Repositorium of Institute of International Politics and Economics
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Penal Populism Accross Nations: Illustrative Case Studies
Get PDFThe paper examines penal populism as a political phenomenon characterized by punitive measures that appeal to public fears rather than evidence-based policies. Through case
studies of the Philippines, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, this analysis examines how penal populism is leveraged for political gains, using punitive measures to appeal to public sentiment
rather than addressing the root causes of criminality or adopting evidence-based policy responses. In all three cases, the media play a significant role in amplifying public fear and
shaping punitive policies, thereby promoting penal populism. This approach disproportionately impacts marginalized communities, exacerbating socio-economic inequalities through
mass incarceration and harsh sentencing. By sidelining rehabilitative measures, it perpetuates
cycles of poverty and crime. The paper contrasts this with countries like Finland and Germany, which resist penal populism through strong institutions and rehabilitation-focused justice.
Ultimately, the paper critiques penal populism’s short-term political gains at the expense of
human rights and social justice, calling for more balanced, evidence-based approaches
Zaštita osnovnih prava u kontekstu surogat materinstva: osvrt na noviju praksu Evropskog suda za ljudska prava
No full textSurogat materinstvo svrstava se u red etički
najosetljivijih fenomena današnjice. Različita viđenja prirode,
svrhe i posledica surogat materinstva – vode do različitih
pristupa država u pogledu političkog i pravnog regulisanja
ove prakse. Kao posledica toga, parovi koji se odlučuju za ovakav
vid asistiranog roditeljstva, neretko su primorani da čitav
postupak sprovedu van teritorije matične države. Time i sam
fenomen poprima karakteristike transnacionalnog, stvarajući
složeno tle za zaštitu ljudskih prava, prevashodno prava
deteta koje se rađa u uslovima surogat materinstva. Posledično,
nacionalni sudovi bivaju primorani da vagaju između zabrane
surogat materinstva i zaštite javne bezbednosti, sa jedne
strane, i zaštite najboljeg interesa deteta, sa druge strane.
Krug se, međutim, ne zatvara u polju nacionalnog pravosuđa. Tako
se na dnevnom redu Evropskog suda za ljudska prava sve češće nalaze
delikatne predstavke u vezi sa zaštitom privatnog i porodičnog
života u svetlu surogat materinstva. Dva takva skorašnja
slučaja naći će se u središtu ovog istraživanja, pružajući okvir
za razumevanje svojevrsnog kontinuiteta u rezonovanju Evropskog
suda za ljudska prava u ovom domenu, ali i za identifikaciju novih
žarišnih pitanja koja će neizbežno pratiti modalitete
savremenog transnacionalnog surogatstva
Lowering unemployment through entrepreneurship: Global challenges and experience from Serbia
Get PDFThe unemployment rate is an exceedingly important indicator of the state of the economy and society.
A high rate of unemployment demonstrates a low level of economic activity in the country, insufficient
utilization of human resources, and a lower average quality of life in the country. The paper aims to
examine the role and significance of entrepreneurial activity in reducing the unemployment problem in
the Republic of Serbia with a specific focus on youth unemployment. The current situation including
obstacles and motives of young people in the field of entrepreneurship will be examined with a focus
on entrepreneurial education.
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to knowledge and theory building in youth empowerment and
entrepreneurship development
Čuvari mikrokosmosa – strateška nadmetanja i industrija poluprovodnika Tajvana kao novi locus globalne bezbednosti
No full textOvaj rad pozicionira Tajvan u središte globalne bezbednosti
dodajući mu atribut locusa – kao ključnog aktera u proizvodnji
poluprovodnika koji oblikuje stratešku bezbednost u regiji Indo-
Pacifika. S obzirom na aktuelne strateške rivalitete između SAD-a
i NR Kine, posebna pažnja posvećena je uticaju globalnog lanca
snabdevanja poluprovodnicima na regionalnu stabilnost. Današnji
Indo-Pacifik svedoči o globalnoj kompeticiji, uz učešće drugih
zemalja poput Indije, Indonezije i Singapura. Cilj ovog istraživanja
je da sagleda ovu dinamiku iz geopolitičke perspektive, da analizira
odnose snaga na različitim nivoima podregiona Indo-Pacifika, te da
razmotri politike manjih aktera kao odgovor na Velike strategije
vodećih geopolitičkih subjekata u regionu. Rad se fokusira na zavisnost
od poluprovodnika čiju ogromnu većinu na globalnom planu – čak 90%
proizvodi Tajvan. U članku se takođe analiziraju strategije Kine i
Sjedinjenih Američkih Država u obezbeđivanju njihovih lanaca
snabdevanja poluprovodnicima, uključujući napore za kontrolom izvoza.
Ova analiza će doprineti nijansiranijem razumevanju implikacija
tajvanske industrije poluprovodnika na bezbednost u ovom regionu, kao
i potencijalnih posledica američko-kineskog nadmetanja u novoj
pozornici globalne stabilnosti
The importance of blockchain technology in international trade
Get PDFInternational trade enables countries to expand their markets and obtain goods and services that
might otherwise be unavailable domestically. Countries that engage in international trade typically
have a competitive advantage since they specialize in manufacturing and exporting to their trading
partners, resulting in higher economic growth. International trade enables countries to use their
resources more efficiently, such as labor, technology, and capital. Although blockchain technology
is still in its early phases of development, it offers enormous promise for improving and lowering
the costs of international trade. This fact has prompted many businesses to upgrade their antiquated
systems with blockchain technology in an effort to address issues with third-party verification and
trust in international trade transactions, as well as issues with information sharing, transparency,
documentation, costs, and payment delays. With the help of blockchain technology, participants in
the system can complete all of their tasks in a decentralized, transparent, traceable, and dependable
manner, and they can save the results in a digital ledger that makes it easier to keep track of assets
and record transactions in the corporate network. The blockchain network reduces risk and costs for
all parties involved by enabling the tracking and trading of almost anything of value. Blockchain
technology and artificial intelligence (AI) together open up new economic opportunities, enhance
automation, and spur innovation in the way different industries cooperate. According to projections,
the worldwide market for blockchain technology is expected to increase significantly over the next
several years
Comprehending subconscious consumer behavior in the digital age via neuromarketing
Get PDFThe method of examining a consumer's psychological and brain cues to determine their
preferences and comprehend how they make decisions is known as neuromarketing. A wide
range of procedures connecting neurology and marketing practices are included in
neuromarketing. Its primary function is the conversion of brain impulses into patterns of
consumer behaviour. Utilizing a variety of tools, neuromarketing strategies follow the brain's
and body's initial subconscious response to an advertisement, packaging, or content. Among
the tools that are most often used for the needs of neuromarketing research, the following stand
out: Functional MRI (fMRI), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (ECG) (which
are also used in neuroscience), but also tools such as Eye-tracking, Galvanic skin response
(GSR) and Facial coding (FC). Pricing decisions and branding enhancements in advertisements,
graphics, packaging, and content are made based on test results. The prejudice present in the
research is among the field's weaknesses. Many of the people who criticize neuromarketing do
not think the information, which is obtained from research in this area, is reliable because it is
still in its infancy. The use of data gained from brain imaging raises ethical concerns for
marketers, as some of them strive to limit our awareness of their genuine intentions, and some
activities lack transparency. Possible ethical dilemmas arising from neuroscience applications
encompass customers' awareness, consent, and comprehension of what can be perceived as a
violation of their right to privacy. New technologies have been integrated with and major
improvements made to the tools used for this type of research recently. With devices placed on
the head and hands to monitor customers' responses and changes in muscle control over an
extended period of time, neuromarketing techniques have already been incorporated into
immersive technology. The introduction of AI into neuromarketing is a significant development
that will improve the accuracy, speed, and breadth of consumer insights obtained via
neuromarketing tools
Zaštita ljudskih prava i problem klimatskih promena u svetlosti načela zajedničke ali diferencirane odgovornosti - praksa Evropskog suda za ljudska prava
No full textKlimatske promene predstavljaju jedan od najsloženijih globalnih izazova našeg vremena koji se postavlja pred međunarodnu zajednicu. Negativni uticaji klimatskih promena na ljudska prava sadašnjih i budućih generacija su sve očigledniji i ne smeju se zanemariti. Cilj rada je da ukaže na poseban značaj ljudskih prava u borbi protiv klimatskih promena i ispita u kojoj meri mehanizmi za zaštitu ljudskih prava imaju kapacitet da odgovore na izazove klimatskih promena. Ljudska prava državama nameću obaveze u kontekstu klimatskih promena koje moraju da poštuju, utičući na kreiranje propisa i politike i ujednačavanje prakse, dok načelo zajedničke ali diferencirane odgovornosti omogućava razlikovanje njihove odgovornosti. U tom kontekstu, pruža se osvrt na pravni sistem Republike Srbije, relevantan za zaštitu ljudskih prava od klimatskih promena
US vs. China: A Battle for the 21st Century
Get PDFThe continuous deterioration of relations between the US and China
is taking on increasingly dramatic forms. The introduction of various trade and
financial restrictions led to a decline in mutual trust and caused a whole series
of political disagreements. From a structural realism perspective, the current
and future deterioration of these relations does not come as a surprise.The
establishment of a new balance of power in international relations does not
occur through cooperation but through confrontation. This paper examines the
question of the further dynamics of that confrontation as well as its
consequences for international security. The paper consists of three parts. The
first part describes the ongoing deterioration of US-China relations. The second
part is dedicated to the concept of the balance of power and the specific case
study to which this concept refers, and the third part analyses the dynamics
and consequences of the confrontation between the US and China. The
assumption being proven is that the confrontation will continue with unabated
intensity and that this is a consequence of the character of international
relations that take place in an anarchic environment. The theoretical framework
is based on structural realism, and the methodological framework is based on
the methods of descriptive analysis and case study. The time frame is limited
to the period from the second decade of the 21st century onwards
“Steel Friendship” of the Political Elites: How China Became a Soft Power Player in Serbia
Get PDFIn recent years, with varying degrees of success, the People’s Republic
of China has been attempting to enhance its image in other countries through
various public and cultural diplomacy strategies in order to increase its soft
power. Notably, in the Balkans, Serbia stands out as a country where the
promotion of Chinese soft power has been more successful than in other
countries in the region. Indicators of this success are evident in the attitudes of
Serbian citizens, with a large and stable majority holding favourable views
towards China and considering it one of the most influential foreign policy actors
shaping Serbia’s international position. Therefore, the question arises: How did
China become such an influential soft power player in Serbia? In an effort to
answer this question, we will present a set of the most significant factors that
have positioned China in this manner: characteristics of political relations,
economic cooperation, military and security cooperation, cultural cooperation,
the conduct of the Serbian political elite, and the influence of the media. To
understand the success of China’s soft power in Serbia, this paper will prioritise
two key factors: the significant influence exerted by Serbian political elites in
shaping a pro-Chinese narrative and favourable portrayals in the media. The
first part of the paper will focus on the attitudes of Serbian citizens towards the
People’s Republic of China, which will serve as the primary indicator of its soft
power in Serbia. The second part of the paper will use contextual analysis to
present the key factors shaping China’s soft power in Serbia
Global Strategic Narrative Wars: The Battle for Serbia
Get PDFTwo key arguments form the basis of this book. First, we live in an era of
transition towards multipolarity, and great powers seek legitimacy in the
wars of succession by pursuing strategic narratives. The critical battle in the
global war of narratives involves the fight between the Western “rules-based
order” (RBO) proponents and its challengers, primarily but not exclusively
the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China.
For its supporters, the RBO is the foundation of liberal internationalism
and a resilience mechanism in preserving the post-Cold War order—
epitomised by the US “unipolar moment”—against non-Western “autocratic
transgression.”
For the challengers, the RBO incorporates a set of mechanisms that
selectively lean on elements of international law, interpret them freely and
creatively, and align them with the interests of the political West, using
double standards and the principle of “unique”, sui generis cases to fit the
needs, thus effectively undermining the UN system.
The second argument of the book is that Serbia has been one the
primary “testing grounds” of both strategic narrative wars and the
application of RBO, most notably during the NATO 1999 aggression and the
EU-US masterminding of “Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence”
in 2008, two flagrant violations of international law. These actions have
served to propel calls for multipolarity, particularly in Moscow and Beijing,
and have caused long-term consequences which underlie some of the most
fundamental conflicts of the 21st century.
The book looks at global strategic narrative wars from a variety of angles.
The prologue introduces the reader to the genesis of modern strategic
communication and the importance of the Serbian case through the author’s
personal experience as an Agence France-Presse war correspondent from
Kosovo and Metohija during the 78 days of NATO bombings in 1999. The
personal reflection continues in Chapter 1 with a series of anecdotes
stemming from the author’s reporting days for the Tanjug news agency from
the European Union and NATO headquarters in the years leading to “Kosovo’s UDI”. In parallel, the book describes the mechanisms of
“Manichean” strategic communication during the 1990s and early 2000s
amid expanding calls for multipolarity.
In Chapter 2, the book argues that great powers’ strategic narratives help
us understand today’s competing geopolitical interests, their arenas, and
their implications. It underscores the significance of the concept of strategic
narratives, connecting it to strategic framing, strategic communication, and
grand strategy. Since successful strategic narratives imply connecting words
and deeds, the chapter examines statecraft repertoires and shaping
concepts. These concepts tie strategic narratives to action.
Chapters 3, 4, and 5 analyse the crucial battlegrounds of global narrative
competition. The first arena is the narrative war between NATO countries
and the Russian Federation and its translation in the conflict in Ukraine. The
second is between the US-led West and China, the world’s emerging
superpower and critical proponent of new global non-Western initiatives,
primarily the flagship Belt and Road Initiative. The third arena, related to the
first two, is the “fight for the rest”, primarily for influence in the Global South,
for the non-aligned and the hedgers, with implications for competition
between the Western RBO and the new political, military, economic,
normative and soft power of BRICS. The battle for the “rest” is analysed
through the case of Serbia. The book suggests that the Republic of Serbia is
a crucial theatre of the global narrative competition. The preface and the
introduction paint a scene that points to the importance of events and
processes related to Serbia for the global narrative wars. However, Serbia
also defines four key actors as part of its “independent” foreign policy—the
EU, the US, Russia, and China. After briefly introducing relations between
Belgrade and these four actors, the book analyses three main strategic
narrative battles fought on Serbian grounds.
The first battle relates to the RBO narrative. The issue of Kosovo and
Metohija, the precedent of NATO’s 1999 aggression, the claim that the 2008
unilateral declaration of independence was a “unique case”, and the
“creative” interpretations of UNSC 1244 and the Dayton Peace Accords call
for a fundamental question: Will the “rules-based world order” prevail over
Serbia?
The second battle refers to NATO’s “open door policy”, which is the
enlargement of the Alliance to the east and its consequences for the Balkans, in particular regarding the military neutrality of Serbia (and Republika
Srpska). This battle extends the NATO-Russia conflict over the Alliance’s
expansion and its geopolitical and security implications. Here, we will look
at the cases of the US vs Russia on NATO expansion, the portrayal of Russian-
Serbian relations as a hybrid threat and Serbia’s refusal to align with Western
restrictive measures against Russia over the conflict in Ukraine. Thus, will
the NATO alliance further expand in the Western Balkans?
Finally, the third battle relates to the issue of strategic alternatives. On
one side, the West asserts that Serbia is its “backyard” and “EU membership”
is its only option. On the other hand, new multipolar horizons have emerged:
cooperation within initiatives (Belt and Road Initiative) and in partnership
with rising Eastern and Global South partners (BRICS, SCO), or “simply” a
variety of hedging options, including political neutrality. It is an extension of
the broader geopolitical battle between the West and China for “the rest”,
for the “Global South”, and generally competition over the transformation
of the global world order. Beyond the slow accession talks with the EU since
2014, the upgrading of relations with Beijing to the level of “Community of
Serbia and China” in 2024, and the prevalence of Serbian public support for
Russia, it is only fair to ask: should EU membership be the only alternative
for Serbia?
In September 2024, the US digital platform Politico, a highly influential
Western mainstream media outlet, argued that Serbia is “one of the most
important in-between places in the world today” and that “its fate will help
determine which Great Power comes to dominate this century”.
Serbia, as a military-neutral EU candidate country with Eastbound
hedging strategies on the edges of the NATO umbrella, must thus face great
power strategic narrative competition, including Western attempts at “de-
hedging” and bandwagoning, indeed a host of “wedging” statecraft
repertoire strategies—from coercion to inducement.
Its fate will signpost whether an “independent” foreign policy is possible
in Europe and how far the world has advanced in building a multipolar order