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Moore, Dwight M.

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Volume 1 Article 12
1941
White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild
Flowers
Dwight M. Moore
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
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Recommended Citation
Moore, Dwight M. (1941) "White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild Flowers," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 1 ,
Article 12.
Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/12
25
WHITE-FLOWERED FORMS OF SOME ARKANSAS WILD FLOWERS 1
Dwight M. Moore, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Color In the flowers of plants growing out of cultivation in
Arkansas is one of their outstanding features. In a great majority
of species the flower color is reasonably constant while in others
there is a great deal of variability. Inmany of these, white forms
are relatively common while in others the white forms are sufficient-
lyrare to attract particular attention. Some of these white forms
have already been described under appropriate names. Others have
apparently not previously been reported. Inthe present paper attention
is called to some of the common white forms and some new ones pre-
viously unnoted are here described.
In at least thirteen different plant families white forms of
our common wild flowers have been noted.
In the Commellnaceae certain of our species of Tradescantia
show white forms. T. Ernest iana Anderson and Woodson, displays the
greatest amount of color variation ranging from deep purple through
the most common color, blue-lavender, to pale lavender, deep rose,
pink and pure white. These are all probably genetic segregates and
this group would furnish the basis for an interesting genetic study.
In some localities where this species is found, Individual plants
from each of these color groups may be present. Tradescantia
canal iculata Raf. shows much less variation in color but pale forms
are often found and occasionally plants with white petals and blue or
white filaments may be found with the typical form.
In the Iradaceae two genera present white forms. Certain
species of Sisyrinchium, which are usually blue, may occur in the
white form. In Iris at least two species, normally blue or blue-
lavender, may be found in pure white. Iris cri stata Alt., while
somewhat variable in the degree of coloration, is not often found
without any blue color. However, in a few localities relatively
large clones of this species have been found In which the blue color
is entirely absent, only remaining color being a touch of yellow
which is usually found on the outer segments of the perianth. In
another species of Iris most commonly found In low, wet meadows,
Iris virginica var. Shrevei (Small) Anderson, the perianth segments
are normally veined with various shades of blue but not uncommonly
with the species may be found plants totally lacking the blue color.
In the Ranunculaceae the genus Delphinium in Arkansas is repre-
sented by species predominantly blue or purplish. Two species, at
least, vary considerably in the degree of blueness often reaching a
point where they would be described as a "dirty white". These are
Delphinium tricorne Michx. and D. newtonianum D. M. Moore.
The Oxalidaceae contains yellow species as well as the wide-
spread Oxalis violacea. The latter has been found in several local-
ities with entirely white flowers. In such cases where pigmentation
of the flower is lacking, the foliage also usually lacks the pur-
plish pigmentation. This might indicate that a single gene is
responsible for the anthocyanin pigmentation in both flowers and
foliage. Proof of this, however, must await further study.
Of the Passlfloraceae the common Passion Flower, Pass iflora
incarnata L., varies from a deep lavender-blue to forms in which the
pigmentation is entirely lacking.
Research Paper No. 718. Journal Series, University of Arkansas.
25
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12
Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1941
26
The violets in the Violaceae are frequently very constant in
their color but some of our species are widely variable. Most note-
worthy of these is Viola pedata L., the Bird-foot Violet. This may
be found in all degrees and combinations from rich, deep purple
through very pale lavender to white. Some other violets, though
not so variable, also occur in white forms.
In the Primulaceae the Shooting Star, Dodecatheon Mead ia L.,
which in certain regions is nearly always of a lavender coloration,
occurs most commonly in Arkansas in white with occasional plants in
the lavender color.
Of the Gentianaceae the genus Sabatia usually occurs in a rose-
pink color. The white form of one of these, as already recognized
previously, (Sabatia angularis f. albiflora (Raf.) House), may occur
with the typical form. White forms of Sabatia campestris Nutt. have
also been found with the typical form in Benton County. Inkeeping
with the usual practice this is here designated by the name, Sabatia
campestris f. albiflora f.n.2
The Polemoniaceae is represented in Arkansas by several species.
The genus Phlox is normally represented by flowers ranging in color
from a lavender-blue through deep rose. In the Ozark region Phlox
pi losa is represented by P. pilosa var. ozarkana Wherry, in which the
white variant has been recognized by Wherry (1935). Phlox divaricata
L. is usually quite constant in its coloration. Recently in the
Ozark region the author has found this species in pure white. Itis
here designated as P. divaricata f. albiflora forma nov.3
In the Labiatae Lamium amplexicaule L. is quite constant in
the purple color of its flowers. In the spring of 1933 and again in
1934 the author found a quantity of this species with entirely white
flowers growing in a parkway in Russellville. This is sufficiently
unusual to recognize as a distinct form and will be designated
Lamium amplexicaule f. albiflorum forma nov.4 This form differs
from the species in having white flowers and in general lacking
purplish pigmentation in the leaves and stems.
Attention might be merely directed here to the Moth Mullein,
Verbascum Blattaria L., of the Scrophulariaceae in which the white
form, Verbascum Blattaria f. albiflorum (G. Don) House, occurs
commonly with the typical yellow form as elsewhere in the United
States.
The genus Houstonia in the Rubiaceae has several typically
blue species in which white forms occur. In the same family the
common weed known in Arkansas as Poor Joe (Diodia teres Walt.) has
been found with white flowers in Pulaski County. Since the status
of this one is not certain and there is a possibility that this may
be an edaphic variation, it will not be considered at present as a
distinct form but a variation.
iunong the Lobelias in the Lobeliaceae two of the Arkansas
species usually occur in very brilliant collors
- L. cardinal is L.
in its rich cardinal color and L. siphilitica L. in a bright blue.
Along a stream in the northern part of Washington County a white
2 Sabatia campestris f, albiflora D. M. Moore forma nova.
A typo differt corollis albis.
P. divaricata f. alb ifIor a D. M. Moore forma nova.
A typo differt corollls albis.
lamium amplex icaule f. albiflorum D. '.'. Moore forma nova.
A typo differt corollis albis.
26
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12
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27
plant of the latter was found growing among the typical plants of
both of these species. Itpresented a very patriotic group
-
this
red, white and blue combination. Specimens of this were not taken
and have not been seen since. However, it is hoped that this may
be rediscovered and correctly described and recorded.
In addition to the white forms thus enumerated there may be
others which occasionally vary into the white. Among these it will
be noted that, with the exception of Verbascum BIattar ia, tSe pig-
mentation inallof these is due toanthocyanins. This would indicate
that these pigments, which normally do not occur inplastids, are more
variable than others . This would present the subject matter for a very
interesting study ofthese pigments and their hereditary characters.
The present paper has attempted to call attention to some note-
worthy white forms of colored Arkansas wild flowers. The white
forms mentioned represent thirteen plant families. Others could be
included. Of those included three new forms are described. Perhaps
these few records may stimulate further observation and investiga-
tion and bring to light additional examples of such variations.
Bibl iography
1. House, Homer. 1923. N. Y. Mus. Bull. 243-44; 45.
2. McVaugh, Rogers. 1936. Studies in the taxonomy and distribu-
tion of the eastern North American Species of Lobelia.
Rhodora. 38:279.
3. Moore, Dwight M. 1939. Delphinium newtonianum, a new species
from the Arkansas Ozarks. Rhodora 41:193-197.
4. Robinson, B. L. and Fernald, M. L. 1908. Gray's New Manual
of Botany.
5. Wherry, Edgar T. 1935. An Ozark variety of Phlox pilosa.
The Amer. Mid. Nat. 16: No. 3 413-416.
27
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12
Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1941
28
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12
http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/12


English

White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild Flowers

Rhadine ozarkensis is described as a new species of ground beetle from Fincher\u27s Cave, Washington County, Arkansas. Two males and three females were collected in the twilight and total darkness zones between November 4, 1939 and January 20, 1940, form three liver baited traps set in the cave floor. This species is related to R. caudata (Lec.

Sanderson, Milton W.

Miller, Albert

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Volume 1 Article 15
1941
New Species of Ground Beetle of the Genus
Rhadine from an Arkansas Cave (Coleoptera:
Carabidae)
Milton W. Sanderson
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Albert Miller
Tulane University
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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy
of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.
Recommended Citation
Sanderson, Milton W. and Miller, Albert (1941) "New Species of Ground Beetle of the Genus Rhadine from an Arkansas Cave
(Coleoptera: Carabidae)," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 1 , Article 15.
Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/15
39
A NEW SPECIES OF GROUND BEETLE OF THE GENUS RHADINE
FROM AN ARKANSAS CAVE (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Milton W. Sanderson, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
and
Albert Miller, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.
Several years ago, the authors began a study of the animal
life of some Arkansas caves. In the course of studying our
collection, we discovered a new species of ground beetle belong-
ing to the genus Rhadine. This is the second species of the
genus to be recorded from caves, the first having been described
from Carlsbad Cavern in New Mexico by Benedict (1927).
Rhadine ozarkensis n. sp.
This species keys out near Rhadine jejuna (Lee.) and R.
gracilenta Csy., in Casey's (1913) revision of the genus, by
having the elytral striae impunctate and the elytral intervals
flat, the elytra opaque, and the width of pronotum at base more
than half its maximum width. However, it is more closely associ-
ated with R. caudata (Lee.) (1863), a species known to Casey only
in the literature at time of above writing.
Length, 12 to 14.5 mm.; width, 3.5 to 4 mm.
Body elongate, depressed. Color, when mature, dark brown,
appendages lighter. Head rather elongate, widest across the
eyes, three-fourths as wide as pronotum, and with two or three
shallow longitudinal grooves nearly parallel to the antennal
ridge. Eye, as seen from above, about one-fifth width of head,
and equal in length to side of head from posterior margin of eye
to constriction. Antenna but slightly less than combined length
of pronotum and elytra, with segments in following proportions:
1: .7: 2.6: 1.8: 1.5: 1.5: 1.4: 1.25: 1.2: 1.0: 1.2. Pronotum
widest Just before middle, averaging 1.18 times as long as wide;
width of base and apex subequal and averaging nearly one-half
the average length of pronotum; sides evenly rounded from apices,
slightly sinuate before base, the hind angles rectangular and
scarcely produced; side margins narrowly produced, and at middle
equal in width to third antennal segment at extreme base; disc
evenly convex, Impunctate, shining; median line distinct; a
setiferous puncture in each hind angle and one at a point on side
margins about one-third from apex. Elytra averaging 1.9 times
as long as wide and 1.75 times as wide as pronotum; sides rapidly
converging from base to middle and more narrowly reflexed than
sides of pronotum; apices of elytra strongly and "separately pro-
duced and acute, and from suture to apex equal to greatest diam-
eter of hind femur; distance between apices about three fourths
this length; outer sinus very distinct, averaging seven times
longer than deep, striae lightly Impressed, impunctate, and nearly
obliterated at base; Intervals flat, dull, finely granulate; from
six to eight irregularly placed punctures bearing long setae in
basal one-fourth, and a row of such punctures on ninth interval
from base to sinus. Legs. Segments of front tarsus longitudin-
ally grooved above and with a distinct outer groove on first
three segments; hind femur and tibia subequal in length, 1.27
times as long as width of elytra; hind tibia 1.1 times as long as
tarsus, with tarsal segments in following proportions: 2.4: 1.5:
1.1: .75: 1.2. First four segments of hind tarsus with a groove
on each side of the median one; longest hind tibial spur equal to
about one-third length of first tarsal segment.
Holotype male, allotype female, one male and two female para-
types, Washington Co., Arkansas, January 20, 1940, Fincher's Cave,
39
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 15
Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1941
40
collected by Milton W. Sanderson and Albert Miller. Four of the
beetles were removed from' two traps set In the cave at forty-two
feet from the entrance and In the twilight zone. The fifth was
found in a trap at 240 feet from the entrance and in total dark-
ness. All traps consisted of small jars set in the cave floor on
November 4, 1939 and baited with liver. The preservative was
Gait's solution.
The present species may be distinguished chiefly from R.
caudata (Lee.) as follows: elytra are dull and not shining as in
that species; alternate elytral intervals are without setiferous
punctures their full lengths; pronotum longer than wide and not
subequal in length and width as in R. caudata (Lee); side mar-
gins of pronotum at base much less elevated in ozarkensls n. sp.
Holotype and allotype in author's collection, one pair In
the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
College, and one paratype in the Snow Collection, University of
Kansas .
The authors are indebted to Doctor P. J. Darlington and to
Mr. Warwick Benedict, in charge of the Coleoptera in these respec-
tive collections, for making type comparisons, for the loan of
comparative material, and for their suggestions.
Literature Cited
Benedict, W. 1927. Two interesting beetles from Carlsbad Cavern.
Pan. Pac. Ent. IV, p. 44.
Casey, T. L. 1913. Studies in the Ciclndelidae and Carabidae of
America. Memoirs on the Coleoptera IV, p. 162-168.
LeConte, J. L. 1863. New species of North American Coleoptera,
Part I, Smith. Misc. Coll. 167, p.7.
Summary
Rhadine ozarkensis is described as a new species of ground
beetle from Flncher's Cave, Washington County, Arkansas. Two
males and three females were collected in the twilight and total
darkness zones between November 4, 1939 and January 20, 1940, from
three liver baited traps set in the cave floor. This species is
related to R. caudata (Lee.)
40
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 15
http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/15


New Species of Ground Beetle of the Genus Rhadine
from an Arkansas Cave (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Roberts, L. B.

Wolfe, James D.

Hawthorne, James

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Volume 1 Article 20
1941
Vapor Pressures. I. Para-Dichlorobenzene; Glycol
Diacetate.
L. B. Roberts
University of Arkansas at Monticello
James D. Wolfe
University of Arkansas at Monticello
James Hawthorne
University of Arkansas at Monticello
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This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to
read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior
permission from the publisher or the author.
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy
of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.
Recommended Citation
Roberts, L. B.; Wolfe, James D.; and Hawthorne, James (1941) "Vapor Pressures. I. Para-Dichlorobenzene; Glycol Diacetate.," Journal
of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 1 , Article 20.
Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/20
67
VAPOR PRESSURES. I.
PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE; 6LYC0L DIACETATE
L. B. Roberts, James 0. Wolfe, and James Hawthorne,
Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College, Monticelio
In keeping with the policy of giving to chemistry students
some introduction to the principles and methods of research, a
program of vapor pressure studies on various substances has been
projected in our laboratory. Since there are many substances for
which vapor pressure data are not available, this program offers
abundant opportunity to a large number of students for each to do
a little independent research with the hope that the data obtained
may sometime prove useful.
The first problem that required attention In connection with
this projected series of studies was, of course, the setting up
of a suitable apparatus within the limitations of our equipment.
The work reported here has been largely on the developing of
that apparatus —which is not yet totally satisfactory. Just
enough actual determinations have been made to prove the practica-
bility of the apparatus and to show the desirability of certain
modifications.
Ithas not been our aim to achieve the highest possible
accuracy, but rather to develop a practicable technique within
the ability of the under-graduate student and capable of yielding
usable data. It is to be expected that Impurities in the materials
tested may sometimes introduce greater errors than those that
might be eliminated by refinements of apparatus or procedure. It
sometimes is not desirable to remove those impurities even ifit
is possible, because the vapor pressure of a material as it is
used may be more important than that of the strictly pure substance
Of the two substances on which we have taken data, p-dichloro-
benzene and glycol diacetate, the former was selected because of
its wide use as an insecticide, for which its volatility is an
Important characteristic. The latter was chosen simply because
some of the compound was available and a preliminary search of
the literature did not bring to light any data on Its vapor
pressures. Further Investigation, however, disclosed vapor
pressures in the International Critical Tables for that compound
at 10° Intervals from 100°C to 190uC. The critical tables give
a formula for the vapor pressure of p-dichlorobenzene for the
range 3CPC to 50°C.
The apparatus used in these studies consists of a 5-mm
glass tube bent into a long, narrow U with one arm sealed and
the upper end of the sealed arm inclosed In a jacket. Before
the end of the tube was sealed, mercury was introduced to a
height of about 40 cm. In each arm and the test material was
Introduced into one arm above the mercury. That tube arm was
then connected to a vacuum pump and the material was heated
enough to produce boiling under the vacuum. While the material
was still boiling the tube was sealed off, leaving the space
above the mercury filled with liquid and vapor.
After the tube was sealed the upper portion was enclosed
in a glass jacket about 4 cm. In diameter. The jacket was filled
with glycol which was kept stirred by a stream of air bubbles
escaping from a Jet Into the lower end of the Jacket. A
thermometer placed with Its bulb Just above the level of the
mercury in the vapor pressure tube was used to determine the
temperature. Frequent checking of the temperatures at different
67
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 20
Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1941
68
levels indicated thorough mixing of the glycol. Heating was done
by a controlled electric current in a tight coil of bare chromel
wire suspended directly in the glycol so that it lay in a loose
spiral against the inside of the jacket wall.
Measurements were made first at room temperature or near It,
then at progressively higher temperatures. Except for a reading
at room temperature the apparatus was always heated a little
above, and then allowed to cool slowly to, the desired temperature,
where it was held for a time to allow equilibrium to be established
Readings were made of upper and lower mercury levels, level of
liquid above the mercury, barometric pressure, and temperature.
At temperatures below the melting point of p-dichlorobenzene that
substance remained in the highest part of the tube where it was
frozen before the jacket was placed around the tube.
The upper mercury level was corrected for the column of liquid
floating on it and for expansion of the heated portion of the
mercury column. Then the vapor pressure was found by subtracting
the corrected height of the upper mercury level from the sum of the
barometric height and the height of the lower mercury level.
The p-dlchlorobenzene used was that taken directly from a
stock bottle with no attempt at purification. The glycol diacetate
was obtained by twice fractionating a material of somewhat uncer-
tain purity, discarding each time that portion which distilled over
with rising temperature and reserving the middle fraction that
distilled at nearly constant temperature. There were indications,
however, that some decomposition accompanied the distillation,
among them the fact that the final distillate with a range of
half a degree showed a boiling point two degrees below that
range, so that the purity of the final product is still open to
serious question. There is also the question whether decomposition
occurs in the vapor pressure tube.
The results of these rather preliminary measurements are
given in the following table.
Vapor pressure data
Vapor pressure inmillimeters
Temperature p-Dichloro- GlycolCentigrade benzene diacetate
25 .31 .24
35 .55 .31
45 .77 .63
55 1.17 .96
65 1.94 1.29
75 2.98 1.91
85 4.56 2.99
95 6.37 4.27
105 9.54 6.24
110 7.27
115 13.67
120 10.39
125 18.25
135 19.50
140 14.17
These results are only tentative, but they do serve to show
the order of magnitude of the vapor pressures of these substances
over a temperature range of something more than 100°C. It is hoped
that further studies will confirm or correct them with greater
certainty. In any case, a beginning has been made on the project
of adding to the available data on vapor pressures, and it is con-
fidently expected that the accumulation of that data by the method
described will proceed at an accelerated pace.
68
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 20
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Vapor Pressures. I. Para-Dichlorobenzene; Glycol
Diacetate.

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Volume 1 Article 24
1941
Some Useful Devices for the Chemical Laboratory
L. B. Roberts
University of Arkansas at Monticello
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas
Part of the Other Chemistry Commons
This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to
read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior
permission from the publisher or the author.
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy
of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.
Recommended Citation
Roberts, L. B. (1941) "Some Useful Devices for the Chemical Laboratory," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 1 , Article
24.
Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/24
75
SOME USEFUL DEVICES FOR THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY 1
L. B. Roberts, Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical
College, Monticello
The purpose of this paper is to pass on to others the ideas
for several devices that have proved their value under regular
laboratory use. Although no claim is made for the strict
originality of all the basic ideas underlying these devices,
their adaptation and development have been at least more or less
independent.
A gas evolution tube for use with test paper may be made
from 6-mm glass tubing. One end of a two-inch length of tubing
is sealed and the other flared with a long taper. Another two-inch
length of tubing is drawn to a small jet with taper to match
the flare of the first tube, and its other end is given a short
flare. The two pieces are then ground to a joint with carborundum
powder, the finishing being done with powder of about 400 mesh
fineness.
A gas evolution tube for test solutions is made in a similar
manner. The first tube is the same but the second is made in
two parts and sealed together. The part carrying the taper for
the ground joint is drawn out, close to the taper, to a long thin
jet which is bent back upon itself. This bent jet is sealed into
the other piece, forming a reservoir for a liquid and a bubbling
tube for passing a gas through the liquid.
A useful micro-beaker is made from a 6-inch glass or pyrex
test tube by flattening the bottom while red hot, against a
suitable surface, cutting to proper length with a hot wire,
turning a lip, and tooling a spout. An asbestos shingle makes a
satisfactory flattening surface, a dry cell carbon sharpened to
a pyramid point serves well for turning the lip, and the tang of
a small file tools the spout nicely.
An excellent separator for recovering small amounts of oil
from large volumes of water has been made by sealing a small tube
to an opening blown in the bottom of a test tube, bending to form
a U-tube of unequal arms, bending again opposite the middle of
the test tube to a slight downward slope when the test tube is
vertical, and cutting just beyond the last bend.
For re-distillation of small yields from organic preparations
a self-contained distillation apparatus Is made from a 10-ml
distilling flask and a few pieces of tubing. A 12-inch extension
is sealed to the delivery tube of the flask and fitted with a con-
denser jacket made from 10-mm tubing, after which the end is bent
down to form an adapter. If the water outlet of the condenser
jacket is made extra long and bent downward, kinks in the rubber
hose connected to it are discouraged.
For preventing the escape of fumes from Kjeldahl digestions
into a laboratory not equipped with hoods an 8- inch test tube 3/4
full of water supported by its lip in the neck of the Kjeldahl
flask has been found very satisfactory. Though possibly not so
good as the porous capsules made for the purpose, it is also not
so expensive. Another means of disposing of fumes is the ordinary
aspirator. For much use with corrosive fumes a glass aspirator
is preferable to one of brass, and a serviceable one may be
assembled from a T-tube, a glass jet, and a rubber stopper.
Condensed from a paper presented at the 1940 meeting.
75
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 24
Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1941
76
Empty quart motor oil cans have been bound useful for several
purposes. They serve as water baths, ice containers, individual
trash cans, burner chimneys (with both ends out), and even as
pneumatic troughs. Cans of other sizes also find ready uses in
the laboratory.
In this connection it seems well to mention the use of
ordinary carpet tacks for cleaning deposits of carbon from inside
distilling flasks, of a copper wool scouring pad for more access-
ible deposits, and of pipe-stem cleaners for small tubes. Old
razor blades also find uses in removing labels, paint, or other
matter from outer surfaces of glass or porcelain.
One other adaptation seems worthy of being passed on.
Through the cooperation of the supply house it was found possible
to replace the tapered shields of an inexpensive hand centrifuge
with round-bottomed brass shields that take ordinary 5-inch test
tubes. (The rubber cushions were replaced by thinner ones.) Thus
a separation by centrifuge may be made directly in the test tube.
Having described several simple devices that can be made from
common materials with moderate skill and little cost, the author
hopes that other workers may find them useful.
PETRIFIED WOOD COMPOUND OF OXIDES OF IRON1
L. B. Roberts, Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical
College, Mont icello
Specimens of petrified wood found in the Tertiary Eocene
W11cox sand exposed in bluffs over Red River at Shreveport prove
to be composed of oxides of Iron (assumed to be hematite and
limonite) with no appreciable quantity of organic matter or of
silica. Ordinary silicified wood (with occasional specimens
partly lignitized) is common in the region, as are small bodies of
hematite. Stem and leaf imprints, usually fragmentary, in Iron-
bearing stones are fairly common. Irregular beds of lignite
underlie much of the region.
Abstract of a paper presented at the 1939 meeting and published in
condensed form in the Journal of Geology, Vol. XLVIII,No. 2,
February—March, 1940, pp. 212, 213.
76
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 24
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Some Useful Devices for the Chemical Laboratory

Roberts, Edwin

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Volume 1 Article 22
1941
Crystals of an Insoluble Carbonate of Copper
Grown under a Soda Solution
L. B. Roberts
University of Arkansas at Monticello
Edwin Roberts
University of Arkansas at Monticello
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Recommended Citation
Roberts, L. B. and Roberts, Edwin (1941) "Crystals of an Insoluble Carbonate of Copper Grown under a Soda Solution," Journal of the
Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 1 , Article 22.
Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/22
71
CRYSTALS OF AN INSOLUBLE CARBONATE OF COPPER GROWN UNDER A1SODA SOLUTION
L. B. Roberts and Edwin Roberts, Arkansas Agricultural
and Mechanical College, Monticello
When an old fire extinguisher of the soda-acid type was
opened and emptied preparatory to recharging, several grams of
blue crystals were found in the bottom of the container. Crystals
of the same kind were later found in several other extinguishers.
Some of these crystals were fairly large, weighing as much as
half a gram each. Since the body of the extinguisher was of a
copper alloy and the solution in the extinguisher was a practically
saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate, the logical conclusion
seemed to be that the crystals might be a carbonate of copper.
Since the color is blue, and not green like malachite, itwas at
first assumed that the crystals were similar to azurlte, the other
common basic copper carbonate. However, the crystal form proved
to be different from that of azurite and the color a lighter blue,
very much the same shade as copper sulfate crystals.
When the crystals were analyzed qualitatively, they were
found to be practically insoluble in water but very readily
soluble with effervescence in dilute acids. Copper and sodium
were the only metals found and carbonate the only anion (with
the possible exception of hydroxyl, for the crystals, although
practically insoluble, were found to give a faint basic reaction
with litmus). There was, of course, the possibility of water
being present as water of crystallization.
This led to the idea that the crystals might be sodium copper
carbonate and quantitative determinations were run for copper,
sodium, carbonate, and water. Copper was determined volumetrlcally
using Park's modification of the short iodine method. Sodium
was determined gravimetrically by precipitating the copper (the
only other metal present), converting the sodium to the chloride
by boiling to dryness repeatedly with concentrated HC1, heating
to remove ammonium salts, and weighing the residue as sodium
chloride. Carbonate was determined by loss of weight on libera-
tion of CO2, and water of crystallization was determined by the
loss in weight of a sample when heated to 110 °C for an hour.
The results of these analyses show a total of 94.6%. The
difference may represent water of crystallization too tightly
bound to be driven out at 110°C as in the case of 1/5 of the water
In copper sulfate. penta-hydrate . The retention In this case of
1/5 of the water of crystallization would account for approximately
the difference noted. No attempt was made to test these assumptions
of retained water by heating to a higher temperature because of the
possibility that some of the carbonate might be decomposed.
On the basis of the assumption that the difference between
the sum of the copper, the sodium, and the carbonate found and
100% represents the total water, a formula was calculated to fit
the data. The formula 3CuC0 s .NaHC0 5.8H20 agrees with the data
Presented at the 1940 meeting
71
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 22
Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1941
72
very satisfactorily as is shown by the tabulation following:
Substance Pound Pound Theoretical(Actual) (Water by difference)
Copper 29.0 29.0 31.8
Sodium 3.7 3.7
-
3.8
Carbonate 42.0 42.0 40.1Water 19.9 25.3 24.1
Acid H
.2
Total 94. 6# 100. 0# 100.0%
The difference between 100% and the total of Cu, Na, and C03
found might be thought to be due to hydroxyl except for the fact
that the ratio of carbonate to metal demands the assumption that
bicarbonate is present. The fact that the crystals were grown
in bicarbonate solution lends support to this assumption.
The accuracy of these analyses was limited by the small
amount of material available for study and it must be understood
that these results are only tentative and may be modified by
further studies.
72
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 22
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Crystals of an Insoluble Carbonate of Copper Grown under a Soda Solution

Research shows that students who demonstrate low reading achievement in 3rd grade have trouble catching back up to grade level and being successful in school, compared to their peers who demonstrate early proficiency (Fiester 2010; Hernandez 2011; Juel 1988). This report seeks to investigate what happens to Arkansas public school students who demonstrate low achievement in reading in 3rd grade. Reading scores from three cohorts of students are followed from 3rd grade until high school, beginning with data from the 2008-09 school year and continuing through 2016-17

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Crystals of an Insoluble Carbonate of Copper Grown under a Soda Solution

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