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Teachers’ Assessment of Primary School EFL Learners’ Engagement: Insights from Rural and Urban Classrooms in Vietnam
Get PDFLearner engagement is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in language education, especially for young learners. However, research into how teachers perceive and assess learner engagement in intact English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms remains limited. This study explored how primary school teachers in urban and rural areas in a Mekong Delta province in Vietnam assessed learner engagement across all four dimensions: behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected through a 28-item survey administered to 182 teachers across 63 primary schools. Results indicated that while teachers acknowledged all four dimensions of engagement, they tended to prioritize behavioral and emotional aspects. Geographic location (urban vs. rural) did not significantly influence teachers’ overall assessment, but subtle differences were identified: urban teachers reported slightly higher mean scores for behavioral engagement, while rural teachers exhibited marginally higher scores in cognitive and social dimensions. The findings underscore the importance of a balanced approach to assessing learner engagement. Urban teachers should be guided to view engagement beyond observable participation, while rural teachers should develop a stronger awareness of the role of emotional engagement in sustaining overall learner involvement, particularly in contexts with limited exposure to English such as rural schools
The Effects of a QuillBot-Based Intervention on English Language Majors’ EFL Writing Performance, Apprehension, and Self-Efficacy
Get PDFSome recent studies have reported positive effects of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered writing assistants on students’ EFL writing skills, but their impact on affective factors has yet to be examined. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of a QuillBot-based intervention on English Language majors’ EFL writing performance, apprehension, and self-efficacy. The participants constituted 18 fourth-year students in the English Language Department, Faculty of Archaeology and Languages, Matrouh University, during the second semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. For six weeks, students performed in-class and out-of-class QuillBot-based activities where they collaboratively developed their first drafts, reviewed the AI-generated feedback, revised their writing, and wrote their final drafts. One test and two scales were administered before and after experimentation to measure the effects of the proposed intervention. Qualitative data was also collected from the students’ reflective reports to gain deeper insights into their perceptions of the intervention in improving their writing and affective states. The results revealed that the QuillBot-based intervention had significant positive effects on students’ writing performance, apprehension, and self-efficacy. The students also displayed largely positive perceptions toward it. Such results suggest that using QuillBot collaboratively can enhance writing performance, reduce writing apprehension, and promote writing self-efficacy among EFL learners
The Effect of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation on Career Development: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Leadership
Get PDFOrganizations need to employ strategies to maintain and improve valuable resources and use human competencies effectively to achieve development in the current unstable and Knowledge-based environment. One of these strategies is planning and organizing the career path. As a powerful arm of a government, regarding support and food security services, the career development of employees in the Ministry of Agriculture is one of the most important management tasks that creates added value. The present study examines the effect of entrepreneurial organizational leadership and individual entrepreneurial orientation on career development and investigates the mediating role of entrepreneurial leadership. For this purpose, data were collected from 235 employees of the Ministry of Agriculture who were selected randomly through a questionnaire. The results showed that individual entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial organizational leadership had a positive and significant effect on career development, and entrepreneurial leadership significantly mediated the effect of individual entrepreneurial orientation on career development. 
Bank Performance Determinants: State of the Art and Future Research Avenues
Get PDFBanks' performance is an important topic for both professionals and researchers. Given the important literature on this subject, this paper aims to bring an up-to-date and organized review of literature on the determinants of banks performance. This paper discusses the main approaches that molded the debate on banks’ performance and their main determinants. An in-depth understanding of these latter may allow on the one hand, bank managers and regulators to improve the sectors’ efficiency and to deal with the new trends shaping the future of their industry and on the other hand, academicians to enrich research and knowledge on this field. Through the analysis of 54 studies published in 42 peer-reviewed journals, we show that despite the importance of the existent literature, the subject of bank performance factors did not reveal all its secrets and still constitute a fertile field for critical debates, especially since the COVID-19 and the increasingly pressing rise in power of digital transformation and artificial intelligence in general and FinTechs in particular. The study concludes by suggesting new promising research avenues
Accounting of State Grants According to International Financial Reporting Standards
Get PDFAccounting for grant agreements is an important aspect of financial management for a variety of organisations, including not-for-profit, commercial enterprises, and public institutions. Accounting for grants helps to ensure financial openness and transparency in the organisation's activities. This is important to meet the requirements of stakeholders, including donors, government agencies, investors, and the public. The purpose of the study is to identify the areas of grant funds reporting in accordance with international financial reporting standards. The study found that many organisations receive grants from various sources, and this may include funds from governmental organisations and international donors. Accounting for grants helps ensure compliance with the terms and conditions that accompany the grant. Grants accounting helps organisations to effectively manage financial resources provided for specific projects or programmes. This ensures the efficient use of funds and the achievement of planned results. In addition, Grant Accounting allows you to evaluate the results and impact of projects that have been funded by grants. This helps organisations and donors understand how successful their investments have been. In general, grant accounting is important for the financial stability, transparency, and efficiency of grant-receiving organisations. It helps ensure effective management of financial resources and fulfilment of obligations to donors and other stakeholders.  
Finnish Compulsory School English and Swedish Teachers’ Classroom Assessment Practices
Get PDFThe study explores Finnish compulsory school language teachers’ formative and summative assessment practices. It aims at finding out what formative and summative assessment modes and tools the teachers use and what kind of evidence they collect for students’ final grades. The data were gathered through questionnaires administered in national evaluations of learning outcomes. The results indicate that teachers use multiple tools, i.e., scores, information on a task’s objective, oral feedback, and model performances. They listen to students paired discussions and talk with students about their progress. Students also assess their own skills. Teachers’ feedback on exams was information on a task’s objective, oral feedback, and model performances. When deciding on final grades, teachers use as evidence written tests and students’ working in lessons. However, there were some differences between languages and syllabi. Teachers gave the final grades based on students’ language proficiency at a given moment stressing the curricula’s content areas related to language proficiency. At the same time, teachers indicated to be basing their grades on averages in all the different content areas. The study has implications for teachers’ assessment literary training and for exploring more in detail the factors impacting students’ final grades
Achieving Technical Economy: A Modification of Cloze Procedure
Get PDFThis contribution investigates gains in technical economy in measuring language ability by considering one recurrent interest of JD Brown: cloze tests. In the various versions of the Test of Academic Literacy Levels (TALL), its Sesotho and Afrikaans (Toets van Akademiese Geletterdheidsvlakke – TAG) counterparts, as well as related other tests used in South Africa, the test designers have used a modification of this procedure to very good effect. This paper reports on the steady evolution of its format over many years, how it is currently used, what its outstanding empirical properties are, and how the kind of technical economy it brings to the measurement of the ability to handle the demands of academic language at the level of tertiary education can be further applied. The modification involves the conventional, more or less systematic mutilation of a selected text, with two multiple choice questions about every gap in it: where the gap is, and which word has been omitted. We have not seen anywhere else analyses of this format, which in itself may be of interest to test designers. We proceed by defining technical economy, and then develop an argument on the basis of the empirical properties of TALL on how that idea can be applied, in particular to the design and task selection of such tests, before giving illustrations of how such choices may contribute to further and other productive and responsible designs and test formats
Volume Introduction: Special Issue in Honour of James Dean Brown’s Five-Decade Contribution to Language Testing and Assessment
Get PDFIt is not every day, year, or even decade that a journal dedicates an entire issue to honour the contributions of an individual scholar in the field. The purpose of this Special Issue of Language Teaching Research Quarterly is to celebrate the work of James Dean Brown, a scholar who has made an enormous impact on the field of language testing and assessment. Following his retirement from the field, this Special Issue was created in JD’s honour and is dedicated to him and his many contributions to the field
What about validity? Thoughts on the state of research on written corrective feedback
Get PDFValidity is the most important factor in good research, and it cannot be taken for granted. As the term is used here, validity is determined by (a) whether the research actually addresses the question that it is intended to address; and (b) whether the inferences drawn from it, by its authors and by subsequent reviewers, are legitimate. Validity thus depends on the goals of the research. While a variety of meaningful goals can be identified, the primary goal of WCF research is to determine if WCF is an effective way to improve learners’ ability to write accurately and should therefore be used in language instruction. Judging validity in terms of this goal, it is argued here that problems are pervasive. Goals are confused, a variety of fundamental issues in design and analysis make a study unable to address the primary question, and far too much emphasis is placed on one very narrow feature, commonly studied in ways which themselves lack validity. These problems are reflected in the meta-analyses done on this topic; as a result, this work is not presenting us with a valid picture of the effects of WCF. Altogether, this research area has major validity problems; dealing with these problems should be the top priority for researchers
E-Commerce Taxation Challenges and Opportunities: From Clicks to Conversions in Fast-Moving Consumer Goods
Get PDFThe modern world is becoming more and more technologically advanced, and people spend more time working, so there is no time left to do classic shopping in standard stores and supermarkets, but there are opportunities to purchase various goods and services online. This state of affairs is the reason why e-commerce has emerged and is actively developing. Today, e-commerce is no longer just online sales, but a complete system of doing business without classic offices and conservative stores. In recent years, e-commerce has been actively promoted in the service sector, including financial services. Such active development of this area leads to the need to pay special attention to the taxation of transactions involving the electronic sale of goods and services. With this in mind, the purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the development and peculiarities of taxation of e-commerce transactions. As a result of the study and achievement of the objective of the work, the author has obtained a result which indicates that, in general, e-commerce transactions are taxed under standard taxation schemes, although there are peculiarities of accounting for electronic money and taking into account the fact of transfer of ownership of the product. In general, it is proved that e-commerce has great prospects and will gain more and more market shares of goods and services for various purposes