Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai
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THE SPIRIT OF VATICAN II AND THE LITURGICAL REFORM BETWEEN RECEPTION AND REJECTION
Get PDFThis study analyses the reception of the liturgical reform and the ongoing controversies surrounding its meaning and legitimacy sixty years after the Council. It highlights the deep historical roots of Sacrosanctum Concilium, shaped by decades of liturgical renewal. The liturgical reform embodied a broader ecclesiological shift, integrating aggiornamento and ressourcement to renew the Church and its relationship with the modern world. The postconciliar period, however, saw increasing polarisation, with debates framed between continuity and rupture. The Summorum Pontificum intensified the crisis by relativising the liturgical reform and empowering anti-conciliar trends. The liturgical debates reflect deeper ecclesiological tensions. The apostolic letters of Pope Francis, Traditionis custodes and Desiderio desideravi, have sought to restore unity and reaffirm the authority of Vatican II and of the liturgical reform. Francis reconfirmed the postconciliar revised Missal as the unique expression of the lex orandi of the Catholic Church and emphasised the profound need for liturgical formation. He aimed to restore thereby the unity of the Church.
Article history: Received 25.11.2025; Revised 12.11.2025; Accepted 14.11.2025.Available online: 22.12.2025; Available print: 30.01.2026
THE FAILURE OF ECUMENISM IN THE FACE OF THE WAR AGAINST UKRAINE
Get PDFThe churches and ecumenical organisations have largely failed in their response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. While the Russian Orthodox Church [ROC] openly legitimised the aggression, most churches hesitated to condemn it or severe ties, prioritising ecumenical diplomacy. This reluctance stems from naïve assumptions about the ROC, overconfidence in dialogue, and the overlap of ecclesial and political interests. This study examines the support of the ROC for the war and its ecumenical consequences, the response of the Catholic Church, and of the major ecumenical bodies (notably the WCC), arguing that during a war of aggression, placing ecumenical relations above truth, justice, and solidarity with the victim falls under the notion of “false irenicism” (UR 11), benefits the aggressor, weakens the pursuit of peace, and damages the credibility of the Churches. The old paradigms of ecumenical relations and ecclesial diplomacy – the Ostpolitik, neutrality, the myth of dialogue –, as well as pacifism at all costs, need to be revised.
Article history: Received 25.11.2025; Revised 2.12.2025; Accepted 5.12.2025.Available online: 22.12.2025; Available print: 30.01.2026
The Prešov Evangelical College, the Centre for Education and Science of the Hungarian Evangelical Church
Get PDFThe Evangelical A. V. College in Prešov has been one of the most important Protestant educational institutions in the Kingdom of Hungary since its inception. At the time of its establishment, in the second half of the 17th century, it was not only the first and for a long time the only evangelical a. v. university in the country but also an important political institution, shaping a whole generation of personalities of the social and cultural life of Upper and Lower Hungary. Also for this reason, the activity of the college was temporarily stopped by the state power after several decades, and its planned transformation into a university could not take place. Although in the following century, during the non-violent re-Catholicization, its status temporarily dropped to the level of a secondary school, during the period of tolerance, after 1781, it quickly achieved the status of one of the most important evangelical educational institutions and the title of district college. In the first half of the 19th century, it already had two high-quality university courses, thanks to which it joined a group of universities, academies, making up a special form of the lowest level of university education in Hungarian conditions and a kind of institutional transition to a university. Even though its implementation was again prevented by stormy regional events, the college continued to be an important stand of education and research
Pál Sárváry’s Contribution to the Teaching of the Natural Sciences at the Reformed College of Debrecen, with Special Emphasis on His Book Entitled Philosophical Ethics
Get PDFAccording to the Hungarian lexicons and handbooks, Pál (Paul) Sárváry was a famous Hungarian painter and graphic architect. The higher seminaries at the Reformed College of Debrecen were started by him in 1782. Sárváry put specific emphasis on the acquirement of the German language and of the rhetorical arts. After a short stay in the city of Késmárk, he returned to Debrecen in order to serve as a lecturer of poetry. As his personal diaries reveal, he was involved in the tradition of peregrination. His destination was the University of Gottingen, where he fulfilled the requirements of the doctoral examination. After his successful exam, Sárváry visited the educational centres of Jena, Halle, Leipzig, Wittenberg, Berlin, London, Oxford, Utrecht, Regensburg, and Vienna. We find him in Debrecen again in 1795, when he was accepted as teacher of mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Although Sárváry was a celebrated personality of poetry, painting, geology, and architecture in Debrecen, it is worth focusing on a particular piece of his little-known philosophical heritage, namely Philosophical Ethics (1804), in order to illuminate his philosophical and theological thinking
COABITAREA VALORILOR CREȘTINE CU DEMOCRAȚIA ÎN UNIUNEA EUROPEANĂ – PE LINIA IDEATICĂ SARTORI-HAYEK
Get PDFThe coexistence of Christian values and democracy in the European Union – along the Sartori-Hayek Ideological Line. Starting from the attempt of some left-wing political parties in the European Parliament to generalize their own value references in the sphere of sexuality and the right to life, totally ignoring the different collective mentalities between Western countries and those of Central and Eastern Europe, this article offers a philosophical solution to the problem of violation/respect of democracy, following the line of thinking of Sartori and Hayek. Thus, consecration of the rights of a certain minority in a country cannot be imposed unilaterally, and even less from outside the national legislative systems, but only through its efforts to convert into a majority, through intense persuasion carried out at the societal level.
Cuvinte-cheie: Sartori, Hayek, democraţie, minoritate, majoritate, Europa, valori
SFÂNTUL SIMEON NOUL TEOLOG – UN MODEL PENTRU CREȘTINII DE AZI
Get PDFSaint Symeon the New Theologian - A Model for Today’s Christians. The personality of Saint Simeon the New Theologian exerted a strong influence both on his contemporaries and on the following generations. This influence went beyond the Byzantine space and spilled over to other nations. Saint Simeon, the New Theologian, who through his life, activity and work dominated the Eastern spirituality in the X-XI centuries. Although he was defamed by some, Saint Simeon the New Theologian managed to reach the top of Byzantine history, thus being the most profound mystical theologian. Through his writings we have a document, in which the high level of the Eastern spirituality was written, but also the starting point for other achievements. Also, through his life and work, Saint Simeon the New Theologian is a model, an achiever, and a founder, because his experience was an important source for the intense spiritual life of the 13th and 14th centuries. That is why the Hesychast movement, which will develop over three centuries, will be based on the thought and work of Saint Simeon the New Theologian, whom he claimed as its forerunner. Although a thousand years have passed since his passing into eternity, he remains a model for Christians today.
Cuvinte-cheie: Sfântul Simeon Noul Teolog, creștinism, spiritualitate, monahism, Imperiul Bizantin, scrieri, isihasm, rugăciune, post, teologie
CORROSIVE EFFECT OF ROLLING FAULTS INDUCED BY MICROSTRUCTURAL SEGREGATIONS IN A SILVER COIN ISSUED BY GABRIEL BETHLEN IN 1626
Get PDFGabriel Bethlen’s monetary reform in 1625 supposed to replace bad coins with good-quality silver issues. Some of these coins exhibit small, parallel surface lines caused by rolling faults in silver plates. This study investigates a 1626 silver groat minted at Baia-Mare, displaying prominent scratches extending from obverse to reverse. XRD and metallographic analyses reveal copper grain’s oxidation to Cu₂O, localized compositional inhomogeneities, and lamination-induced micro-cracks resulting from silver-copper segregation. The coin’s high relief is worn due to the circulation while the lower areas preserve the initial state. Metallographic observation reveal that the lower relief contain silver (83.7 wt.% α phase and eutectic) while the worn areas contains debased silver (65.5 wt.% eutectic and β grains) generating large copper micro – segregations, confirmed by SEM – EDX. These structural defects facilitated corrosion across the rolling direction, becoming more visible after coin cleaning. Such micro faults would have been undetectable after coin issue. The findings indicate that such pseudo-scratches represent not mechanical damage or intentional markings, but metallurgical anomalies associated with subtle debasement practices. This may suggest a controlled attempt to conceal minor reductions in silver fineness during Bethlen’s monetary reform, intended to stabilize coin production while preserving the coin’s visual and fiduciary integrity
A NEW REAGENT FOR SYNTHESIS OF NITRILES FROM ALDOXIMES USING ALUMINIUM (III) TRIFLATE
Get PDFWe report a new, highly efficient, and straightforward method for the dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles using aluminium (III) triflate [Al(OTf)3] as a catalyst in acetonitrile. This one-step transformation proceeds with moderate to excellent yields (44–94%) and tolerates a wide range of substrates, including those with aromatic, functionalized aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, and cycloalkyl moieties. This approach serves as a practical method for the synthesis of nitriles from aldoximes, yielding valuable synthetic intermediates for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In addition, the method\u27s operational simplicity and the convenient isolation of the final product are its key advantages
HPLC/DAD ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY DETERMINATION OF VITIS VINIFERA L. GRAPES DURING RIPENING
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) content and antioxidant capacity in five varieties of grapes (skin, pulp and seeds). A simple, fast and sensitive High–Performance Liquid Chromatography/Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) method was used for the determination of ascorbic acid in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) samples from Murfatlar vineyard. Total antioxidant capacity was determined through photochemiluminiscence method as ACL (Antioxidant capacity of lipid soluble substances). The LOD was 0.40 µg/mL for the HPLC-DAD method. The advantages of the method are using of small amounts of samples and reagents, short analysis time and minimum steps for sample preparation. Antioxidant capacity of Vitis vinifera L. grapes alcoholic extract ranged between 0.02 and 7.42 mmoles equivalent TROLOX/100g product. After statistical analysis (ANOVA), a significant correlation between the ascorbic acid concentration and the antioxidant capacity was observed in peel, pulp, and seeds during ripening. Due to the high content of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity, future analysis should focus on the determination of other bioactive substances in grapes
DÉFAILLANCE DE L’ÉTAT ET VIOLENCE LÉGITIMATRICE : ENTRE DÉCHÉANCE DU POUVOIR RÉGALIEN ET SOUVERAINETÉ PAR LE BAS DANS LE TERRITOIRE DE FIZI, SUD-KIVU EN RD CONGO
Get PDFState Failure and Legitimizing Violence: Between the Decline of Regalian Power and Sovereignty from Below in the Territory of Fizi, South Kivu in the Democratic Republic Of Congo. The failure of the Congolese state is now clear for all to see, having reached its peak, particularly in the highly symbolic territory of Fizi. The sovereignty of the DRC has been severely tested by armed groups, both internal and external, which have taken advantage of the absence of a state capable of ensuring its security. Given that the DRC is highly coveted by some of its neighbors with expansionist ambitions, and even by multinationals eager to see it dismantled because of its many natural resources, it is particularly surprising that Congolese politicians do not recognize this with deterministic realism. In reality, the political elite often plays a double-edged role in the political change and modernization of societies, particularly in the DRC