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Observer reactions to witnessed mistreatment at work: It’s a matter of perspective
No full textWorkplace mistreatment regularly occurs in the presence of others (i.e., observers). The reactions of observers toward those involved in the mistreatment episode have wide-reaching implications. In the current set of studies, we draw on theories of perspective-taking to consider how this form of interpersonal sensemaking influences observer reactions toward those involved in a witnessed incident of workplace mistreatment. We find blame attributions and empathic concern for the individual whose perspective is taken explain the positive effects of perspective-taking on observer attitudes toward and performance evaluations of both the target and instigator of a witnessed incident of mistreatment. We also find that the effect of perspective-taking on observer reactions is stronger when the witnessed mistreatment is more severe. Finally, we find that although observer perspective-taking in the context of mistreatment can be encouraged performance . Implications for targets, instigators, and organizations are discussed
Cost–effective Variational Active Entity Resolution
No full textAccurately identifying different representations of the same real–world entity is an integral part of data cleaning and many methods have been proposed to accomplish it. The challenges of this entity resolution task that demand so much research attention are often rooted in the task–specificity and user–dependence of the process. Adopting deep learning techniques has the potential to lessen these challenges. In this paper, we set out to devise an entity resolution method that builds on the robustness conferred by deep autoencoders to reduce human–involvementcosts. Specifically, we reduce the cost of training deep entity resolution models by performing unsupervised representation learning. This unveils a transferability property of the resulting model that can further reduce the cost of applying the approach to new datasets by means of transfer learning. Finally, we reduce the cost of labeling training data through an active learning approach that builds on the properties conferred by the use of deep autoencoders. Empirical evaluation confirms the accomplishment of our cost–reduction desideratum, while achieving comparableeffectiveness with state–of–the–art alternatives
Efficacy of intra-articular corticosteroid injections in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
No full textIntroduction: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a frequent degenerative disease representing an important health and economic burden. Symptomatic medical treatments available include intra-articular (IA) injections of corticosteroids (GC) but their efficacy and safety profile are debated. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review (SLR) and a meta-analysis (MA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of IA GC injections for knee OA. The effect of the interventions on pain and function was extracted from the single studies and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) are reported. Results: Of 520 studies screened, 23 were included in the SLR and 15 subsequently included in the MA. IA GC showed a trend towards a superior effect compared to control on both pain (SMD -0.61 (95% CI -1.25, 0.03)) and function (SMD -1.02 (95% CI -2.14, 0.10)) in short term follow-up (≤6 weeks), while long term follow-up (≥24 weeks) analysis showed a trend towards superiority of controls (IA HA, IA NSAID, physiotherapy) for pain (SMD 0.68 (95% CI -0.11, 1.47)) and function (SMD 0.88 (95% CI -0.36, 2.12). There were no differences between interventions in medium term (>6 weeks & <24 weeks). Conclusion: In this work, IA GC injections reduced pain and improved function early after administration (≤6 weeks) compared to placebo; while this results was no longer statistically significant with other comparators (IA hyaluronic acid or physiotherapy). Other interventions seem to be more efficient in the long term (≥24 weeks) but this effect was largely driven by single studies with large effect sizes
Synthesis and Characterisation of Molecular Polarised-Covalent Thorium-Rhenium and -Ruthenium Bonds
No full textSeparate reactions of [Th{N(CH2CH2NSiMe2But)2(CH2CH2NSi(Me)(But)(μ-CH2)]2 (1) with [Re(h5-C5H5)2(H)] (2) or [Rh(h5-C5H5)(H)(CO)2] (3) produced, by alkane elimination, [Th(TrenDMBS)Re(h5-C5H5)2] (ThRe, TrenDMBS = {N(CH2CH2NSiMe2But)3}3-) and [Th(TrenDMBS)Ru(h5- C5H5)(CO)2] (ThRu) that were isolated in crystalline yields of 71 and 62%, respectively. Complex ThRe is the first example of a molecular Th-Re bond to be structurally characterised, and ThRu is only the second example of a structurally authenticated Th-Ru bond. By comparison to isostructural U-analogues, quantum chemical calculations, that are validated by IR and Raman spectroscopic data, suggest that the Th-Re and Th-Ru bonds reported here are more ionic than the corresponding U-Re and U-Ru bonds
Genetic, immunological, and clinical features of 32 patients with autosomal recessive STAT1 deficiency
No full textAutosomal recessive (AR) STAT1 deficiency is a severe inborn error of immunity disrupting cellular responses to type I, II, and III IFNs, and IL-27, conferring a predisposition to both viral and mycobacterial infections. We report the genetic, immunological, and clinical features of an international cohort of 32 patients from 20 kindreds: 24 patients with complete deficiency and eight patients with partial deficiency. Twenty-four patients suffered from mycobacterial disease (BCG =13, environmental mycobacteria =10, or both in one patient). Fifty-four severe viral episodes occurred in 16 patients, mainly caused by Herpesviridae viruses. Attenuated live MMR and/or VZV vaccines triggered severe reactions in the five patients with complete deficiency. Seven patients developed features of hemophagocytic syndrome. Twenty-one patients died, and death was almost twice as likely in patients with complete STAT1 deficiency than in those with partial STAT1 deficiency. All but one of the eight survivors with AR complete deficiency underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Overall survival after HSCT was 64%. A diagnosis of AR STAT1 deficiency should be considered in children with mycobacterial and/or viral infectious diseases. It is important to distinguish between complete and partial forms of AR STAT1 deficiency, as their clinical outcome and management differ significantly
An exploratory case study: Children’s comparative play access in English and Welsh classrooms
No full textThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) stipulates children’s right to play, and its later-published General Comment No. 17 (2013) also emphasises the importance of play as a medium for learning. This comparative case study explored children’s experiences of accessing play through curriculum delivery in two United Kingdom (UK) countries, England and Wales, where curricula place comparative emphasis on play. The study used structured classroom observations of sixteen five- to seven-year-olds and interviews with two teachers. Both participating teachers valued play and child-led learning for children’s enjoyment and engagement, and reflected on the experiences and beliefs impacting on their teaching practice. Implications are discussed in relation to individual, contextual and systemic features that may facilitate or inhibit children’s access to play within the curriculum. The study calls for further research on the implementation and impact of recent Welsh policy and curricular legislation on children’s opportunities for play and play-based learning in school, and what could be learnt from this in terms of pedagogy and playfulness in an English or other context
Social norms and evolutionary tax compliance
No full textThe paper studies tax evasion in an evolutionary setting. In addition to standard variables such as the fine individuals may have to pay if found guilty or the probability of being audited, agents' inclination to engage in tax evasion may also be affected by social interactions. Moreover, expected payoffs may include reputational costs or rewards awarded by society after an individual is audited. The paper shows how (i) social norms may play a very important role in defining the long run evolution of tax evasion and, consequently, that (ii) policymakers should consider reforms that would increase social awareness and information rather than more (financially and politically) expensive traditional auditing instruments; in addition, (iii) fiscal/auditing policies should be carefully tailored to the particular economic and social setting in place in a country.<br/
Service Research Priorities in Turbulent Times: A Multiple Stakeholder Approach
No full textTransformative changes in the societal and service context call out for the service discipline to develop a coherent set of priorities for research and practice. To this end, we utilized multiple data sources: surveys of service scholars and practitioners, web scraping of online documents, a review of published service scholarship, and roundtable discussions conducted at the world’s foremost service research centers. We incorporated innovative methodologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and qualitative analyses to identify key service research priorities that are critical to address during these turbulent times. The first two priorities—technology and the changing nature of work and technology and the customer experience—focus on leveraging technology for service provision and consumption. The next two priorities—resource and capability constraints and customer proactivity for well-being—focus on responding to the changing needs of multiple stakeholders. Further, we identified a set of stakeholder-wants from the literature and include research questions that tie key stakeholder-wants to each of the four priorities. We believe the set of research priorities in the present article offer actionable ideas for service research directions in this challenging environment
Variance, locality and structure: three experimental challenges in the study of the response of soil microbial communities to multiple perturbations.
No full textThere in an increasing interest in understanding how soil microbial communities respond to perturbations associated with global change. Much of the currently available knowledge is based on controlled laboratory experiments, large scale surveys and manipulative studies in which one perturbation, for example drought, is applied under a range of conditions. Until now, emphasis has been on spatial replication of experimental units and the quantification of variation in soil microbial community structure, and its correlation to ecosystem-level variables such as gas fluxes. But microbial communities naturally fluctuate over time, their response to perturbations is temporal, and they generally experience multiple perturbations simultaneously and/or in a variable sequence, such as spells of drought alternating with flooding events. Furthermore, variation in the soil microbial community in response to perturbations may not directly reflect the overall expression of functions of a microbial community. Here, we identify three experimental challenges that we refer to as the variance, locality and structure challenge. We briefly synthesise the state of the art around these three challenges to open a discussion on the many experimental issues ecologists face when measuring the effects of perturbations on the structure and functions of soil microbial communities in time and space. We propose experimental, sampling and modelling strategies that can help resolve the experimental challenges discussed in this paper
Expectation-driven novelty effects in episodic memory
No full textNovel and unexpected stimuli are often prioritised in memory, given their inherent salience. Nevertheless, not all forms of novelty show such an enhancement effect. Here, we discuss the role expectation plays in modulating the way novelty affects memory processes, circuits, and subsequent performance. We first review independent effects of expectation on memory, and then consider how different types of novelty are characterised by expectation. We argue that different types of novelty defined by expectation implicate differential neurotransmission in memory formation brain regions and may also result in the creation of different types of memory. Contextual novelty, which is unexpected by definition, is often associated with better recollection, supported by dopaminergic-hippocampal interactions. On the other hand, expected stimulus novelty is supported by engagement of medial temporal cortices, as well as the hippocampus, through cholinergic modulation. Furthermore, when expected stimulus novelty results in enhanced memory, it is predominantly driven by familiarity. The literature reviewed here highlights the complexity of novelty-sensitive memory systems, the distinction between types of novelty, and how they are differentially affected by expectancy.</p