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Written corrective feedback and the language curriculum: Theory, research, curricular issues, and the researcher-teacher interface
Get PDFFeedback plays an important role in the L2 learning process, as evidenced by several meta-analyses on both oral (e.g., Li, 2010) and written (e.g., Kang & Han, 2015) corrective feedback. In the written corrective feedback (WCF) strand, when viewed from a writing-to-learn perspective (Manchón, 2011), there has been a recent two-pronged critique that addresses 1) the general product-oriented approach and 2) the failure to situate research designs within the authentic instructed SLA or ISLA setting (Leow, 2020) that, in turn, is situated within a language curriculum (e.g., Leow, 2019a). The call for a theoretically-driven ISLA and curricular approach to the WCF strand of research is quite logical given that WCF not only takes place in the instructed setting but is crucially aligned with the writing component of the curriculum. This curricular approach also holds the potential for research in WCF to address the researcher-teacher interface that continues to reveal a gap between ISLA researchers and classroom teachers. To this end, this article probes deeper into the curricular approach to WCF research by 1) first reporting on the two theoretical underpinnings that directly address the WCF process, 2) addressing the potential conflation of the two types of writing curricula in language departments, 3) discussing considerations required of a curricular approach to WCF research, 4) providing an example of a process-oriented ISLA applied study that falls within a curricular approach to WCF research, and 5) addressing the gap of the researcher-teacher interface including collaborative steps taken to involve teachers in WCF studies
Drivers of the Target Financial Leverage and Speed of Adjustment in Small and Medium-Sized Companies at Different Stages of Life Cycle
Get PDFAccording to the results of recent studies, the main causes of companies’ failure are inadequate and inappropriate financing. Therefore, one of the key tasks of financial managers is to determine the best combination of the company's financial resources, or in other words, the target financial leverage. On the other hand, growth cycles are very useful for analyzing business cycles in countries that have experienced severe recessions and booms, such as Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the drivers of the target financial leverage and the speed of adjustment of financial leverage at different Stages of the life cycle. The statistical population is small and medium-sized companies active in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 112 companies were selected by systematic elimination sampling method between 2015 to 2020 and Eviews 9 software was used. The results indicate that for firms in the growth and maturing stages of their lifecycle, profitability, firm size, and tangible assets are stronger positive drivers for target leverage and when the company One stage of the life cycle goes to the next, the company slows down its gap with the target lever, and the speed of adjusting the optimal structure is reduced
The Role of Famous Athlete Endorsement in Consumers' Attention to Sports Products: Alpha and Beta Brain Waves
Get PDFNeuromarketing techniques have expanded significantly in recent years. Therefore, in the present research, the role of endorsement strategy on the consumers’ attention to sports products is investigated by examining alpha and beta brain waves. The research method was done experimentally. The statistical population consisted of 20 males and females in the age range of 25 to 35 years. Images according to the endorsement strategy used with Enobio, a 20-channel electroencephalography device to record waves and measure attention. Frontal (F3, F4, FZ), central (C3, C4, CZ), temporal (T7, T8), occipital (O1, O2) and parietal (PZ) brain regions examined. In order to extract waves from quantitative electroencephalography data, Matlab 2013 b software was used. Mann–Whitney U test used to analyze the data using SPSS 22 software. The results showed that there is a significant difference between alpha and beta waves between two groups, without endorsement and with endorsement images, so the endorsement strategy reduces the amount of alpha waves and increases the amount of beta waves in different areas of the brain. Endorsement can attract the attention of the consumer significantly. It can be employed as an effective method to attract the attention of consumers and promote them to purchase sports product
Systematic Post Crisis Tourism Supply Chain Transformation Towards Resilience in the Context of Tour Operators
Get PDFThe significance of this manuscript lies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, officially declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the 30th of March, 2020, and its persistent influence on a global scale even after a span of three years. This unprecedented event has instigated impediments across diverse economic domains, with tourism and its intricate supply chains emerging as the most severely affected. The executed investigation delves into intra-organizational transformations within the framework of tourism supply chain management, particularly through the lens of tour operators, amidst the temporal landscape of both the pandemic era and its aftermath. Notably, numerous extensive service providers in the tourism sector have implemented strategies pertaining to tourism supply chain management transformations. Consequently, this article focuses on the efficacious transformations of tour operators, addressing pivotal constituents. The research findings delineate the repercussions induced by the pandemic on tour operators in Lithuania and consequently propose a resilience framework, contributing to the broader understanding of post-pandemic tourism supply chain transformation towards adaptability and resilience strategies
Factors Influencing Hong Kong Youths’ Migration Entrepreneurial Intention in China’s Greater Bay Area
Get PDFIn line with the development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), the Hong Kong government has introduced policies aimed at encouraging young Hong Kong residents to pursue their careers and establish businesses in mainland cities located in the GBA. While recent studies have focused on the mobility of Hong Kong youths to GBA cities, the factors that influence their migration entrepreneurial intention (MEI) in GBA remain unclear. As such, the primary objective of this study is to establish a conceptual framework to identify the relationships between personal factors, perception of the environment of GBA cities, and MEI. This study adopted an online survey using Google Forms to collect data from Hong Kong youths aged 18 to 40 between May and July 2022. Based on responses from 230 validated participants, the chi-square test revealed that those with majors in management, business, and economics have a high MEI. Those with prior entrepreneurial experience have a high MEI and those with entrepreneurship family background have a high MEI. Regarding environmental factors, binary logistic regression analysis indicated that unfamiliarity with the business environment, such as business law and regulations, tax, legal protection of products and services, mainland lifestyles, business competitions, and social security, do not significantly influence MEI. However, concerns about credibility resulting from a business failure, worried about the local working relationships, and raising funds were found to negatively influence MEI. Finally, this study provides theoretical implications for extant entrepreneurship research and practical implications for policymakers and educators
The Influence of Jack C. Richards on My Personal Journey from EFL to EMI: A Narrative Exploration
Get PDFJack C. Richards (2021) suggests that language teacher identities are shaped by their past experiences, teacher education and language proficiency. His recent publications in English Medium Instruction (EMI) (Richards & Pun, 2022a; 2022b) inspired reflection on my multiple teacher identities. In this paper, I offer a narration of past experiences as a language learner and a non-native English-speaking teacher. As part of this narration, I reflect on the shift from being an English as a Foreign Language teacher (EFL) to being an English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) teacher. While making this shift from EFL to EMI, I was searching for the meaning of what it means to be a “good language teacher” (Barkhuizen & Mendieta, 2020, p. 1). I propose that the transition was a natural evolution to respond to the global EMI trend. Richards’ work not only provided a systematic examination of the emergence of global EMI programs, but it continues to have a profound impact on my dual roles as language and content specialist
Editorial: In Honour of Jack C. Richard’s Six-decade Contribution to Language Teaching
Get PDFAs I have discovered, a special issue covering the work of Jack Richards is a mammoth task. In the years that he has worked in language development, he has covered so many different aspects of the field, it is difficult to know where to start
Task Design Features and Pragmatics Learning: A Systematic Review of Recent Research
Get PDFThe learning effects of task-based interaction is an emerging topic in the field of instructed pragmatics for ESL learners. Specifically, researchers are exploring the impact of different task features on pragmatics learning. This article reports a review of the extant research. First, the review aimed to identify specific task design and implementation characteristics that appeared to enhance learners’ use of pragmatic features during task performance. Inter alia, the review indicated greater benefits from tasks which learners completed collaboratively versus individually and tasks which presented learners with relatively complex versus relatively simple cognitive demands. Secondly, the review aimed to assess evidence of learning across this body of research. The review could not establish whether the enhanced pragmatic language use observed during task performance equated with long-term learning as very few studies included delayed post-tests, an obvious lacuna in the body of research to date
Effects of Explicit Written Corrective Feedback on Subject-Verb Agreement among Kurdish EFL Students
Get PDFThe research on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing has garnered considerable attention over the years, particularly concerning the impact of corrective feedback (CF) on students' errors. However, in the context of Kurdish EFL students, this area of research has received limited attention, despite its potential to enhance their grammatical accuracy in writing tasks. This paper addresses this gap by examining the impact of Explicit Written Corrective Feedback (EWCF) on Kurdish EFL undergraduate students' writing accuracy in terms of subject-verb agreement (SVA). For data collection, the study employed a mixed-method approach and recruited sixty junior EFL undergraduate students who were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (n=30) received EWCF on their SVA errors for five weeks, while the control group (n=30) received only implicit feedback without correction on SVA errors. Data was collected through questionnaires and pre-and post-tests, and the results revealed that EWCF was preferred by students and was more effective in enhancing their writing accuracy in terms of SVA, as evidenced in the post-test. The study has several theoretical and pedagogical implications, including the need for instructors to provide EWCF to enhance students' grammatical accuracy in writing tasks. Further, the study contributes to the limited body of research on EFL writing in the context of Kurdish students, highlighting the need for further investigation in this area
Foreign Language Anxiety in Online and In-person Learning Environments: A Case from Chile
Get PDFForeign language anxiety (FLA) is a distinct form of anxiety that plays a significant role in the process of acquiring a foreign language. This study aimed to assess the anxiety levels of Chilean undergraduate learners and investigate the potential correlations between foreign language anxiety and oral performance in two distinct learning settings: traditional in-person instruction and online learning. Employing a mixed methods research design, the study incorporated an adapted version of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) survey, an oral task, and semi-structured interviews. By triangulating the quantitative and qualitative findings, it was found that there were moderate discrepancies in anxiety levels, with in-person students exhibiting higher levels of anxiety. Furthermore, negative correlations were observed between oral performance and foreign language anxiety, primarily in the context of foreign language learning situations and processes. The outcomes of this study augment the existing body of research on foreign language anxiety in diverse learning environments and hold potential to enrich future pedagogical practices