, 25/08/2015 -

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    Saint Odilia of Cologne : an Engraving by Johann Scott and Johann Heinrich Löffler the Younger

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    An engraving with sixteen scenes concerning Saint Odilia and her relics is preserved in Liège (Belgium). The print was designed by Johann Schott and engraved by Johann Heinrich Löffler the Younger, both working (at least temporarily) in Cologne. Only very few copies remain, including one in Cuijk (the Netherlanda) and as many as three in the Kölnisches Stadtmuseum. While the 1621 Latin edition of Johannes Banelius’ life of Saint Odilia served as a literary source for the engraving, the 1648 Chronicon of Godefridus van Lith is, in turn, based on the Saint Odilia print. If Schott created the preparatory drawings in Cologne, where a fragment of the print design is conserved, the first edition must date from no earlier than 1632, the year he was registered as a master in this city. This aligns with the potential involvement of Clamor Averkamp, who became prior of the Cologne Crosiers in 1636 and seems to have played a role in the production of the print

    Fully Kinetic Simulations of Proton-beam-driven Instabilities from Parker Solar Probe Observations

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    The expanding solar wind plasma ubiquitously exhibits anisotropic nonthermal particle velocity distributions. Typically, proton velocity distribution functions (VDFs) show the presence of a core and a field-aligned beam. Novel observations made by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) in the innermost heliosphere have revealed new complex features in the proton VDFs, namely anisotropic beams that sometimes experience perpendicular diffusion. In this study, we use a 2.5D fully kinetic simulation to investigate the stability of proton VDFs with anisotropic beams observed by PSP. Our setup consists of a core and an anisotropic beam population that drift with respect to each other. This configuration triggers a proton beam instability from which nearly parallel fast magnetosonic modes develop. Our results demonstrate that before this instability reaches saturation, the waves resonantly interact with the beam protons, causing perpendicular heating at the expense of the parallel temperature

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