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Predicting Success in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Using Machine Learning
No full textPurpose: This study aimed to predict early graft failure (GF) in patients who underwent Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty based on donor characteristics. Methods: Several machine learning methods were trained to predict GF automatically. To predict GF, the following variables were obtained: donor age, sex, systemic diseases, medications, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, death-to-preservation time (DPT), endothelial cell density of the cornea, tightness of Descemet membrane roll during surgery, anterior chamber tamponade, tamponade used for rebubbling, and preoperative best corrected visual acuity. Five classification methods were experimented with the study data set: random forest, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, RUSBoosted tree, and neural networks. In holdout validation, 75% of the data were used in training and the remaining 25% used in testing. The predictive accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, f-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the methods were evaluated. Results: The highest classification accuracy achieved during the experiments was 96%. The precision, recall, and f1-score values were 0.95, 0.81, and 0.90, respectively. Feature importance was also computed using analysis of variance. The model revealed that GF risk was related to DPT and the intensive care unit duration (P < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between donor age, endothelial cell density, systemic diseases and medications, graft roll, tamponades, and GF risk. Conclusions: This study shows a strong relationship between increased intensive care duration, DPT, and GF. Experimental results demonstrate that machine learning methods may effectively predict GF automatically
Protein language models for predicting drug-target interactions: Novel approaches, emerging methods, and future directions
No full textIdentifying new drug candidates remains a critical and complex challenge in drug development. Recent advances in deep learning have demonstrated significant potential to accelerate this process, particularly through the use of protein language models (pLMs). These models aim to effectively capture the structural and functional properties of proteins by embedding them in high-dimensional spaces, thereby providing powerful tools for predictive tasks. This review examines the application of pLMs in drug-target interaction (DTI) prediction, addressing both small-molecule and protein-based therapeutics. We explore diverse methodologies, including end-to-end learning models and those that leverage pre-trained foundational pLMs. Furthermore, we highlight the role of heterogeneous data integration-ranging from protein structures to knowledge graphs-to improve the accuracy of DTI predictions. Despite notable progress, challenges persist in accurately identifying DTIs, mainly due to data-related limitations and algorithmic modal learning approaches, incorporating temporal/dynamic interaction data into training, and employing novel deep learning architectures to refine protein representations, gain a deeper understanding of biological context regarding molecular interactions, and, thus, advance the DTI prediction field
Correlation between different boundaries used in upper airway assessment
No full textBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of the volume and minimum axial area (MAA) measurements between different upper and lower boundaries used for oropharyngeal airway assessment.MethodsCone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of 49 subjects taken for pre-orthognathic surgical planning were obtained retrospectively from the archives (n = 49; 32 females, 17 males; mean age = 20.9 +/- 5.22). Volume and MAA of the oropharyngeal airway were measured in 32 different airway segmentations created with four different upper and eight different lower boundaries using the Dolphin3D (Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, California, ABD) software. All measurements were performed by the same examiner and were repeated 2 weeks apart. The correlation between the measurements was evaluated with the Pearson correlation test. Intra-observer reliability was calculated with the intra-class correlation coefficient.ResultsVolume and MAA showed excellent intra-observer reliability (0.997 and 0.999 intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively) and a high level of positive correlation (r = 0.896-0.999, and r = 0.859-1.00, respectively) for all the measurements.ConclusionsAll measurements between different lower and upper boundaries showed a high correlation. It was found that the lower and upper limits assessed in this study can be used safely in future upper airway studies according to the study design
Les Attitudes des futurs professeurs de FLE envers l'expression orale en présentiel et a distance
No full textNephron-sparing surgery in bilateral Wilms tumors: Limitations of current criteria and impact of tumor size on renal morbidity.
No full textCEZA MUHAKEMESİNDE İDDİANAME: OLAY ANLATIMI VE YARGILAMANIN KONUSU
No full textYargıtay içtihatlarına göre temelde yargılamanın konusu (ceza davası- nın konusu) ile aynı anlama gelen hükmün konusu, CMK’nın 225/1ʼinci madde ve fıkrasında iddianamede unsurları belirtilen suça ilişkin fiil ve fail ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Anılan maddenin ikinci fıkrasında yer alan “mahkeme- nin fiilin nitelendirmesiyle bağlı olmadığına” ilişkin hükmü gözetildiğinde, birinci fıkrada yazılı “fiil” kavramının muhakeme anlamında fiili ifade ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak bu fiil, suçun (suç teorisi anlamında fiilin) unsurları- na atıf yapılarak tanımlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla iddianamede suçun unsurlarına karşılık gelen ayrıntı ve kavramlara yer verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu yakla- şımın, adil yargılanma hakkı açısından olumlu sonuçları olmakla birlikte, bazı olumsuz etkileri de bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan, Yargıtay'ın yerleşik içtihatlarına göre söz konusu fiil tanımlanmasında, iddianamede esas olan “olay anlatımı”dır. Bu itibarla, makalede iddianamede yer alan “olay anla- tımı” ve “yargılamanın konusu” muhakeme anlamında fiil kavramı ve nor- matif düzenlemeler çerçevesinde incelenmektedir.According to the precedents of the Court of Cassation, the subject mat- ter of the judgment (verdict), which essentially corresponds to the subject mat- ter of the trial (the subject of the criminal case), is limited to the act and the perpetrator, along with the elements of the crime, as specified in the indictment, in accordance with Article 225/1 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CMK). Considering the provision in the second paragraph of the aforemen- tioned article, which states that “the court is not bound by the legal qualifica- tion of the act”, it is understood that the term “act” in the first paragraph re- fers to an act in a procedural sense. However, this act is defined by reference to the elements of the crime (in the sense of crime theory). Therefore, the in- dictment must include details and concepts corresponding to the elements of the crime. While this approach has positive implications for the right to a fair trial, it also presents certain drawbacks. On the other hand, according to the established precedents of the Court of Cassation, the essential element in de- fining the act in the indictment is the “facts of the case (narration of the inci- dent)”. In this regard, this article examines the “facts of the case” in the in- dictment and the “subject matter of the trial” within the framework of the concept of the act in a procedural sense and normative regulations
A multi-scale framework for assessing the suitability of low impact development in a dense flood-prone urban area
No full text
Üst Makam Kavramı ve İYUK m. 11 Bağlamında Öneriler
No full textİdare hukukunda “üst makam” kavramı, özellikle 2577 sayılı İdari Yargılama Usulü Kanunu (İYUK) m. 11 bağlamında önem taşımaktadır. Zira ilgili kişi, dava açmadan önce işlemin kaldırılması, geri alınması, değiştirilmesi veya yeni bir işlem tesis edilmesi amacıyla üst makama başvurabilir ve bu başvuru, dava açma süresini durdurur. Üst makama başvuru, idari uyuşmazlıkların yargıya intikal etmeden çözülebilmesi için öngörülen ihtiyari bir yoldur ve dava açma süresini durdurması yönünden işlevseldir. Fakat uygulamadaki deneyimler üst makam kavramının daha iyi açıklanmasının ve üst makam başvurusu kurumunun güçlendirilmesinin hem başvurucuların menfaatlerinin korunabilmesi hem idari yargı örgütünün iş yükünün azaltılması bakımından yararlı olacağına işaret etmektedir. Öncelikle kavramsallaştırma konusunda üst makam ile vesayet makamı arasındaki ayrım öne çıkmaktadır: Üst makam, hiyerarşi yetkisi kapsamında somut biçimde belirlenebilirken; kamu tüzel kişiliğine sahip kurumlar arasındaki vesayet yetkisi kapsamında bir üst makam olduğundan bahsedilemeyecektir. Yasalarda istisnaen mecburi veya ihtiyari olarak başvuru imkanı verilen vesayet makamları üst makam olarak tanımlanamayacaktır. İkinci konu, üst makamın üst makamına başvurulup başvurulamayacağı veya bu başvurunun dava açma süresini durdurup durdurmayacağıdır. Uygulamada, örneğin Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu’na başvurulduğunda, başvuru öncesi ilgili idarenin en üst makamına (yahut üst makamın üst makamına) gidilmesi gerektiği ileri sürülerek başvurular bu makamlara tevdi edilebilmektedir. Oysa İYUK m. 11, kural olarak bir kez yapılacak “üst makama” veya “üst makam yoksa işlemi tesis eden makama” başvurunun süreyi durduracağını öngörmüş; daha üst makamlara tekrarlanan başvurulaın aynı etkiyi doğuracağına dair açık bir düzenleme getirmemiştir. Bu çalışmada (yasa hükmü ve uygulama arasındaki farktan hareketle) İYUK düzenlemesinin üst makamın üst makamlarını da kapsayacak şekilde nasıl genişleyeceği tartışılacaktır. Üçüncü konu, 3071 sayılı Dilekçe Hakkının Kullanılmasına Dair Kanun m. 5’in açık hükmüne rağmen yanlış üst makama yapılan başvurunun yetkili makama iletilmemesi durumunda dava açma sürelerinin durmamış olması nedeniyle başvurucuların dava açma haklarını yitirebilmesidir. İlgili düzenleme, başvuruyu alan idarenin dilekçeyi yetkili makama iletmesini öngörmekle birlikte, bu yükümlülüğe uyulmaması durumunda başvurucuların hak kaybına uğramaması gerekir. Çalışmada idarelerin başvuruları doğru üst makamlara iletmede ihmalleri durumuna karşı başvurucuları koruyucu bir yasal düzenleme önerilecektir.The concept of “superior authority” in administrative law is particularly significant within the framework of Article 11 of Law No. 2577 on Administrative Jurisdiction Procedure. Through this option, an interested party may apply to the superior authority for the annulment, revocation, modification, or issuance of a new administrative act, and this application suspends the period for filing a lawsuit. An application to the superior authority is an optional remedy intended to resolve administrative disputes before they reach the courts and is effective in suspending the time limit for filing a lawsuit. However, practical experience suggests that clarifying the notion of the superior authority and strengthening the mechanism of application to that authority would be beneficial both for protecting applicants’ interests and for reducing the caseload of the administrative judiciary. At the outset, a key conceptual distinction arises between a superior authority and a supervisory authority: while the superior authority can be specifically identified within the scope of hierarchical power, supervisory authorities which may receive mandatory or optional applications in exceptional circumstances cannot be defined as superior authorities. Nevertheless, certain powers may be granted to supervisory authorities in order to resolve disputes without recourse to the courts. The second issue concerns whether it is possible to apply to the superior authority of the superior authority, and whether such an application would also suspend the time limit for filing a lawsuit. In practice, for instance, when an application is submitted to the Ombudsman, such applications may be forwarded to these authorities on the grounds that one must first apply to the highest authority of the relevant administration. Yet Article 11 of Law No. 2577 basically prescribes that an application made once to the superior authority suspends the time limit. It does not explicitly provide that repeated applications to superior authorities above that level would have the same effect. Drawing on this discrepancy between the statutory provision and its implementation, this study discusses how the Law No. 2577 might be broadened to encompass superior authorities beyond the immediate one. The third issue arises from the fact that, despite the explicit wording of Article 5 of Law No. 3071 on the Exercise of the Right to Petition, applicants may lose their right to file a lawsuit if a superior authority application made to the wrong authority is not forwarded to the competent authority—thus failing to suspend the time limit for litigation. Although the relevant provision requires the authority receiving the petition to forward it to the competent authority, applicants should not be disadvantaged if this obligation is not fulfilled. This study proposes a legislative measure to protect applicants when administrations fail to redirect applications to the appropriate superior authority.</p
