Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future
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Islamic ecotheology and environmental fatwas in government policy integration: A literature review of Indonesia's strategy to achieve net zero emissions by 2060
No full textBackground: The issues of climate change and global environmental degradation demand collaboration between the government and society, including religious institutions. In Indonesia, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) has issued several environmental fatwas affirming the moral responsibility of Muslims towards nature. However, most previous research has focused on theological aspects and has not addressed how these fatwas are integrated into public policy, particularly in the strategy towards Net Zero Emissions by 2060. This research gap highlights the need for studies linking religious values to national environmental governance. This study aims to analyze the role of MUI environmental fatwas (No. 04/2014, No. 41/2014, and No. 86/2023) in supporting the government's strategy to achieve Net Zero Emissions, and to explain the model for integrating Islamic ecotheology with national climate policy. Methods: The method used is a qualitative literature review, examining fatwa documents, government regulations (Presidential Regulation No. 98/2021, Indonesia's National Development Planning Agency), and international academic literature on faith-based environmental governance. Findings: The research findings indicate that fatwas function in three ways: (1) providing moral legitimacy to environmental policies; (2) encouraging social participation through networks of Islamic boarding schools, mosques, and Islamic organizations; and (3) strengthening public policies with religious ethical values. However, their effectiveness is still limited by the lack of implementation mechanisms, financial support, and institutional incentives. Conclusion: This research broadens the understanding of Islamic ecotheology as the ethical basis for environmental policies, while also providing practical recommendations for the government to involve religious institutions in transition strategies towards low-carbon and sustainable development. Novelty/Originality of this article: The environmental fatwas issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) serve as a moral legitimacy for public policy toward achieving Net Zero Emission 2060, while the novelty of this research lies in integrating Islamic ecotheology with national climate policy within a co-governance framework
A sandbox regulatory framework for bullion integration in the decentralised digital finance (DeFi) ecosystem
No full textBackground: This research addresses regulatory friction and systemic risks arising from the integration of tokenised bullion into the Decentralised Finance (DeFi) ecosystem, focusing on how to balance investor protection with continued innovation. It outlines the context of DeFi’s permissionless architecture, the sensitivity of bullion as a high value asset class, and the resulting challenges for regulatory certainty and market integrity. Methods: The study employs an analytical and conceptual approach based on a comprehensive literature review and the examination of international regulatory frameworks, including IOSCO principles and FATF recommendations. It develops an adaptive regulatory model by comparing existing rules on securities, commodities, and virtual assets with the specific risk profile of tokenised bullion in DeFi. Findings: The analysis identifies core conflicts between DeFi’s borderless, permissionless protocols and jurisdiction bound AML/KYC requirements, as well as single point of failure risks arising from custodial bullion structures. To address these conflicts, the paper proposes a DeFi Bullion Specific Regulatory Sandbox Framework grounded in technology neutral and risk based principles, which embeds regulatory KPIs, capital adequacy thresholds, and RegTech enabled real time monitoring. Conclusion: The results indicate that the proposed sandbox model offers a viable pathway to mitigate systemic risk and enhance regulatory certainty by enforcing compliance at critical on chain and off chain interaction points, particularly physical redemption of bullion. The framework strengthens investor protection while preserving space for innovation in tokenised bullion markets. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research delivers a comprehensive and actionable regulatory blueprint tailored to tokenised bullion in DeFi, explicitly addressing jurisdictional arbitrage and dual asset integrity issues. Its original contributions include defining technical prerequisites for embedding AML compliance into DAO governance and outlining a cross border mandatory liquidation protocol as a theoretical roadmap for regulators and industry stakeholders
Dual roles of earthworms in climate change: Emission contributors or climate mitigators?
No full textBackground: Soil biodiversity is a key element of terrestrial ecosystems that underpins their resilience to environmental stress, especially amid accelerating climate change. Among soil organisms, earthworms are vital ecosystem engineers that regulate soil structure, nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. However, intensive land use and climatic pressures have led to declining soil biodiversity, threatening ecosystem stability and sustainable land management. Methods: This review synthesizes recent empirical and experimental studies on the dual roles of earthworms in carbon and nitrogen cycling, soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation, and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes under different management systems. Findings: The analysis emphasizes conservation tillage, organic amendments, and precision nutrient management as key strategies influencing earthworm-mediated processes. Evidence shows that earthworm activity can increase nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions by up to 42% in nitrogen-enriched soils. Conversely, interactions with organic amendments such as compost and biochar can enhance SOC by up to 32.69%. Conservation tillage, particularly strip tillage, improves carbon sequestration (1.21 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and increases earthworm abundance by up to 133%. These results demonstrate that management practices strongly mediate the balance between earthworm-driven GHG emissions and carbon storage. Conclusion: Earthworms are central to sustainable agriculture through their roles in improving soil quality and mitigating climate impacts. Implementing earthworm-friendly practices, such as reduced tillage, organic matter addition, and balanced nutrient application, can optimize their ecological benefits while minimizing GHG emissions. Novelty/Originality of this article: This review provides an integrative perspective on the paradoxical function of earthworms as both GHG emitters and climate mitigators. It offers a conceptual framework to guide future research on enhancing carbon sequestration and sustainability through earthworm-based soil management
Literature review on the role of green influencers in building environmental awareness among young people
No full textBackground: Environmental awareness and behavior in society help to raise global environmental issues. Innovative communication strategies on the environment are rapidly developing in the era of social media. The role of influencers as digital agents of change helps communication to raise awareness of environmental issues. Methods: This study applies a literature review and meta-analysis of 10 international journal articles to examine the influence of eco-green influencers on environmental awareness, systematically collecting, coding, and comparing findings to identify patterns, evidence, and research gaps within the social sciences context. Findings: The results of the review show that the credibility, authenticity, and social appeal of influencers are the main factors in shaping environmental messages. The use of gain message frames, visual storytelling, and green word of mouth has been proven to increase the audience's awareness and actions. In addition, cross-generational collaboration and online community involvement strengthen the image of green destinations and encourage an environmentally conscious lifestyle among modern societies. Conclusion: The review shows that social media and influencers strongly influence pro-environmental awareness and behavior—especially among Millennials and Generation Z—through credible and positively framed messaging, though their impact varies across cultural contexts. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study synthesizes influencer research to show how credibility and positive framing within social media ecosystems drive pro-environmental awareness among Millennials and Generation Z, contributing to critical debates on platform culture and digital environmental activism
The relationship between vegetable price fluctuation and food expenditure share in Indonesia during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2024)
No full textBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted food systems globally, triggering price volatility and changes in household consumption patterns, especially in developing economies such as Indonesia. This study examines the relationship between vegetable price fluctuation and food expenditure share per capita in Indonesia during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2024). Methods: Five major vegetable commodities (shallots Allium cepa var. aggregatum, curly red chili Capsicum annuum, large red chili Capsicum annuum, bird’s eye chili Capsicum frutescens, and garlic Allium sativum) were analyzed using secondary data from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The analysis combined descriptive statistics with Pearson correlation and simple linear regression using SPSS. Findings: Results revealed a strong negative correlation (r = –0.935) between average vegetable price fluctuation and food expenditure share per capita, indicating that greater price stability was associated with higher food spending among households. This suggests that the normalization of vegetable markets and improved price stability in the post-pandemic period encouraged households to allocate a larger portion of their income to food consumption. Higher food expenditure shares are likely to support increased vegetable consumption, improved diet diversity, and better nutritional adequacy, particularly for micronutrient-rich foods. The regression model further showed that 87.4% of the variation in food expenditure share could be explained by changes in vegetable price fluctuation (R² = 0.874). Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of maintaining price stability for perishable commodities as part of Indonesia’s post-pandemic food security recovery strategy through improved supply chains, logistics, and market integration. Stable vegetable prices may play a critical role not only in stabilizing household food spending but also in promoting healthier and more diverse diets. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study provides one of the first empirical assessments of how vegetable price fluctuations during and after the COVID-19 pandemic influenced household food expenditure behavior in Indonesia
Implementing precision feeding in Indonesia’s dairy sector: Environmental and socioeconomic impact and adoption challenges
No full textBackground: Lack of proper feeding management leads to low milk quality and quantity in some countries, such as Indonesia. Precision feeding (PF), as one of the precision livestock farming (PLF) practices, is a potential solution to address this problem. This study aims to describe PF applications and their impacts on environmental and socio-economic dimensions, analyze potential challenges in its implementation in Indonesia, and propose solutions to support future PF adoption. Methods: This study was a literature review initiated by searching scientific articles from three databases (ScienceDirect, MDPI, and ResearchGate), resulting in 16 research articles included in the analysis. Finding: There are four main components of PF: nutrient and feed quality adjustment, feed management, technology use, and data-driven model exploration. PF is associated with environmentally friendly practices and can increase farmers’ profitability. PF also introduces a new perspective in dairy farming due to technological interventions. In Indonesia, challenges in applying PF are related to the farming conditions dominated by smallholder farmers and the lack of stable internet connectivity and coverage. The presence of cooperatives can serve as a bridge between PF practices and smallholder farmers. Conclusion: The PF approach can support sustainable dairy farming in Indonesia, contribute to national goals, and address global challenges to meet increasing demand. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study uniquely integrates evidence on precision feeding in dairy farming with its socio-economic impacts, with a focus on Indonesian smallholder systems, linking feeding practices to profitability, sustainability, and farm management across multiple studies
Review of sustainable finance-based financing regulations in Indonesia: Analysis of regulatory responses to global environmental financing developments
No full textBackground: Indonesia is committed to lowering carbon emissions and supporting Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles to achieve sustainable development goals. This commitment is operationalized through regulations in the financial industry, such as requiring banks to fund green portfolios. This study analyzes how Indonesia’s current sustainable finance regulations respond to emerging global developments in environmental financing. Methods: This qualitative research utilizes a normative juridical approach, relying on library study to trace and analyze formal written legal texts. The analysis employs conceptual norm analysis to examine concepts within sustainable financing regulations. Theoretically, the regulations are analyzed using Yusuf al-Qaradhawi’s concept of environmental preservation (ra’iyah al-bi’ah). Findings: The research found that POJK 51/2017 offers a structured and ambitious response, aligning fundamentally with global ESG values through its eight Sustainable Finance Principles. This supports al-Qaradhawi's theory requiring enforceable legislation for environmental protection. However, the regulatory scope is limited compared to international benchmarks, and the administrative sanctions are considered inadequate for effective compliance. Conclusion: While establishing robust process-based mechanisms, such as the RAKB and mandatory Sustainability Reports, the effectiveness of Indonesian regulation is challenged by its weak enforcement and optional independent verification. Structural reforms are crucial to enhance regulatory credibility and meet stringent global environmental expectations. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study offers novelty by analyzing Indonesian sustainable finance regulations in direct response to the trajectory of global sustainable finance standards and taxonomies. Furthermore, it utilizes a unique theoretical framework by assessing the regulations based on Yusuf al-Qaradhawi's concept of environmental preservation (ra’iyah al-bi’ah). This integrated legal-theological assessment provides novel insight into the regulatory response to global demands
Spatial pathways of blue carbon: Mangrove connectivity, climate resilience, and sustainable economies
No full textBackground: Climate change remains one of the most pressing environmental challenges, affecting ecological stability, social systems, and economic sustainability worldwide. Among nature-based mitigation strategies, blue carbon ecosystems, particularly mangroves, play a crucial role in absorbing atmospheric carbon. However, the spatial link between mangrove connectivity and atmospheric gas concentration remains poorly understood in Indonesia, despite its vast mangrove coverage. This study explores the spatial interactions between mangrove vegetation health, atmospheric gas distribution, and their implications for regional climate resilience and sustainable coastal development, a landscape characterized by the coexistence of oil, aquaculture, and mangrove ecosystems. Methods: Using a quantitative spatial approach, this research integrates Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance (COPERNICUS/S2_SR) and Sentinel-5P Level-3 (COPERNICUS/S5P/OFFL/L3_NO2 and L3_CO) datasets within the Google Earth Engine platform. Vegetation conditions were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Mangrove Vegetation Index (MVI), while atmospheric conditions were evaluated through tropospheric NO₂ and CO densities from 2019 to 2024. Cloud masking, compositing, and band stacking produced annual composites. Statistical correlation and spatial overlay analyses were conducted to examine vegetation–gas interactions across administrative boundaries, followed by visualization and descriptive validation. Findings: The results revealed strong negative correlations between NDVI–NO₂ (r = −0.61) and NDVI–CO (r = −0.48), indicating that healthier mangrove stands correspond with lower atmospheric gas concentrations. High NDVI and MVI areas, particularly near tidal estuaries, exhibited reduced emissions, whereas fragmented inland mangroves near industrial zones recorded higher gas densities. Temporal analysis between 2019 and 2024 showed an increasing vegetation trend alongside declining NO₂ levels, suggesting positive ecological recovery. Conclusion: This research demonstrates that maintaining spatially connected mangrove ecosystems strengthens local carbon regulation and supports Indonesia’s low-carbon development pathways. Novelty/Originality of this article: The study introduces a novel spatial framework linking Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-5P datasets to quantify vegetation–atmosphere interactions, providing the first regional-scale evidence of mangrove connectivity’s role in atmospheric gas mitigation
Transformation of Muhammadiyah’s cultural dakwah in perspective of Islam: A literature review on role of dakwah bil-Hal in responding to diversity
No full textBackground: The cultural dakwah of Muhammadiyah plays a significant role in promoting tolerance and social cohesion in Indonesia’s diverse society. In the context of West Nusa Tenggara, a region marked by ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity, the practice of Dakwah bil-Hal da’wah through actions and real-life examples has emerged as a critical mechanism for addressing intergroup differences and fostering communal harmony. Methods: This study employs a qualitative literature review method, analyzing scholarly articles, policy documents, and organizational reports to examine how Muhammadiyah’s cultural dakwah adapts to and responds to the challenges of diversity in the region. Findings: The findings indicate that Dakwah bil-Hal effectively mediates conflicts and builds tolerance by integrating Islamic ethical principles with local social norms. Muhammadiyah’s initiatives, such as community service, interfaith dialogues, and educational programs, demonstrate that religious practice can actively promote social inclusivity without compromising Islamic values. However, challenges remain in fully institutionalizing these practices across diverse communities and aligning them with governmental diversity policies. Conclusion: The conclusion emphasizes that the integration of cultural dakwah and Dakwah bil-Hal provides a practical model for fostering tolerance and social cohesion in pluralistic societies. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this article lies in its synthesis of Islamic cultural dakwah theory with empirical insights from West Nusa Tenggara, offering a nuanced perspective on how faith-based initiatives can complement local governance strategies in managing diversity
Implementation of holistic PLP through vertical garden development and library digitalization as an effort to realize a green and digitally literate school
No full textBackground: The Holistic School Field Introduction Program (Program Pengenalan Lapangan Persekolahan/PLP Holistik) is a collaborative initiative between higher education institutions and partner schools aimed at integrating educational theory, field practice, and school environment empowerment. This holistic approach aligns with previous studies emphasizing contextual learning, digital literacy, and environmental-based education in primary schools. This study aims to describe the implementation and impact of the Holistic PLP through environmental development and school digital transformation projects. Methods: This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach based on field practice, with data collected through observation, documentation, and participatory evaluation involving the school community. The program was implemented at SDN Rawu through stages of initial observation, project planning, implementation, maintenance, and evaluation, grounded in contextual learning and sustainable education theories. Findings: The results indicate that the recycled-material-based vertical garden was successfully developed and utilized as a contextual learning medium, while the digital library system based on SLiMS Bulian 9.0 improved book collection management efficiency by up to 60% and enhanced teachers’ and students’ digital literacy. These findings demonstrate that integrating contextual learning theory with technology-based practices positively impacts the learning environment without significant adverse effects. Conclusion: The Holistic PLP program effectively enhances school environmental quality, student teacher competencies, and the sustainable use of educational technology. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this study lies in the integration of environmentally friendly projects and digital library development within a single Holistic PLP framework at the primary school level, an approach that has been rarely explored in previous PLP implementations