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Effects of size-selective catch-and-release angling on population size structure of two Black Bass (Micropterus spp.) species in an Alabama Reservoir
Get PDFThe potential for size-selective catch-and-release angling to affect the size distributions of black bass (Micropterus spp.) populations is not well understood. Angling is highly size-selective, and competitive fishing events, may be particularly size-selective by incentivizing the capture of large fish. These competitive events (i.e., tournaments) are increasing in popularity which leads to more angling effort that might be size-selective. We conducted research on Largemouth and Alabama Bass at Neely Henry reservoir in Alabama to assess the potential for size-selective angling to affect population size structure. This system is characterized by high fishing effort and a high proportion of fish captured in tournaments. Size-selectivity of tournament and non-tournament angling was estimated from a high reward tagging study. Size-specific vulnerability estimates from angler tag returns revealed that vulnerability of 300 mm Largemouth Bass was 0.75 and vulnerability of the same size class of Alabama Bass was 0.66.
Variation in growth among individual fish was estimated by ageing samples of fish from the creel and from standardized electrofishing surveys. A pairwise comparison between gears for each age class was conducted for both Alabama Bass and Largemouth Bass. Alabama Bass collected from tournaments were on average 55 mm longer at age 1, 19 mm longer at age 2, and 25 mm longer at age 3 than fish from electrofishing surveys. Largemouth Bass collected from tournaments were on average 28 mm longer at age 1 and 13 mm at age 2. A Bayesian hierarchical growth model was fit to age samples to estimate von Bertalanffy growth parameters for individuals. The mean posterior growth parameters estimated from electrofishing samples of Largemouth Bass estimated from electrofishing samples were 563 (95% CI: 561 - 565), 0.279 (95%CI: 0.277 – 0.282), and -0.348 (95% CI: -0.359 – -0.336) for L, k, and t0, respectively. For Alabama Bass the mean posterior growth parameter estimates across individuals collected via electrofishing were 566 (565 – 567) for L, 0.25(0.248 – 0.252) for k, and -0.25(-0.26 – -0.23) for t0. An age- and size-structured equilibrium model was used that accounted for individual variation in growth within these populations under encounter rates developed from Neely Henry. The Ricker stock-recruitment model and Beverton-Holt model, along with variation in natural mortality, and maximum lifetime reproductive rate were modeled to assess influence on the abundance of quality (≥305 mm) and memorable (≥508 mm) fish of both species. Under high encounter rates the model predicted angling could reduce the abundance of quality sized Largemouth and Alabama Bass by 6% and 12% relative to the unfished condition, respectively. A decline of 48% in memorable size Largemouth Bass abundance and 79% in memorable size Alabama Bass abundance was predicted relative to the unfished condition. This study provides information on the level of impact that catch-and-release angling can have on population size structure in a reservoir system
Adaptive developmental plasticity and hormetic effects in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia castanotis)
No full textStressors experienced during development can have persisting detrimental effects on an individual’s phenotype, as well as indirect effects on the phenotype of offspring. However, developmental stressors can also be beneficial depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the stressor. Stressor exposure during development may act instructively, inducing changes in phenotype that make the organism, and sometimes their offspring, more suited for the potential poor environmental conditions they will experience in adulthood. This is known as adaptive developmental plasticity. Although it has the potential to influence population dynamics and evolutionary change, research examining adaptive developmental plasticity in endothermic vertebrates such as birds is limited. Moreso, we have a poor understanding of the underlying physiological changes mediating these effects, the potential trade-offs with key fitness-related traits, and how these relationships vary due to the adult environment. I address these gaps through experimental studies in the laboratory utilizing zebra finches (Taeniopygia castanotis). We exposed the finches to a prolonged mild heat (38 °C) conditioning or control (22 °C) treatment during juvenile development. As adults, the finches were exposed to a high heat stressor (42 °C) or control (22 °C) treatment in a 2x2 factorial design. We measured multiple cellular and life-history traits to determine 1) whether exposure to the mild heat conditioning during development induces an adaptive phenotypic adjustment, giving the finches an increased ability to buffer the negative effects of the high heat stressor as adults, 2) what physiological changes mediate this potential adaptive plasticity, 3) the potential costs and trade-offs between traits associated with the phenotypic change in stressful and benign environments. Furthermore, we determined whether the mild heat conditioning induced adaptive intergenerational plasticity, preparing the offspring of the finches to better cope with elevated ambient temperatures.
In Chapter 2, we saw that exposure to the mild heat conditioning induced a hormetic effect, preventing an increase in egg laying latency in adulthood after exposure to the high heat stressor. However, we also saw that exposure to either the conditioning as juveniles and/or the high heat stressor as adults had a stimulatory effect on the clutch viability of female finches. Surprisingly, there was seemingly no negative impacts of the high heat stressor on immune function (measured via wound healing) or several female reproductive parameters. However, there seemed to be a potential cost of the phenotypic change induced by the mild heat conditioning, but only when their adult environment did not “match”. The female finches exposed to the mild heat conditioning as juveniles and the control treatment as adults had wounds that took longer to heal than those exposed to the high heat stressor as adults, regardless of whether they were exposed to the conditioning during development. These results indicate the potential for the presence of trade-offs between traits or a shift in life-history strategy.
In Chapters 3 and 4, we investigated whether exposure to the mild heat conditioning during development resulted in adaptive variation in adult antioxidant enzymes and heat-shock protein expression, reducing oxidative damage when exposed to the high heat stressor as adults. Moreso, we examined the relationships between the oxidative measurements and beak color - a sexually selected trait - to determine if the physiological changes induced trade-offs with, or buffered negative effects of heat stress on beak color. We saw that conditioned males had higher beak saturation and lower brightness in adulthood, but the response to the high heat stressor varied. When exposed to the high heat stressor as adults, conditioned males had higher levels of superoxide dismutase 1 & 2 antioxidant enzymes and reduced levels of HSP90 and HSP60 in the testes, as well as lower levels of cellular lipid oxidative damage in the liver, indicating an adaptive phenotypic change.
In Chapter 5, we investigated whether altered responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resulting from the mild heat conditioning acts as a mediator of adaptive developmental plasticity, and the association with DNA damage and survival when exposed to the high heat stressor as adults. Conditioned female finches had higher baseline DNA damage levels and body masses than juvenile control females, as well as lower corticosterone levels following the adult treatment. However, once again we saw a cost when there was a mismatch between the juvenile and adult environment, as conditioned females exhibited reduced survival if they were not also exposed to the high heat stressor as adults.
In Chapter 6, we investigated whether maternal exposure to the mild heat conditioning during development would induce a form of intergenerational phenotypic plasticity known as maternal effects, and how the direction of this effect would be influenced by the maternal adult environment. Moreso, we determined whether the conditioning would act as an anticipatory maternal effect, resulting in offspring that are better suited to cope with high incubation temperatures as embryos. We found that embryos from conditioned mothers exhibited reduced water loss, longer development times, and heavier pectoralis muscles as hatchlings, when incubated at high incubation temperatures, compared to offspring from control mothers. The conditioned mothers that were also exposed to the high heat stressor as adults laid eggs with a higher density of shell pores, and embryos with lower heart rates during development. However, embryos from these conditioned and heat stressed mothers had reduced survival at control incubation temperatures, once again indicating potential costs when the future environment does not “match” the environment which induced the phenotypic change.
The chapters of this dissertation demonstrate that mild developmental stressors can have beneficial effects on phenotype in zebra finches, however, the effects are clearly context dependent. The adaptiveness depends on both the trait being measured and the matching between the early life and adult environment of the finches. Mild developmental stressors can clearly have persisting impacts on a fitness-related traits at multiple biological levels, and research should integrate this knowledge when determining how populations will respond to rapid environmental change
Development and validation of a feed spillage protocol to evaluate commercial broiler feeding systems and approaches to enhance feed management in broiler production
No full textFeed spillage (FS) can significantly impact production costs in commercial broiler operations, yet methods to accurately quantify FS have been lacking. This research aimed to develop and validate a protocol to determine FS from commercial broiler feeders, and to subsequently evaluate FS across broiler production stages. The first study focused on developing and validating a method to quantify FS from commercial broiler feeders. A 69 × 69 cm FS capture unit consisted of a perforated top platform, internal secondary screen, and a bottom pan lined with plastic sheeting. Two experiments were conducted to simulate feed spillage rates (1%, 5% and 10%) of broilers at 14 and 42-d of age. Feed spillage rates were applied to capture units using two internal screen approaches [no screen (NS) and secondary screen (SS)] and two corrections using an indigestible feed marker [non-corrected vs TiO2-corrected] in a factorial arrangement. Analysis showed that the use of the (SS) was crucial in preventing wood shavings and simulated excreta from reaching the bottom collection pan. Additionally, the use of TiO2 combined with the use of SS aided in segregating feed from wood shavings and simulated excreta, resulting in the best approach to determine FS. The protocol and method can reliably quantify FS across different broiler ages and feed forms, enabling accurate comparisons of FS between commercial feeder types and settings. The second and third studies then applied this FS measurement protocol to compare two commercial feeders - C2 Plus and Konavi - during the starter, grower, and finisher phases. While bird performance metrics, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were similar across feeder treatments, the C2 Plus feeders consistently demonstrated lower FS compared to Konavi feeders, regardless of feeder setting. Feeder design differences appeared to better contain feed and reduce FS. The substantial FS differences translated to meaningful economic impacts, with annual FS costs ranging from 650,000 for a 400-house complex, depending on feeder type and production system. These findings underscore the importance of integrating FS monitoring into overall feed management strategies to enhance efficiency and profitability in commercial broiler production
Molecular Research on two Orthotospoviruses Infecting Important Legumes in Alabama.
Get PDFPeanut (Arachis hypogaea. L) is a major crop in the United States, especially in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, where they produce two-thirds of the peanut total production in the US. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is the fourth most popular crop produced in the state. In Alabama, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV), can be found in peanuts (TSWV) and soybean (TSWV and SVNV). These viruses are both in the genus Orthotospovirus in the family bunyviridae and have an ambisense ssRNA genome. To understand the sequences of TSWV in AL, a total of 126 symptomatic peanut samples were collected from three locations in AL over two years, and a protein alignment was conducted. This alignment revealed five compared to the MT2 strain (X61799.1) and seven mutations compared to BR-O1 GenBank strain (NC_002051.1). Eight samples were selected for microscopy and a difference in aggregation speed between samples was described. Although unlikely the cause of rising levels of TSWV, these differences reveal new insights into TSWV-N protein function.
SVNV proteins have never been localized in plant cells. The five ORFs of SVNV (N, NSs, NSm, GN, and GC) were localized, and the images revealed that NSs and N proteins localize to the cell periphery and to the nucleus. NSm causes cell death and the glycoproteins GN and GC localize to the cell membrane and accumulate around the nucleus. To further our work, the genes of SVNV from the field were sequenced and a protein alignment and a phylogeny tree were constructed for each of SVNV's three genes. This revealed mutations in the SVNV of AL compared to the SVNV reference genome (GCF_004789395.1). This is essential to understand the diversity and the distribution of SVNV in AL which will further our understanding of this new emergent orthotospoviurs infecting soybean fields in the southern states of the US
Responses to Avian Reovirus Infection in Vivo, in Ovo, and In Vitro
No full textAvian reovirus (ARV) is a significant pathogen in the poultry industry, associated with economic losses due to its clinical manifestations, including tenosynovitis, immunosuppression, and enteric diseases. This dissertation investigates the pathogenic mechanisms of ARV in various avian models, including specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, chicken embryos, and primary cell cultures, to advance understanding of ARV’s molecular pathogenesis.
Using SPF chickens, the in vivo pathogenicity of two ARV strains (S1133 and a myocarditis-associated Alabama isolate) was assessed through oral inoculation. Viral replication, histopathology, and microbiome diversity analyses demonstrated a dose- and strain-dependent impact, with S1133 exhibiting higher replication levels in the jejunum and cardiac tissue, while associated microbial diversity was reduced. However, systemic lesions were minimal despite detectable viral presence in multiple organs. These findings underscore strain-specific ARV pathogenesis with limited systemic progression following oral inoculation.
Following in ovo ARV S1133 inoculation at 18 days of embryonation, transcriptomic profiling revealed distinct tissue-specific responses. High viral replication in liver at 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi) was accompanied by activation of immune pathways related to viral replication inhibition in the liver and wound healing or blood-related pathways in the kidney and intestine. The bursa, in contrast, showed minimal differential regulation of immune pathway activation, likely due to insufficient maturation at this stage. This model elucidates ARV’s tissue-dependent replication and immune system engagement during late embryonic development.
In vitro inoculation of primary chicken embryo liver (CELi), kidney (CEK), or macrophage-derived (HD11) cell cultures with ARV S1133 identified cell-type-specific viral replication and transcriptomic responses. CELi cells showed the highest viral replication, with transcriptional changes linked to antiviral responses, while HD11 cells, despite low viral load, exhibited considerable transcriptional changes related to coagulation, inflammation and growth-related pathways. Protein-protein interaction analyses identified central antiviral nodes, including IFI6, RSAD2, and MX1, which highlight key molecular targets in ARV response pathways across cell types.
Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive view of ARV pathogenicity across different models, revealing dose- and tissue-specific viral replication dynamics and immune responses. The work advances our understanding of ARV pathogenesis and the host molecular responses
Alabama Districts and COVID-19: Exploring the Impact of Pandemic-Related Disruptions on K-12 Student Achievement
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic presented several challenges to U.S. public school districts, particularly those characterized as low-income or high-poverty, that negatively impacted academic achievement in English Language Arts (ELA) and mathematics (math). This pre-post study, aimed to investigate the extent to which socioeconomic inequalities, district characteristics, and pandemic-induced changes in instruction and financial support influenced the change in academic proficiency scores before and after the pandemic by conducting two separate multiple regressions, one per subject area, while also incorporating an ANCOVA methodology. In the ELA model, results indicated that predictors for the pre/post change included the amount of Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief or ESSER funding awarded per student and pre-COVID proficiency scores. For the math model, a two-way interaction between the proportion of districts serving students receiving free and reduced lunch and pre-COVID proficiency scores, emerged as important for explaining the same pre/post change
From batch to continuous manufacturing: Design, feasibility evaluation and test of a continuous tubular Microfibrous Entrapped Catalyst Reactor for highly energetic three-phase catalytic reactions in the manufacture of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals
No full textThe production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals has, until the present day, been predominantly carried out in batch processes, that are often constrained by the limitations of traditional batch reactors, which suffer from poor heat management, slow mass transfer, and inefficient mixing. These limitations translate to long cycle times, inefficient energy usage, and high operational costs, issues that are particularly critical in processes that involve highly energetic, multiphase reactions, forcing manufacturers to limit throughput and productivity. As industries seek to improve efficiency, continuous processing has emerged as a promising alternative, offering potential benefits such as higher product quality, reduced footprint, increased safety, and shorter development times.
This dissertation explores the design and implementation of a novel continuous multiphase catalytic reactor using MicroFibrous Entrapped Catalysts (MFEC), aiming to address the operational and economic challenges associated with batch processing. To this aim, a combination of empirical and experimental methods was employed to evaluate the MFEC reactor's economic feasibility, and its performance in terms of heat transfer, mass transfer, and mixing characteristics.
The work is based on three main pillars. First, a comprehensive economic analysis was conducted, calculating capital expenditure (Capex), operational expenditure (Opex), and total costs of manufacturing, using empirical correlations and comparing the results against traditional batch setups. Under this approach, important characteristics of the process’ design are considered and evaluated, among them the total production demand, the availability of equipment, the costs of raw materials, and the extension of the life of the chosen catalyst. By examining different scenarios relevant to real industrial manufacturing environments, the main economic drivers of these processes are revealed, and the grounds for the development of novel processes that are attractive to manufacturers are set.
Next, an evaluation of fundamental fluid dynamics characteristics within Microfibrous Entrapped Catalyst reactors is performed, measuring liquid holdup, pressure drop, and liquid residence time distributions, to elucidate the basic phenomena that promote intimacy of three phase contacting in heterogeneous catalytic reactions where a reactant gas is sparingly soluble in a liquid phase containing a co-reactant as wetted into a solid catalyst particulate. Through experimentation, unique aspects of the MFEC structure are revealed, linked to the surface tension forces experienced by the liquid within the small pores of the catalyst bed, that provide a distinct phase contacting dynamic heretofore not observed in other traditional reactor morphologies.
Finally, to prove the feasibility of using MFEC technology for the proposed applications, experiments were conducted using the three-phase catalytic hydrogenation of a nitro compound dissolved in a liquid solvent, with gaseous nitrogen over a Palladium-supported catalyst as a probe reaction using a MFEC reactor built at laboratory-scale. The effects of gas flowrate, temperature, catalyst loading and initial key reactant concentration on conversion, thermal management and catalyst activity were examined, with the objective of putting the potential benefits of the novel design to the test under real reacting conditions as those used in industrial manufacturing processes.
The results suggest that continuous manufacturing using MFEC reactors could yield significant savings of up to 75% in both Capex and Opex while improving process performance, being the catalyst activity maintenance the principal economical driver to make the proposed process feasible for implementation as a viable alternative to batch. Experiments demonstrated improved and distinct phase fluid dynamics where gas and liquid can move nearly independently over a wide range of superficial velocities, with higher liquid holdups, lower pressure drops, and narrower liquid residence time distributions than other reactor designs. Finally, proof-of-concept experiments highlighted the potential of the MFEC reactor as a viable alternative for performing catalytic hydrogenations and other classes of three-phase reactions, even though limitations in the particular probe reaction chosen and the prepared catalyst were evident.
These results underscore the potential of MFEC technology to revolutionize chemical production by introducing an economically feasible process capable of providing precise temperature control, higher catalytic effectiveness, and optimized residence time distributions in complex multiphase systems. This work contributes to the broader effort from both academia and industry to transition from batch to continuous manufacturing, offering scalable, safer, and more efficient alternatives for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals production.
Each chapter of this dissertation was originally written with the intention of peer reviewed publication. While some of the information on the background or experimental methods in individual sections may repeat for a reader exploring this document as a whole, the aim was to provide a substantial context for each part of the story in the individual publications
Dynamics of the Impact for Mechanical and Animal Systems
No full textImpact in mechanical systems is an important concept that has been the focus of study for many years within mechanical engineering. It plays a critical role in various engineering domains such as engineering design, robotics, biomechanics, tribology, and machining. The collision of two objects results in the generation of significant contact forces between them, causing sudden changes in velocity, alterations in shape, vibration, and potential failure of the objects. Despite its significance in mechanical engineering, analyzing and predicting impact remains a complex and demanding task. Therefore, research in this area is highly important.
In robotics, collision with the environment or an object is often undesirable. The trajectory of robotic devices is carefully planned to avoid any collision. However, many multi-body dynamical systems undergo impact while performing their tasks, such as industrial manipulators walking robots, and space robots. Controlling the impact of a robotic manipulator is a difficult and frequent issue in situations where an automated system needs to interact with its environment. There are two main ways to deal with these issues. The first method is to add more redundancy to the robot's kinematics to reduce sudden force effects, while the second method involves developing multiple control strategies to manage various dynamic situations. The serial impact of a two-link planar robot with generalized active force controller is investigated.
The normal and oblique impact of an elastic sphere (tennis ball) on a granular surface (clay) and two different plastic tape lines is inverstigated. An experimental setup is built to precisely control drop height and impact angle. The ball's motion is recorded with a high-speed camera, and the action is analyzed using a dedicated MATLAB code. A theoretical viscoelastic impact model is proposed. The force coefficients of the theoretical model for impact on clay and impact on two tapes are determined using normal impact experiments and validated with oblique impact experiments. Obtained force coefficients for surfaces are compared. An ANOVA test is conducted to compare the statistical significance of the coefficient of restitution for surfaces.
Additive manufacturing technologies enable to manufacture of complex geometries in single or fever pieces, which requires assembly and high manufacturing costs with traditional manufacturing methods. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) also known as 3D printing, is an additive manufacturing process in which material is extruded layer by layer through a nozzle to create the desired shape of the printed object. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a widely used polymer for 3D printing due to its low melting point, biodegradability, and lack of toxic fumes Additive manufacturing is widely used in industry, especially for prototyping. The impact dynamics of 3D-printed PLA in different infill densities are examined. A visco-elastic contact model is tuned using genetic algorithm. The force model results have good alignment with experiments and shows applicability of visco-elastic models for impact problems of 3D printed materials.
Next, an impact study involving animal locomotion is conducted. Lameness refers to an abnormality of horse gait usually caused by pain, discomfort, or mechanical restriction. Various factors such as trauma, birth defects, abnormalities acquired after birth, developmental issues, infection, metabolic problems, circulatory and nervous system disorders, or a combination of these can cause lameness. It leads to significant financial losses in the equine industry. Objective evaluation lameness requires special equipment and experts. The impact of the horse limb on the ground creates sound and incorporates critical information about the gait kinematic. With the help of technological advances in computation and artificial intelligence, we propose a convolutional neural network to diagnose lameness based on acoustic gaits
Improved Imbalanced Classification with CCCD and its Variants
No full textWe use a graph based classification method called class cover catch digraphs (CCCDs) to solve class cover problem. CCCD is a random graph model gives graph solution to calss cover problem and shows relatively good performance in class imbalance problem. We will focus on the improvement of CCCD performance. Ensemble methods bagging and boosting will be employed to modify CCCD. We show and compare the performance of the ensemble CCCD classifiers with other commonly used classifiers by Monte Carlo simulation analysis.
From the results, CCCDs are very robust to imbalanced data. We tested ensemble with Different Parameters. When dealing with local imbalanced data, ensembling can slightly improve the the performance of P-CCCD and RW-CCCD in all dimensions setting while E-Comb
showed the best performance among all classifiers. When dealing with local balanced data, ERW-CCCD showed slightly better performance in low dimensions. Both EP-CCCD and ERW-CCCD showed poor performance in high dimensions but E-Comb showed better performance
when dimension increased. E-Comb also showed a relatively stable performance among all methods. Bagging can significantly improve the performance of CCCD when dealing with local imbalanced dataset but it does not show much improvement when dealing with local balanced dataset
Consumers’ Perceptions of AI-Designed Apparel: Antecedents and Consequences
No full textThe incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into fashion design processes underscores a significant shift in the industry. This transformation necessitates a deeper understanding of consumer perceptions of fashion items designed by AI and their impact on consumer attitudes and market behavior. This study addressed this need by exploring consumers’ perceptions of AIdesigned apparel and examining how these perceptions are influenced by consumer beliefs on AI in general while impacting consumer attitudes and purchase intention towards AI-designed apparel.
This study hypothesized mind attribution to AI and beliefs of AI as a threat to humans as key AI-related beliefs predicting consumer perceptions of AI-designed apparel, according to the theory of anthropomorphism and integrated threat theory. Further, based on the FEA consumer needs model, the perceptions were categorized into functionality, expressiveness (i.e., uniqueness, fashionability, and ethicality expressions), and aesthetics (i.e., visual attractiveness, design novelty, authenticity). Finally, based on the theory of reasoned action, these perceptions were hypothesized to drive consumer attitude and then purchase intention towards AI-designed apparel.
Results from an online survey with a national sample of 505 U.S. consumers (18-55 years old) showed that consumers’ overall level of perceptions about AI-designed apparel was neutral or slightly negative, with functionality most favorably perceived, followed by aesthetics and then expressiveness. Mind attribution to AI positively influenced all perceptions of AI-designed apparel, whereas belief of AI as a threat negatively influenced all perceptions but fashionability and visual attractiveness. Perceived functionality, ethicality expression, and design novelty were significant positive predictors of attitudes towards AI-designed apparel, which in turn positively influenced purchase intention.
The findings highlight the two AI beliefs as bi-directional forces that result in the consumer’s current neutral or ambivalent perceptions of AI-designed apparel and identify functionality, ethicality, and novelty as key attributes of AI-designed apparel that drive consumers’ positive attitude and purchase intention. The findings contribute a theoretical understanding of the phenomenon by integrating and expanding the four aforementioned theories and assist the industry with insights on both the potential benefits and shortcomings of presenting AI as a creative agent of products to consumers and recommendations on strategic marketing approaches for AI-designed products