Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai
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ANALYSING SCHOENBERG’S PIANO PIECES OP. 19: HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY
Full text linkSchoenberg’s Op. 19 has become a classic in musical analysis. There are hardly any analytical approaches to twentieth-century music that have not been demonstrated using this cycle. Consequently, the body of research on Op. 19 also provides a good overview of analytical methods that were developed for, or have at least been applied to, atonal music
“WHEN I COMPOSE, I TRY TO FORGET ALL THEORIES...”. THOUGHTS ON PRESENTING ARNOLD SCHOENBERG᾿S TWELVE-TONE METHOD TO A WIDER AUDIENCE
Full text linkThis article describes the process of creating an exhibition and publication on Arnold Schönberg’s twelve-tone method and discusses the challenges of presenting Schönberg’s complex compositional techniques to a wide audience, balancing biographical information with musical analysis. The exhibition at the Arnold Schönberg Center featured a chronological narrative of the method’s development, showcasing manuscripts, tools like Schönberg’s twelve-tone discs, and multimedia content. The accompanying book aimed to be accessible to various readers, including a simplified introduction to the method, a historical overview, a glossary, Schönberg’s lecture on the method, and a catalogue of 50 related objects. The author reflects on the difficulties of explaining complex musical concepts to diverse audiences, acknowledging the ongoing challenge of accessible music education
MEMBERS OF THE STATUS ASSEMBLY IN HÁROMSZÉK AND BRASSÓ COUNTIES
Full text linkFollowing the Reformation, in the absence of a Catholic bishop, the Roman Catholic Status of Transylvania was established in the mid-17th century by secular nobility to represent Catholic interests. By the 18th century, the Status was led by the bishop, though Habsburg rulers later transferred its authority to a Catholic Committee (1767–1867). The Status-assemblies led by Bishop Mihály Fogarasy (1866, 1868) restored Catholic self-governance, culminating in a governing council in 1873. The Status had jurisdiction over educational, property, and foundation issues, while ecclesiastical matters remained under episcopal control. The annually convened assemblies in Kolozsvár [Cluj] included local authorities, clerical and lay representatives from across Transylvania, with elected lay delegates and notable participation from regions such as Háromszék [Trei Scaune] and Brassó [Brașov].
Article history: Received 03.05.2025; Revised 05.05.2025; Accepted 15.05.2025. Available online: 26.06.2025. Available print: 30.07.202
Reformáció, társadalomszemlélet, demokrácia – Gálfy Zoltán olvasatában…
Full text linkReformation, Social Theory, Democracy – In the View of Zoltán Gálfy... The study examines a topic in the work of the church historian Zoltán Gálfy (1924–2013): how the renowned professor from Cluj-Napoca interpreted the impact of the Reformation on the life of the society, with special regard to its democratic features, what social dynamics influenced the development of the Reformation in the 16th century, and what consequences had the renewal of faith on the environment of the church. The paper compares the work of the young theologian, only 25 years old, with his later writings under the communist-socialist regime and his scholarly achievements after the change of regime in 1989/90. It can be concluded that Gálfy, in the face of the danger of contextualizing theological scholarship, reached conclusions that are still relevant today. For example, the recognition he often makes – in line with recent European Reformation scholarship – that the Reformation has brought radical changes in four areas: the interpretation of the Bible, the personal experience of faith, the definition of the function of the church, and the relationship of Christianity to the world. In conclusion, Gálfy’s contribution should be seen as emphasizing that, despite all the social influences and counter-effects, it is useful to pay attention to the theological dimensions of the Reformation, to a careful reading of the original sources, and to the fact that “it is not a question of moving into the Reformation building but of rebuilding it in every age”, i.e. that each generation should come to an actualization of the Reformation heritage in its own context
Az Erdélyi Református Egyházkerület álláspontja az 1850-es évek Pátens-harca idején
Full text linkContributions to the History of the Forced State Church in the 1850s. Through a decree issued in 1849 and subsequently in the early 1850s, Haynau prohibited ecclesiastical assemblies throughout the territory of Hungary, thereby rendering church administration – founded on collegial governance – and the internal structure of the Protestant churches unworkable. With these decrees, he clearly anticipated a form of coerced state church system, which had been the deliberate direction of counter-revolutionary absolutism’s anti-Protestant ecclesiastical policy from the outset. Minister Leo Thun sought to establish an imperial church organization encompassing all Protestant churches within the empire (including the Unitarian Church), with a common imperial synod at its centre.
In the spring of 1850, a movement arose in the Lutheran Church in Pest and Debrecen in opposition to Haynau’s decree. Dissatisfaction continued to mount, leading to the collection of signatures. The resistance took Thun by surprise, as he had anticipated potential difficulties with the introduction of the newly imposed ecclesiastical constitution primarily in the German provinces. He had not expected resistance from Hungary, which at the time was under martial law.
This study presents the resistance efforts organized by the Hungarian Protestant churches, centred in Debrecen. Although no large-scale demonstrations took place in Transylvania, the moral support of the church leadership there was nonetheless evident
A Magyar Református Nevelés 2024-es évfolyam 2. száma: MI és az MI – Mesterséges intelligencia és oktatás, 66 o.
Full text linkA Magyar Református Nevelés folyóirat felépítése nem szokványos. Tanulmányok füzére helyett az adott szám egyetlen tanulmányra helyezi a hangsúlyt, amelyre aztán gyakorlatias műhelyírások hol szoros, hol laza kötődéssel kapcsolódnak. Végezetül egy-egy konferenciabeszámoló, rövid recenzió zárják a sort. A műfaji sajátosság összhangban áll az olvasóközönség igényeivel, hiszen nemcsak kutatók, közoktatási szakemberek, hanem javarészt a mindennapokhoz támogatást és inspirációt váró református pedagógusok forgatják a folyóirat digitális lapjait. Ebből adódóan recenzióm sem követi a megszokott mintákat, amikor a Magyar Református Nevelés 2024-es évfolyam 2. számának bátor témavállalásával, a mesterséges intelligencia (MI) oktatásában betöltött szerepével foglalkozom. Figyelmem nagyobb részét a számban feltüntetett tanulmányra fordítom, és a műhelyírásokból olyan gondolatokat emelek ki, amelyek érdekes dinamikát alakítanak ki a tanulmánnyal összefüggésben
NANO-STRUCTURED Nd-Fe-B THIN FILMS DEPOSITED ON GLASS SUBSTRATE BY FLASH EVAPORATION METHOD
Full text linkNd-Fe-B nanostructured thin layers have been growth on the glass substrate by the "flash" evaporation (FE) method. The microscopic and surface structure analysis of the Nd-Fe-B thin films investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate these thin films to be nanostructured.The temperature dependence of the specific magnetization of the films in the 80 ≤ T ≤ 800 K range, measured by the ponderomotive method showed that the magnetization of the Nd-Fe-B nanostructured thin films before corrosion did not exceed 85 A×m2×kg-1 at 77 K. In such Nd-Fe-B nano thin films the long-range structural order is destroyed. After corrosive action on the thin films, their specific magnetization value increased to 140-155 A×m2×kg-1, most probably because of the formation of Fe3O4 (iron oxide) and the presence of free iron ions on the surface of the nanometric Nd-Fe-B layer upon heating the samples to 1050 K. XPS spectra confirmed the presence of Fe3O4, FeOOH and Nd(OH)3
HYDROTHERMAL CO-LIQUEFACTION OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA AND POLYPROPYLENE IN CONTINUOUS HIGH PRESSURE SCREW REACTOR: A COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Full text linkIn advancement over batch reactors for biomass conversion, a continuous high-pressure screw reactor was designed to perform hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) under a range of conditions: temperatures of 555–595 K, water-to-biomass ratios (W/B) of 6.3–8.3, and feed rates of 0.005–0.0085 kg/s. Prosopis juliflora (PJ) and polypropylene (PP) were used in biomass ratios of 1:4, 1:1, and 4:1. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using ANSYS Fluent was employed to analyze heat transfer between the reaction chamber and slurry biomass. For 595 K, 8:3 W/B, and 0.007 kg/s, the simulation predicted a maximum temperature of 589.3 K and pressure of 22.1 MPa, showing a 1.3 MPa deviation from experiments due to low-density particles and higher process temperatures. The simulated heat transfer coefficient was 6001 W/m2K, matching experimental data with 94.6% accuracy. Under these conditions, energy recovery reached 70.8%, with biochar and biocrude yields of 34.2% and 48.7%, respectively. A synergistic effect in biocrude and biochar production was observed at a 4:1 PJ:PP ratio, independent of temperature. GC-MS analysis confirmed major aromatic hydrocarbons, including 1-[(E)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]-3,5-dimethoxybenzene, 2-methoxyphenol (C7H8O2), and phenol (C6H5OH). The optimal conditions of 595 K, 8:3 W/B, and 0.007 kg/s are recommended for maximum energy recovery and efficient heat transfer
CULTURAL ASPECTS OF NEGOTIATION BETWEEN ISRAEL AND EGYPT LEADING TO CAMP DAVID ACCORDS 1979
Full text linkThis article explores the cultural, intercultural, and interpersonal dimensions that shaped the negotiations between Israel and Egypt leading to the 1979 Camp David Accords. Drawing on theoretical frameworks in interculturalism, leadership studies, communication theory, and negotiation analysis, as well as firsthand accounts from actors involved, this study examines how cultural perceptions, religious symbolism, linguistic practices, and interpersonal relationships influenced the peace process. The study argues that while cultural and religious factors were not the direct causes of peace, they played an important enabling role, facilitating dialogue, reducing psychological distance, and helping negotiators humanize one another. Through a thematic and interpretive approach, the article situates the peace process within broader developments in Middle Eastern intercultural dynamics, including the later trajectory culminating in the Abraham Accords. It concludes that the Israel–Egypt peace negotiations demonstrate how intercultural competence, leadership vision, and personal diplomacy can reshape entrenched conflicts, creating new paradigms of regional coexistence
The Effectiveness of Blazepod-Based Neurocognitive Training on Reaction Time and Agility in Young Competitive Athletes
Full text linkIntroduction: Reaction speed and cognitive-motor coordination are critical components of athletic performance, particularly in sports requiring rapid decision-making and stimulus-response adaptation. While BlazePod technology has gained popularity in applied settings, empirical validation in youth athletic populations remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a six-week BlazePod-based neurocognitive training program on reaction time, agility, and cognitive-motor performance in adolescent athletes. Methods: Thirty-five athletes (aged 15–19) were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 18) or control (n = 17) groups. The experimental group received additional BlazePod training (3 sessions/week, 15–20 minutes), while the control group continued standard sport-specific routines. All participants completed five tests at pre- and post-intervention: Simple Reaction Time, Choice Reaction Time, Agility T-Test, Go/No-Go, and Stroop Response Time. Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed in all variables within the experimental group (p < .001), with large effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 2.0). The control group showed smaller but significant gains. Gender-based analysis confirmed training effectiveness across both sexes. Conclusions: BlazePod-based training significantly enhances both motor and cognitive performance in youth athletes. The results support its integration into sport training to improve reactivity, executive function, and decision-making under pressure.
Article history: Received 2025 August 21; Revised 2025 October 08; Accepted 2025 October 23;Available online 2025 November 20; Available print 2025 November 3