Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION FORMATION MECHANISM OF BLIND PIPE IN WUJIAYUAN TUNNEL
Full text linkIn the construction of high-speed railway tunnels, when passing through different geological areas, the groundwater flowing through the drainage blind pipe is easy to produce crystals to block the drainage pipe. These crystal blockages are mainly produced by the dissolution of the concrete material of the initial support of the tunnel, which leads to the accumulation of precipitates in the drainage system and affects the tunnel structure safety. Based on the study of crystals and water samples in the blind pipe of Wujiayuan Tunnel, this paper discusses the relationship between the crystals in the blind pipe and the ion concentration, pH value, carbon dioxide concentration and partial pressure and temperature in groundwater. Combined with the environmental water chemical equilibrium software Visual MINTEQ 3.1, the influence of the above conditions on the formation of crystallization was simulated and the formation mechanism of Wujiayuan tunnel blind tube crystallization was proposed
The Presence of Sports Games in the Lives of Middle School Students
Full text linkLeisure time is a precious resource in our busy and stressful lives, and how we spend it can have a significant impact on our physical and mental health. One of the popular ways to make use of leisure time and promote an active lifestyle is through engaging in sports games. This research theme focuses on the observational study of participating in sports games during leisure time, examining their benefits and impact on individuals and society as a whole. Engaging in sports games during leisure time offers a range of physical and mental advantages. Physically, it helps maintain optimal health by improving cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, and flexibility. The present study included a total of 227 individuals who responded affirmatively to participating in this research and completing the proposed questionnaire, students in the seventh and eighth grades. The results obtained indicate a significant preference for team sports compared to individual sports, highlighting the importance of interaction and collaboration in sports activities. Popular sports games among preadolescents include soccer, basketball, and volleyball, which can be practiced in an accessible manner and in various locations. A significant percentage of preadolescents do not engage in sports activities regularly or dedicate very little time to them, which may indicate a trend towards a sedentary lifestyle. Sustained efforts are needed to increase preadolescents’ awareness of the benefits of physical activity and sports games, as well as to promote more active involvement in these activities.
Prezența jocurilor sportive în viața elevilor de gimnaziu. Timpul liber este o resursă prețioasă în viața noastră agitată și stresantă, iar modul în care îl petrecem poate avea un impact semnificativ asupra sănătății noastre fizice și mentale. Una dintre modalitățile populare de a profita de timpul liber și de a promova un stil de viață activ este practicarea jocurilor sportive. Această temă de cercetare se concentrează asupra studiului constatativ al practicării jocurilor sportive în timpul liber, examinând beneficiile și impactul acestora asupra individului și societății în ansamblu. Practicarea jocurilor sportive în timpul liber oferă o serie de avantaje fizice și mentale. Din punct de vedere fizic, aceasta ajută la menținerea unei stări de sănătate optime, îmbunătățind rezistența cardiovasculară, forța musculară și flexibilitatea. În prezenta cercetare a fost cuprins un număr de 227 de persoane care au răspuns afirmativ în a lua parte la această cercetare și a completa chestionarul propus, elevi în clasele a VII-a și a VIII-a. Rezultatele obținute indică o preferință semnificativă pentru jocurile de echipă în comparație cu sporturile individuale, indicând importanța interacțiunii și colaborării în activitățile sportive. Jocurile sportive populare printre preadolescenți includ fotbalul, baschetul și voleiul, care pot fi practicate într-un mod accesibil și în diferite locații. Un procent semnificativ de preadolescenți nu practică activități sportive în mod regulat sau dedică foarte puțin timp acestora, ceea ce poate indica o tendință către un stil de viață sedentar. Este nevoie de eforturi susținute pentru a crește conștientizarea preadolescenților cu privire la beneficiile activității fizice și a jocurilor sportive, precum și pentru a promova o implicare mai activă în aceste activități.
Cuvinte-cheie: elevi, gimnaziu, jocuri sportive
Article history: Received: 2024 November 07; Revised 2025 January 20; Accepted 2025 January 22; Available online: 2025 February 10; Available print: 2025 February 2
Use the PLS Micro-Squares Method for Measuring the Teaching Competence of Professors of Physical and Sports Education
Full text linkThe research aimed to build a tool to measure the teaching efficiency of physical education and sports teachers in the school environment in the intermediate education stage, and this by verifying its validity and applicability, as the tool includes in its final form 33 standards that meet the standards of honesty and stability, and covers 6 main dimensions, namely scientific knowledge competencies, and the efficiency of planning and formulation competencies, and the efficiency of implementation, the efficiency of evaluation and follow-up, the competencies of effective communication management and class, and the efficiency of professional development. The model was applied to 355 teachers of intermediate education in the national west and the value of stability was 0.63, and from it we say that this measure has an acceptable constant, and the value of the GoF standard is equal to 0.42, which is greater than 0.36. Which shows a great matching quality of the study model. The researcher also concluded that all predictive units are more than zero, as their maximum value on the axis of planning competencies and goal formulation was 21%. The lowest value was also recorded on the professional development axis at 11% that can be judged to have an acceptable predictive ability. By calculating the effect size 2R and through the test results, we notice that all variables have values of “f2” that exceed 0.35≤ Es, the effect size is large in all variables. In light of these results, we recommend that you take advantage of this tool to measure and evaluate the teaching competence of the physical education and sports teacher in the school environment.
Article history: Received 2025 January 08; Revised 2025 March 04; Accepted 2025 March 06.Available online 2025.03.30; Available print 2025.05.3
HardML: A Benchmark for Evaluating Data Science and Machine Learning Knowledge and Reasoning in AI
Full text linkWe present HardML, a benchmark designed to evaluate the knowledge and reasoning abilities in the fields of data science and machine learning. HardML comprises a diverse set of 100 challenging multiple- choice questions, handcrafted over a period of 6 months, covering the most popular and modern branches of data science and machine learning. These questions are challenging even for a typical Senior Machine Learning Engineer to answer correctly. To minimize the risk of data contamination, HardML uses mostly original content devised by the author. Current state-of-the-art AI models achieve a 30% error rate on this benchmark, which is about 3 times larger than the one achieved on the equivalent, well-known MMLU-ML. While HardML is limited in scope and not aiming to push the frontier—primarily due to its multiple-choice nature—it serves as a rigorous and modern testbed to quantify and track the progress of top AI. While plenty benchmarks and experimentation in LLM evaluation exist in other STEM fields like mathematics, physics and chemistry, the sub-fields of data science and machine learning remain fairly underexplored.
Received by editors: 22 January 2025.
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. 68T50, 68T07,68T05,68T2
LA LANGUE ROUMAINE DANS L’IMAGINAIRE DES LOCUTEURS NON NATIFS
Full text linkThe Romanian Language in the Imaginary of Non-Native Speakers. Over the past five decades, since Romanian has been taught as a foreign language (RFL) in an institutional setting, the profile of non-native speakers has been shaped almost exclusively through the analysis of their oral and written productions in specialized studies. However, international research in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology, particularly those focused on linguistic imaginary, highlights the importance of how the target language is perceived by the speaker in the acquisition process. This perception is never neutral and cannot be dissociated from the representations the speaker has of the target culture, nor from the other psychosocial variables that define their personality. For these reasons, in this study, we aim to interpret the responses provided by non-native speakers to a questionnaire regarding their representations of the Romanian language and culture, hoping to learn – within the field of RFL as well – how to listen to and interpret the voices of foreigners as they emerge from epilinguistic discourse. These discourses have been legitimized in the scientific field for half a century thanks to a series of concepts introduced by the theory of linguistic imaginary, such as fictive norms or identificatory norms. By shifting the focus from the interlanguage of non-native speakers to the study of linguistic imaginary, we will attempt to outline new facets of their profile in order to complete the already complex ideal profile and, at the same time, to enrich the image of the Romanian linguistic and cultural space with new nuances shaped through the distanced perspective of non-native speakers.
Limba română în imaginarul vorbitorilor nonnativi. În cele cinci decenii de când limba română se predă, în cadru instituționalizat, ca limbă străină (RLS), profilul vorbitorului nonnativ a fost conturat în studiile de specialitate, aproape exclusiv, prin analiza producțiilor sale orale și scrise. Cercetările de sociolingvistică și antropologie lingvistică din mediul academic extern, în special cele consacrate imaginarului lingvistic (IML), ne arată însă cât de importantă este percepția locutorului despre limba-țintă în procesul de achiziție. Această percepție nu este niciodată una neutră și nu poate fi separată de reprezentările acestuia asupra culturii-țintă, dar nici de celelalte variabile de ordin psihosocial care îi definesc personalitatea. Din aceste rațiuni, ne propunem ca, în studiul de față, să interpretăm răspunsurile la un chestionar privind reprezentările vorbitorilor nonnativi despre limba și cultura română, în speranța că vom învăța, și în domeniul RLS, să ascultăm și să interpretăm vocile străinilor prezente în discursurile epilingvistice, a căror intrare în câmpul științific a fost legitimată deja de o jumătate de veac printr-o serie de concepte lansate în teoria IML, precum cele de normă fictivă sau normă identificatorie. Mutând accentul de pe interlimba vorbitorului nonnativ pe investigarea IML, vom încerca să creionăm câteva noi ipostaze ale acestuia, pentru a-i întregi profilul ideal multifațetar și, totodată, pentru a îmbogăți imaginea spațiului lingvistic și cultural românesc cu noi nuanțe create de filtrul privirii distanțate a vorbitorilor nonnativi.
Cuvinte-cheie: imaginar lingvistic, reprezentare, norme fictive, norme identificatorii, concepte metaforice
Article history: Received 26 February 2025; Revised 7 April 2025; Accepted 26 April 2025; Available online 10 June 2025; Available print 30 June 2025
LISTENING IN L2 ROMANIAN: WHY FUNCTION WORDS GO UNNOTICED
Full text linkListening in L2 Romanian: Why Function Words Go Unnoticed. Listening is a crucial but often overlooked component of second language (L2) acquisition. Despite its importance in developing linguistic competence, listening is frequently underemphasized in classroom instruction. This article examines L2 listening through the framework of cognitive linguistics, particularly cognitive grammar, which views language as an extension of general cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and categorization. By integrating insights from John Field’s research on input processing and Baddeley’s working memory model, we explore how L2 learners prioritize content words over function words in real-time listening. A small-scale empirical study was conducted with 37 students enrolled in a preparatory Romanian language course, using a paused transcription method to assess word recognition accuracy in speech. The findings confirm that L2 learners rely more on content words over function words, which is consistent with previous research in other languages. Notably, within function words, clitic pronouns and certain conjunctions were particularly difficult to recognize, suggesting that semantic schematicity and phonetic reduction play a key role in perceptual challenges. The study also highlights the continued reliance on top-down processing, even among B1-level learners, and the persistent difficulty in automatic segmentation of spoken input. Finally, the article argues for a reassessment of listening instruction, emphasizing explicit training in speech perception, function word recognition, and phonological processing. A balanced approach, combining comprehensible input, explicit instruction, and structured practice, is proposed to enhance L2 learners’ ability to process spoken language more effectively.
Ascultarea în limba română L2: De ce cuvintele funcționale trec neobservate. În ciuda rolului esențial în achiziția limbii, receptarea mesajului oral este una dintre cel mai puțin reprezentate activități în predare. Perspectiva adoptată e cea a lingvisticii cognitive, mai precis a gramaticii cognitive, și valorifică o serie de studii dedicate în special decodării și recunoașterii cuvintelor în receptarea mesajului oral (Field 2009, Baddeley 2003). Scopul cercetării este ca, pornind de la un studiu empiric la scară mică, să aflăm în ce măsură vorbitorii de RLS prioritizează cuvintele cu conținut lexical față de cele cu conținut gramatical în ascultare. Metoda utilizată a fost cea a transcrierii cu pauză. Rezultatele confirmă faptul că vorbitorii de L2 se bazează mai mult pe cuvintele cu conținut lexical decât pe cele cu conținut gramatical, ceea ce este în concordanță cu cercetările anterioare pe alte limbi. În special, în cazul cuvintelor funcționale, pronumele și anumite conjuncții au fost dificil de recunoscut, probabil datorită schematismului semantic, formelor reduse din punct de vedere fonetic și poziției neaccentuate. Studiul evidențiază, de asemenea, înclinația spre o procesare vârf-bază, chiar și în rândul cursanților de nivel B1, și dificultățile întâmpinate de aceștia în segmentarea automată a inputului vorbit. În final, articolul pledează pentru o reevaluare a felului în care ascultarea e abordată în predare, subliniind importanța unor activități dedicate explicit decodării și recunoașterii cuvintelor, în special a celor cu conținut gramatical și relațional. O abordare echilibrată, care combină expunerea la input, predarea explicită și exersarea sistematică ar putea spori capacitatea cursanților L2 de a procesa mai eficient limba vorbită.
Cuvinte-cheie: ascultare L2, segmentare, decodare, cuvinte funcționale, specificitate semantică, schematism semantic, lingvistică cognitivă, româna ca limbă străină
Article history: Received 14 February 2025; Revised 4 April 2025; Accepted 7 May 2025; Available online 10 June 2025; Available print 30 June 2025
EXPLORING PERCEPTIONS OF ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION THROUGH INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT AMONG FRENCH-SPEAKING MEDICAL STUDENTS
Full text linkExploring Perceptions of Academic and Social Integration through Intercultural Competence Development among French-speaking Medical Students. This study investigates the social and academic integration of international French-speaking students at “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, focusing on the development of intercultural competence IC) through a variety of activities. Drawing on theories of intercultural competence, the study examines the role of university services, cultural activities, and socialization in fostering integration. The study applies surveys to assess pre-arrival and during stay perceptions, exploring the influence of these perceptions on social and academic integration. Through a qualitative survey and post-coding analysis, the research explores how advertising posters activities for Romanian as a Second Language classes reflect and shape students’ perceptions of the city and university. Findings suggest that while academic integration is relatively successful, social integration and the development of IC remain challenging. Posters primarily emphasize cultural and social aspects but often fail to reflect the reality of students’ experiences. Survey results reveal that while there is a desire for socialization and integration, opportunities for meaningful interaction with domestic students are limited. The research concludes that enhancing IC requires more targeted approaches in both academic and social contexts, with a call for greater collaboration between academic staff and student services to create opportunities for deeper intercultural engagement and integration.
Explorarea percepțiilor de integrare academică și socială prin dezvoltarea competenței interculturale în rândul studenților francofoni la medicină. Acest studiu investighează integrarea socială și academică a studenților internaționali francofoni la Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie „Iuliu Hațieganu” din Cluj-Napoca, concentrându-se pe dezvoltarea competenței interculturale (CI) printr-o varietate de activități. Bazându-se pe teoriile competenței interculturale, studiul examinează rolul serviciilor universitare, al activităților culturale și al socializării în promovarea integrării. În studiu s-au realizat sondaje pentru a evalua percepțiile dinainte de sosire și percepțiile in situ, explorând influența acestor percepții asupra integrării sociale și academice. Prin intermediul unui sondaj calitativ și al unei analize de post-codare, cercetarea explorează modul în care activitățile de creare de postere publicitare pentru cursurile de limba română ca limbă străină reflectă și modelează percepțiile studenților despre oraș și universitate. Constatările sugerează că, în timp ce integrarea academică este relativ reușită, integrarea socială și dezvoltarea CI rămân o provocare. Afișele pun accentul în primul rând pe aspectele culturale și sociale, dar adesea nu reușesc să reflecte realitatea experiențelor studenților. Rezultatele sondajului arată că, deși există o dorință de socializare și integrare, oportunitățile de interacțiune semnificativă cu studenții din țară sunt limitate. Cercetarea arată că îmbunătățirea CI necesită abordări mai specifice atât în context academic, cât și în context social, cu un apel la o mai strânsă colaborare între cadrele didactice universitare și serviciile destinate studenților pentru a crea posibilități de angajament și integrare interculturală mai semnificativă.
Cuvinte-cheie: competență interculturală, integrare socială, integrare academică, postere publicitare, studenți internaționali
Article history: Received 31 January 2025; Revised 2 April 2025; Accepted 25 April 2025; Available online 10 June 2025; Available print 30 June 2025
Lavinia-Iunia Vasiu, Cristina Bocoș, „O gramatică... altfel. Dezvoltarea competenței gramaticale în limba română ca limbă străină (RLS). Nivelul A2”, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2023, 240 p.
Full text linkThe publication of Lavinia Vasiu and Cristina Bocoș is an original book in the field of Romanian as a foreign language (RFL) / Romanian as a second language (RSL): on one hand, because, as the title says, it is Grammar... in a new way, which doesn’t include grammar lessons with theoretical descriptions of grammar content, alongside the classic structural exercises. Instead, it involves acquiring grammar skills through vocabulary and grammar exercises, through written reception activities, through oral and written interaction, through intercultural and mediation activities. On the other hand, because at the basis of developing all exercises and activities lies on authentic style and the motivation of the students.
The book tackles one of the most difficult aspects of grammar in Romanian language (both for non-native speakers in their learning process, as well as for teachers of RFL / RSL in their teaching process), such as the subjunctive mood, the personal pronouns in the accusative case, the nouns and the adjectives in the genitive case etc., specific to language level A2
Die Verabschiedung des Leibes und seine Wiederkehr. Der cartesische Dualismus in dem Discours und den Meditationes nebst der Skizze einer phänomenologischen Weiterführung der Leib-Seele-Problematik
Full text linkSaying Farewell to the Body and its Comeback. Cartesian Dualism in the Discourse and the Meditationes together with a Sketch of a Phenomenological Continuation of the Body-Soul Problem. There is no independent concept of the soul in Descartes’ Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, nor is there any other argument for its immortality than the possibility of its continued existence after death, thanks to its distinction from the body. This is why the soul and the body must remain in opposition: either thinking or extended, indivisible or divisible substances, ontologically necessary, mathematically ideal or merely confused accidentals suspended on geometrically constructed skeletons. It sems that the division between body and mind has never been so great as in Descartes. However, it is precisely the continuity of his unquestioned knowledge of the ideas/forms and the eternally unchanging nature of mathematical objects, untouched by his methodological doubt, that finds its expression in the idea of evidence: For Descartes, seeing with the eye of the mind is not only possible, but remains the most reliable way of “seeing”. It is precisely evidence that Schopenhauer recovers to restore the world not only as (Cartesian) representation but also as a non-mediated, bodily lived truth: the world as will. It is also evidence that Husserl chose as a methodological starting- and also connecting point to Descartes’ philosophy. With his evidence-based method, one could conclude that Descartes not only remained at the entrance door to transcendental subjectivity (as Husserl stated at the beginning of his Cartesian Meditations) but also locked himself out of examining corporeality: the phenomenologically evident re-entrance for the thinker as a solipsist back to the intersubjectivity of the living world
The Efficiency of the Worksheet and Practical Applications in the Context of the School Trip
No full textThis study highlights the effects of using a worksheet for the analysis of practical applications carried out with students. As part of an interdisciplinary thematic field trip, a tourist route through a historic urban center was followed, and a natural history museum was visited. These activities were preceded by documentation and the creation of a magazine, aimed at identifying and correcting potential gaps, validating prior knowledge to which new information, concepts, or procedures will be related, as well as gathering, selecting, and structuring information for future use. The study involved 43 students aged 16-18, of both genders, from nine classes (10th-12th grades) at “Al. Papiu Ilarian” National College in Târgu-Mureș. To achieve the research objectives, the students participated in a project-based learning activity. They went through several stages, with the current study detailing the practical applications and the completion of the worksheet. The necessity of involving students in practical experiences is emphasized for the development of critical thinking and scientific skills