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Private Participation: How Populists Engage With International Organizations
No full textThe populist backlash against international organizations (IOs) is well known, but to what extent do populists engage with IOs, and what form does this engagement take? We theoretically draw a distinction between public versus private forms of interactions with IOs. We hypothesize that more concealed types of engagement appeal to populists because they allow populists to use the benefits IOs offer, while avoiding the domestic costs associated with visible involvement. We test our theory using novel data based on archival documentation from the International Monetary Fund and find strong evidence that populists prefer private participation. The study advances scholarship on the international dimensions of populism, with implications for IO legitimacy and accountability
Impact Of ASL Exposure On Spoken Phonemic Discrimination In Adult CI Users: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study Open Access
No full textWe examined the impact of exposure to a signed language (American Sign Language, or ASL) at different ages on the neural systems that support spoken language phonemic discrimination in deaf individuals with cochlear implants (CIs). Deaf CI users (N = 18, age = 18–24 yrs) who were exposed to a signed language at different ages and hearing individuals (N = 18, age = 18–21 yrs) completed a phonemic discrimination task in a spoken native (English) and non-native (Hindi) language while undergoing functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Behaviorally, deaf CI users who received a CI early versus later in life showed better English phonemic discrimination, albeit phonemic discrimination was poor relative to hearing individuals. Importantly, the age of exposure to ASL was not related to phonemic discrimination. Neurally, early-life language exposure, irrespective of modality, was associated with greater neural activation of left-hemisphere language areas critically involved in phonological processing during the phonemic discrimination task in deaf CI users. In particular, early exposure to ASL was associated with increased activation in the left hemisphere’s classic language regions for native versus non-native language phonemic contrasts for deaf CI users who received a CI later in life. For deaf CI users who received a CI early in life, the age of exposure to ASL was not related to neural activation during phonemic discrimination. Together, the findings suggest that early signed language exposure does not negatively impact spoken language processing in deaf CI users, but may instead potentially offset the negative effects of language deprivation that deaf children without any signed language exposure experience prior to implantation. This empirical evidence aligns with and lends support to recent perspectives regarding the impact of ASL exposure in the context of CI usage
Individual Differences In Leveraging Regularity In Emergent L2 Readers In Rural Côte d’Ivoire
No full textPurpose: Statistical learning (SL) approaches to reading maintain that proficient reading requires assimilation of the rich statistical regularities in the writing system. Reading skills in developing first- and second-language readers in English have been shown to be predicted by individual differences in sensitivity to regularities in mappings from orthography to phonology (O-P) and semantics (O-S), with good readers relying more on O-P consistency, and less on O-S associations. However, SL and its relation to reading has been primarily studied in English readers in high-income Western countries. Method: We examine individual differences in sensitivity to regularities in emergent French readers in rural agricultural communities in Côte d’Ivoire (N = 134). Results: We show that, in contrast to previous studies, in this cohort better readers are leveraging semantic associations more strongly, while individual differences in sensitivity to orthographic consistency did not predict reading skill. Relatively little variance in reading skill was explained by sensitivity to regularities, and we discuss these findings in terms of literacy acquisition in low-literacy and low-exposure contexts. This showcases the importance of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural research to back up universal theories of literacy, and suggests that current SL accounts of reading must be updated to account for this variance in reading skills
Functional Explanations Link Gender Essentialism And Normativity
No full textWhy do beliefs that gender differences are innate (i.e., gender essentialism) sometimes lead to normative judgments about how individual people ought to be? In the current study, we propose that a missing premise linking gender essentialism and normativity rests on the common folk-biological assumption that biological features serve a biological function. When participants (N = 289) learned that a novel feature of the gender category mothers was common and innate, they overwhelmingly assumed that it must have served some function across human history. When they learned that it served a historical function, they assumed that it must still be beneficial in today\u27s environment. When participants learned that the feature was beneficial, they judged that contemporary mothers ought to have it, and they were more willing to intervene to ensure that they would by constraining the choices of individual mothers. Thus, we suggest that essentialist assumptions can shape normative social judgments via the explanations people tend to generate about why certain features of natural kind categories become common to begin with. This finding articulates one manifestation of the naturalistic fallacy, with implications for policy debates about bodily autonomy and choice
The Ups And Downs Of Black And White: Do Sensorimotor Metaphors Reflect An Evolved Perceptual Interface?
No full textThe Implicit Association Test (IAT) was used to measure population levels of conceptual alignment among two polar sensory metaphors and clusters of concepts to which they are commonly applied. A total of 873 participants were tested online, to compare within- and between-cluster alignments of concepts associated with two different polar sensory metaphors (up/down and black/white). IAT results were sensitive to semantic alignments that were also picked up by Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) using a large-scale corpus of English. However, even with these semantic alignments taken into account, the dual categorization results demonstrated strong metaphor-cluster alignments over and above the predictions of LSA. It is proposed that, rather than ontogenetic development of metaphoric concepts based on sensorimotor experience, conventionalized sensorimotor metaphors in language may be cognitive tools that provide language learners with insights supported by conceptual properties of a phylogenetically evolved perceptual interface
Psychedelics, OCD And Related Disorders: A Systematic Review
No full textThis systematic review analyzes the current literature on the potential therapeutic use of classic psychedelics (i.e., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT], 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine [5-MeO-DMT], mescaline, and other classic psychedelic analogs utilized in preclinical models) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. Our search identified 23 articles meeting our predetermined eligibility criteria, comprising 2 non-systematic reviews, 11 preclinical studies investigating the use of classic psychedelics or analogs in preclinical models of OCD, 8 case studies or case reports, and 2 clinical trials. This review provides an up-to-date synthesis of psychedelic OCD research, bridging preclinical findings, historical case reports, and initial clinical trial outcomes. Psilocybin appears to be the most widely used classic psychedelic and is well-tolerated in both OCD and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) populations, with some participants experiencing significant symptom reduction. This review contributes to our understanding of the potential of classic psychedelics (in particular LSD and psilocybin) as novel therapeutic interventions for OCD and related disorders, offering insights into future research directions and clinical applications in this emerging field
Gratitude Letters To Natural Places Promote Ecospirituality Via Increased Anthropomorphism
No full textGratitude to nature promotes sustainability and is linked to both anthropomorphism of nature and ecospirituality. Thus, these factors may mediate the effects of nature gratitude on pro-environmental behavioral intentions. The effects of nature gratitude may also be strongest when nature is explicitly anthropomorphized or when people consider a natural place of personal importance. Therefore, this study examined the effect of writing gratitude letters to Mother Nature and natural places on pro-environmental intentions, anthropomorphism, and ecospirituality. We hypothesized that participants randomly assigned to write gratitude letters to Mother Nature, in contrast to participants who write gratitude letters to a natural place or write about their morning routine (control condition), will express increased pro-environmental intent due to increased anthropomorphism and ecospirituality. In addition, we hypothesized that writing gratitude letters to a natural place would lead to more pro-environmental outcomes compared with the control condition. Writing gratitude letters to Mother Nature led to greater ecospirituality compared with a control letter (although not compared with the natural place letter, contrary to our hypotheses). Writing gratitude letters to a natural place led to both greater ecospirituality and anthropomorphism compared with a control letter. There was no overall effect of experimental condition on pro-environmental intentions and mixed evidence for an indirect effect of the natural place letter via anthropomorphism and ecospirituality. Path analyses supported that nature gratitude serially affects ecospirituality by first increasing anthropomorphism. Future research should continue to investigate how emotions such as gratitude can be leveraged to motivate action that protects our planet
Queer Masculinity And Global Palestine Solidarity: The Art Of Yusef Audeh
No full textThis article explores the relationship between art, queer masculinity, and transnational solidarity with Palestine. In particular, I examine the political thought of Jean Genet and Guy Hocquenghem, two leading gay historical French intellectuals who vocally supported Palestinian freedom. As their ideas continue to reverberate in the present, Yusef Audeh—a young queer Palestinian artist— articulates how the legacies of Genet and Hocquenghem inspire his paintings. I argue that Audeh’s work demonstrates how queer Palestinian masculinity can be manifested through art and transnational solidarity. Critical reflection on the “disturbing attachments,” a phrase borrowed from scholar Kadji Amin, that undergird such solidarity is also foundational to queer politics and scholarship on Palestine and beyond
Common Errors
Get PDFThis document addresses common errors and provides examples of how one would correct them. Topics discussed include ambiguous language, clichés, crutch words,comma splices, and dangling modifiers, among others
Revising Your Rough Draft
Get PDFThis document provides a check-list for things one should keep in mind when revising and polishing a paper. It addresses fine-tuning the thesis, examining transitions between paragraphs, and commenting on textual evidence, among other topics