International Journal of Scientific Research in Network Security and Communication

The major influencing parameter of Indian economy is agricultural. Also in agricultural the most important factor is irrigation. Irrigation must be in time and proper for a better crop yield. The major irrigation is performed using electric water pumps. Irrigation by electric water pump introduced problems of frequent, intermittent, low voltage supply. This causes monitoring the supply of power and hurdles in irrigation. The unreliable power supply and frequent power cuts disturb the farmers and it leads to decrease the efficiency of farmers. This turns into the movement of farmer’s from farming to urban area. In this paper I introduced a system which shows how automation of irrigation is performed to solve the problems introduced by intermittent electrical power supply. In this paper I designed an embedded system which is controlled by sending a SMS from mobile phone. This embedded device can control maximum 8 devices.
&nbsp

Patidar, Chandraprakash

 
www.ijsrnsc.org 
Available online at www.ijsrnsc.org 
 
IJSRNSC 
 
Volume-1, Issue-5, Dec- 2013 
Research Paper 
Int. J. Sci. Res. in 
Network Security 
and Communication 
 
ISSN: 2321-3256 
  
      
  © 2013, IJSRNSC All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                  18 
E-IRRIGATION: An Automation of Irrigation using Wireless Networks 
 
Chandraprakash Patidar 
Department of Information Technology, Institute of Engineering & Technology, DAVV Indore, M.P - INDIA 
 chandraprakash_patidar@yahoo.co.in 
Received: 28 Oct 2013                 Revised: 17 Nov 2013              Accepted: 12 Dec 2013                   Published: 30 Dec 2013 
Abstract— The major influencing parameter of Indian economy is agricultural. Also in agricultural the most important factor is 
irrigation. Irrigation must be in time and proper for a better crop yield. The major irrigation is performed using electric water 
pumps. Irrigation by electric water pump introduced problems of frequent, intermittent, low voltage supply. This causes 
monitoring the supply of power and hurdles in irrigation. The unreliable power supply and frequent power cuts disturb the 
farmers and it leads to decrease the efficiency of farmers. This turns into the movement of farmer’s from farming to urban area. 
In this paper I introduced a system which shows how automation of irrigation is performed to solve the problems introduced by 
intermittent electrical power supply. In this paper I designed an embedded system which is controlled by sending a SMS from 
mobile phone. This embedded device can control maximum 8 devices. 
Keywords—Agriculture and irrigation, WSN, GSM. 
 
I.  INTRODUCTION 
India is the country of agriculture. Most of the people of 
India  live in villages and are fully dependent on agriculture. 
The heart of the agriculture is irrigation. Most of the farmers 
are dependent on tube wells for irrigation. And supply of 
power to agricultural areas is limited to only a fixed hour in 
a day which is not predictable always. The frequent power 
cuts and low voltage supply create big hurdle to the farmer 
and thus it needs continuous manual monitoring. Lately, 
there has been significant interest as regards electrical 
monitoring[1-2].Additionally, several studies have been 
carried out to monitor electrical changes[3-4-7] and lots of 
work has been done  for this [5-6-10]. The object of our 
system is to provide a solution for these problems. By using 
this proposed system a farmer can monitor power on/off  , 
voltage supply level  from home or any where using a 
mobile phone as well as he can switch on or off the motor 
from anywhere far from the actual field. 
The system at the field consists of- 
AT command supporting GSM mobile phone 
 
1. AT-89c51 Microcontroller 
2. Max 232 IC. 
3. Voltage regulator 7805. 
4. Computer 
5. Relays, for controlling the motor on/off   for irrigation.  
6. Power supply 
7. Mobile for data transmission 
8. LCD for monitoring the current reading of all the 
parameters. 
II. PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURE 
The backbone of Indian economy is Agriculture; nearly 20% 
of the farmers are dependent on electric water pumps for 
irrigation which demands electricity. The research study 
conducted by K V S Ram Chandra Murthy (2009) shows that 
there is a growing demand for electrical energy for irrigation 
requirements in India and many states electrical utilities 
companies have been facing acute shortage of power which 
has led to unrest in the farmers. On top of the power shortage 
issues, increased demand for power in urban areas (due to 
globalization, IT, BPOs), have further deteriorated the power 
supply to agriculture sectors along with frequent and 
unreliable power cuts and low voltages. Also, It has been 
observed that source of electrical energy generation is slowly 
depleting. The underground water level is slowly falling 
down and forests are being cut which reduces the rainfall as 
well. With increasing area available for cultivation and the 
need for increasing the productivity from the farm land, there 
is a growing need for electrical energy for irrigation. The 
generation of electricity is not growing proportionately to the 
demand. The supply to agriculture is limited to few fixed 
hours throughout the day. Agriculture receives power mostly 
during mid night (off-peak) as this reduces the cost of 
electricity supply for the transmission and Distribution 
Company. Because of the unpredictable nature of supply of 
electrical energy, the farmers have to be on their guard all the 
time. They have to immediately switch on their equipment 
after electricity supply resumes. Since the supply to 
agriculture is mostly during non-peak hour, the farmers are 
made to wait for the whole day for electricity supply to 
resume so that they can start their equipment for irrigation 
  Int. J. Sci. Res. in Network Security & Communication                           Vol-1(5), PP (18-20) Dec 2013, E-ISSN: 2321-3256 
  © 2013, IJSRNSC All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                    19 
purposes. We see results of this in reduction in productivity, 
wastage of labor, and equipment lying idle. Moreover, most 
of the times the farmers would be engaged in one corner of 
the field where as the equipment would be installed at 
another place. It becomes imperative for a farmer either to be 
physically available at the equipment site or employ a labor 
only to switch on the equipment when    electricity supply 
resumes. The frequent, intermittent, low voltage supply of 
power to the agriculture sector has caused a big headache to 
the farmers who are just spending their time monitoring the 
supply of power. And due to the fluctuation if their 
equipment burns or have other technical problems then they 
waste hours for just withdraw the pump out of the bour and 
get it repair and reinstall the equipment back to its proper 
place. The highly unreliable power supply with frequent 
power cuts have not only lowered the efficiency of farmers 
but also have led to the frustration of the farmers to give up 
agriculture and move on to urban areas for better prospects in 
the globalized world. In this thesis, I am going to discuss an 
example of how the mobile technology can benefit millions 
of farmers by providing a solution for the irrigation problems 
due to an intermittent electrical power supply in rural India. 
III. ARCHITECTURE OF E-IRRIGATION 
 Motor controls, such as ON/OFF can now be controlled by 
my proposed System using the mobile SMS technology. 
“This System” is directly connected to electric motor or any 
other home appliance controls. The system informs the 
farmer availability of electric power through SMS. Once the 
farmer receives the message, he can decide to send an SMS 
message to the unit on the motor unit, to start the electric 
motor using his mobile from anywhere. He need not have to 
be near the farm or field or even in his house. He can be 
anywhere outside tending to his various activities. Since this 
system works on mobile network, the farmer can receive 
messages wherever there is wireless network (roaming). 
Once the farmer sends an SMS to the system, it decodes the 
message. Based on the message code, let us say 1, it will turn 
ON the motor and if the code is 2, will turn OFF the motor. 
Also, he can set a timer to turn off motor automatically for a 
predetermined time.  
Some of the other useful messages sent by our system are: 
a. Power supply indication – sends a message indicating the 
availability of electric supply to motor 
b. Low voltage indication – sends a message indicating 
voltage level or single phase supply to decide whether 
sufficient power voltage is available to turn on the motor. 
c. Monitoring of agriculture appliances remotely. 
The objective of this system is to make a farmer’s life easier. 
Using this, a farmer can do his water irrigation anytime, from 
anywhere without worrying about frequent power cuts, 
fluctuation of voltages, lack of water or the period of water 
that is required to be pumped. Following are some of the 
benefits a farmer can derive by installing this system: 
Fig:1 Architecture of E-irrigation. 
a. Higher Production - Operations using SMS codes on 
wireless mobile network, a farmer can be potentially 
anywhere conducting other works, yet at the same 
time, be operating irrigation activity remotely 
b. Efficient Utilization of Electric Power – Motor 
operations (ON and OFF) are automatically controlled 
– when enough water has been pumped, the motor is 
switched off automatically and hence saves power 
energy 
c. Significant Decrease in Wastage of Water – There is 
no wastage of water due to automation of Motor 
operations (ON and OFF) 
d. Operation Cost is Reduced – Proposed system will not 
turn ON the motor until  the required conditions are 
not available. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig:2 Proposed System. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Control                
   Unit 
VOLTAGE 
MONITOR 
  ADC 
    LCD 
WATER PUMP 
RELAY 
Mobile/Modem 
  Int. J. Sci. Res. in Network Security & Communication                           Vol-1(5), PP (18-20) Dec 2013, E-ISSN: 2321-3256 
  © 2013, IJSRNSC All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                    20 
IV. EXPECTED OUTCOME OF E-IRRIGATION 
This system sends a message indicating the availability of 
electric supply to motor as well as it can also sends a 
message indicating voltage level or single phase supply to 
decide whether sufficient power voltage is available to turn 
on the motor. We can also control other appliances of 
irrigation such as autoswitch or electric bulb at the field by 
using this system. 
This graph shows the voltage reading with time measured by 
E-IRRIGATION. 
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
T i me(Hr s) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Vol t age(v) 240 232 230 0 0 215 228 240 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
                    Fig:3  Graph shows results. 
V. CONCLUSION 
In this paper, we report the results of real-development of E-
IRRIGATION system which is designed and implemented to 
realize automated agriculture. The solution gives the 
information about electric supply. This system can increase 
the operational efficiency of a farmer and can make his life 
easier. The advancement of technology has helped rural 
India, particularly farmers; This system presents the mobile 
technology as the solution for irrigation problem. 
VI. FUTURE SCOPE 
At present this system can provide information about the 
electric supply, but in future we can control various 
appliances related to agriculture such as drip irrigation 
system as well as we can monitor environmental and 
agricultural parameters such as temperature, humidity etc at 
the field by enhancing the system. 
 
REFERENCES 
[1]. Subhash, M., and Bansal, N. K. 2009. Sectoral Analysis 
forelectricity demand in India. www.ignou.ac.in 
[2]. Padmanaban, S., and Ashok Sarkar. 2006. Electricity 
Demand Side Management (DSM) In India – A Strategic 
And Policy Perspective. Office of Environment, Energy 
and Enterprise, US Agency for International 
Development, New Delhi, India. 
[3]. S. Padmanaban, C., and Govindarajalu. 2006. Economic 
Sector Work on Power Supply to Agriculture: Sub-Task 
Report on Cost Minimization Through Integrated 
Agricultural DSM. Office of Environment, Energy and 
Enterprise, US Agency for International Development, 
New Delhi, India. 
[4]. Nezhad, H. G., and Sarkar, A. 1997. Demand-Side 
Management: A Policy Model for India. Proceedings of 
the Twentieth Annual International Energy Conference 
of the International Association for Energy Economics 
(New Delhi, India). Volume II. 448-458. 
[5]. Siriginidi Subba Rao., 2008. Social development in 
Indianrural communities: Adoption of telecentres. 
International Journal of Information Management. Vol 
28. 474–482. 
[6]. Sharma, G. Mission 2007 in India: Every village a 
knowledge centre. i4donline.net/sept04/mission2007 
[7]. Overview of power sector in India. 2005. India Core 
Publishing. 
[8]. wirelessdevnet.com/channels/sms/features/sms.ht 
[9]. Umesh Hodeghatta Rao, Sanjay Mohapatra Mobile 
Technology for Irrigation Problems in Rural India, 
November 2009 ICIS '09: Proceedings of the 2nd 
International Conference on Interaction Sciences: 
Information Technology, Culture and Human 
[10]. N. Wang, N. Zhang, M.Wang,  Wireless sensors in 
agriculture and food industry-Recent development and 
future perspective, Computers and Electronics in 
Agriculture,2006,Vol.50,pp.1-14 
[11]. R. Beckwith. D. Teibel, and P. Bowen Jones,    "Report   
from the Field: Results from an       Agricultural 
Wireless Sensor Network", proceedings     of 29th IEEE 
LCN'04, Tampa, Florida, November 15-17, 2004 
[12]. A. Baggio, "Wireless sensor networks in precision 
agriculture", proceedings of REALWSN'05, Stockholm, 
Jun 20-21, 2005  
[13]. K. Langendoen, A. Baggio, 0. Visser, "Murphy Loves 
Potatoes: Experiences from a Pilot Sensor Network 
Deployment in Precision Agriculture", 14th 14th Int. 
Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Real-Time 
Systems (WPDRTS), Rhodes, Greece, April, 2006 
[14]. D. Kim, T. Sanchez Lopez, S. Yoo, J. Sung, J. Kim, Y. 
Kim, Y. Doh, "ANTS: An Evolvable Network of Tiny 
Sensors", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS 
vol. 3824), pp. 142-151, 2005 
[15]. Jose A. Gutierrez, Ed. Callaway, and Raymond. Barrett, 
"Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks: enabling 
wireless sensors with IEEE 802.15.4", IEEE Press, 2004 


English

E-IRRIGATION: An Automation of Irrigation using Wireless Networks

In this paper an iterative technique for sequential mobile power in WCDMA networks are presented. The obtain algorithm are DPC (Distributed power control), adaptive step size power control, modified variable step size power control, novel adaptive step power control algorithm in WCDMA. All the algorithms based on the induction of the transmitted power. Power control Mechanism is an important issue for wide band code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems which help in achieving higher capacity and provides high link performance. Power control allow to minimize the transmitter power while keeping the system performance above the require value. Modified adaptive step size power control mechanism show the increase in convergence speed and stability by properly choosing the parameters. The novel adaptive step size power control based on the function of the difference between the target and estimated SIR of the MS to obtain more stability of the system. All the power control mechanisms evaluated the outage probability in percentage. For these power algorithms. Power control steps depend on the instantaneous mobile command and command history.
&nbsp

Panchal, Akhilesh

Gaikwad, R.B.

 
www.ijsrnsc.org 
Available online at www.ijsrnsc.org 
 
IJSRNSC 
Volume-1, Issue-3, Aug- 2013 
Review Paper 
Int. J. Sci. Res. in 
Network Security 
and Communication 
 
ISSN: 2321-3256 
  
      
  © 2013, IJSRNSC All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                                        9 
Study of Various Power Control Mechanism in WCDMA 
Akhilesh Panchal
1*
, R.B. Gaikwad
2 
  
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Ujjain Engineering College Ujjain M.P. (INDIA)
 
 
Received: 22 Jun 2013          Revised: 06 Jul 2013            Accepted: 15 Aug 2013                                 Published: 30 Aug 2013 
Abstract-  In this paper an iterative technique for sequential mobile power in WCDMA networks are presented. The obtain 
algorithm are DPC (Distributed power control), adaptive step size power control, modified variable step size power control, 
novel adaptive step power control algorithm in WCDMA. All the algorithms based on the induction of the transmitted power. 
Power control Mechanism is an important issue for wide band code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems which help in 
achieving higher capacity and provides high link performance. Power control allow to minimize the transmitter power while 
keeping the system performance above the require value. Modified adaptive step size power control mechanism show the 
increase in convergence speed and stability by properly choosing the parameters. The novel adaptive step size power control 
based on the function of the difference between the target and estimated SIR of the MS to obtain more stability of the system. 
All the power control mechanisms evaluated the outage probability in percentage for these power algorithms power control 
steps depend on the instantaneous mobile command and command history. 
Index Term :- power control, DPC (Distributed power control), ASPC, Novel ASPC, SIR, WCDMA, MVSPC (Modified 
variable step size power control). 
 
1 Introduction:-  
 
power control is an important aspect of WCDMA system in 
mobile networking power is the main resource that is shared 
by the multiple access schemes.In WCDMA system, the cell 
coverage and cell capacity are interdependent the adaptive 
step size power control algorithm (ASPC) uses the bits 
allocated to pc in WCDMA the transmission unit in the 
WCDMA  interface is a 10 ms frame each frame is divided 
into 15 time slots. in each time slot the mobile estimates the 
received SIR and compare it to SIR target.power control in 
WCDMA systems is a critical issue because it helps to 
alleviate from ‘near for’ problem transmitter adjusts their 
power according to the power control bits sent on the 
feedback channel . speed of the convergence is an important 
factor for power control mechanism. 
 
2 Power Control :-  
 
Power control in WCMDA is a combination of open loop 
power control and close loop power control. The close loop 
power control are further classify as  
(a) Inner close loop power control 
(b) Out Close loop power control 
 
The inner close loop power control adjusts the transmitter 
power in order to keep the received signal to interference 
ratio (SIR) equal to a given target. The outer close loop 
power control maintain the target (SIR) be based on the bit 
error rate (BER). Outer loop power control updates the 
frequency is 10-100 Hz.The inner close loop PC measures 
the received quality, define as the received signal to 
interference ration (SIR) and send command to the 
transmitter for transmitter power update. 
 
3 System Model  :-  
 
Consider the uplink power control, assume no. of base 
station is ‘B’ and no of mobile station is ‘M’ no of user 
active is ‘U’. 
 Hence signal to interference ratio (SIR) at the JthBs 
due to IthMs is given by  
(
 
 
)  
    
   
 
     
∑            
    
Where E b is the bit energy, no is the interference power 
spectral density R stands for information rate of each 
mobiles. W is the chip rate of the system. If denotes the link 
gain from IthMs to JthBs.  
  Int. J. Sci. Res. in Network Security & Communication                                   Vol-1(3), PP (9-11) Aug 2013, E-ISSN: 2321-3256 
  © 2013, IJSRNSC All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                                        10 
 
                                         Figure 1 Showing that Power Control using SIR- Based Mechanism 
 
3 Power Control Mechanism 
 
3.1 Distributed power control mechanism : -The 
distributed power control mechanism based on relaxation  
method using Gauss-siddel  iteration. 
The Gauss-Seidel iteration for mobile power updates can be 
represented as :-  
P: (K + 1) = 
    
 (     )
 ( ) 
Where P : (k) is the transmitted power for user;  
Y
(K1K+1)
 is the signal to interference ratio (SIR) 
Y 
Tar
 = signal to interference ratio at Target. 
 
3.2 Adaptive step size power control mechanism  
Received quality based power control performs received 
power level based power control. The transmitter power 
range more than 70 dB in the adaptive step size power 
control the step size is 1 dB considered. 
Adaptive step size power control follow as : - 
(a) The update step is multiplied by μ when n1 
successive up commands are received. 
(b) The update step is multiplied by V when no 
successive down commands are received. 
(c) This value is divided by λ when alternate sequence 
are occur. 
 
3.2 Modified variable step size power control 
mechanism : -  
 
This mechanism is a modification form of variable step size 
closed loop power control in the modified variable step size 
power control we use 2 bit as a received power control bits. 
Modified variable step size power control follow as :- 
(a) If the target SIR is greater power up command is 
generated to increase the transmitter power 
New transmitter power 
Pi(+) = P(t-1) + exp (S *  ) 
S is the step size,   is 
(b) If the target SIR and estimated SIR are very close 
less than 1 dB then 
P(t) = P(t-1) + exp(-δ * x) 
Negative step size is employed to increase or 
decrease power in small steps . 
 
3.3 Novel Adaptive step size power control mechanism :- 
The instability comes from the hopping up or down of the 
power level of Ms’s at large amount  because of the multiple 
of update step occurring the SIRest being above or below of 
the SIRTarget at alternate iterations we use novel adaptive step 
size power control mechanism. 
Novel Adaptive Step size PC work as follow:-  
(a)The difference between the SIRTarget and SIRest as Δdiff 
would be in dB. 
(b)The update step would be   times Δdiff when no 
successive up command are received. 
(c)The update step would be B times  Δdiff when n1 
successive down commands are received. 
(d)This value is divided by λ when the power update 
command sequence is an alternate sequence at up and down. 
 
4 Conclusion  
 
In this paper, we study the various power control mechanism 
for wide band code division multiple access (WCDMA) 
system. By the adaptive step size power control reduce the 
outage probability but instability are present by the modified 
adaptive step size power control mechanism given the 
complete reduction of the oscillation then make the stable 
system. Novel adaptive step size power control are based on 
the difference of the SIRest and SIRTarget over all Modified 
adaptive step size power control are better because it 
completely reduce oscillations. 
  Int. J. Sci. Res. in Network Security & Communication                                   Vol-1(3), PP (9-11) Aug 2013, E-ISSN: 2321-3256 
  © 2013, IJSRNSC All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                                        11 
           
Figure 2 showing that Outage Probability Versus no. of 
Iteration for ASPC Algorithm 
 
REFRENCES  
[ 1] H. Holma, A. Toksala, WCDMA for UMTS , revised 
edition. Wiley, 2001.  
[ 2] M.P.J. Baker , T.J. Moulsley, “power control in UMTS 
release ’99,” in proc. of First International Conference on 
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[ 3] Virtej I., Rintamaki M., and Koivo H., “Enhanced fast 
power control for WCDMA systems”, inproc. Of the 11th  
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[ 4] Singh, Umesh Kumar, et al. "An Overview and Study of 
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E-IRRIGATION: An Automation of Irrigation using Wireless Networks

Study of Various Power Control Mechanisms in WCDMA

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