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Trafficking of children for adoption
Full text linkKao jedan od najtežih oblik kršenja ljudskih prava, danas,
svakako da predstavlja trgovina ljudima, a posebno djecom, kada se
to vrši u svrhu usvojenja. Usvojenje djece regulisano je određenim međunarodnim
i nacionalnim dokumentima, međutim kada govorimo o trgovini
djecom, radi usvojenja zaobilazi se zakonodavni okvir, jer se radi o
posebnom krivičnom djelu. Autori će se u radu baviti osnovnim karakteristikama
ovog krivičnog djela, međunarodnim dokumentima kojim se
reguliše ova oblast, da li se radi o usvojenju ili o određenom obliku kriminalne
aktivnosti. Takođe, ukazat će na razliku između trgovine djecom i
krijumčarenja, dokazivanju i načinu izvršenja ovog krivičnog djela. Ovo
krivično djelo prvi put je uvedeno u Krivični zakonik Crne Gore koji je u
primjeni od 2004. godine, i ovo djelo je pretrpjelo određene izmjene i dopune,
pa će se analizirati to krivično djelo sa aspekta propisanosti u Krivičnom
zakoniku Crne Gore.As one of the most serious forms of violation of human rights, today,
it is certainly trafficking in human being, especially children, when it is
done for the purpose of adoption. The adoption of children is regulated by
certain international and national documents, however, when we talk
about children trafficking, the legislative framework is bypassed for the sake of adoption, because it is a special criminal offence. In the paper, the
authors will deal with the basic characteristics of this criminal offence,
international documents that regulate this area, whether it is adoption or
a specific form of criminal activity. They will also point out the difference
between children trafficking and smuggling, the proof and the way this
criminal offense is committed. This criminal offense was first introduced
into the Criminal Code of Montenegro, which has been applying since
2004, and this offense has undergone certain changes and amendments,
so that criminal offense will be analyzed from the aspect of regulations in
the Criminal Code of Montenegro
Jurisdiction of the international criminal court for the criminal offense of aggression
Full text linkУ раду се анализира питање правне дефиниције
злочина агресије, те питање надлежности Међународног кривичног
суда за поменуто дело. Како је агресија током прошлости мењала
своју правну форму, први део рада је посвећен историјском аспектту
кривичног дела агресије. У том смислу посебан акценат се ставља
на одређене догађаје у прошлости који су умногоме обликовали
кривично дело агресије. Па је тако обрађен злочин против мира,
предвиђен статутом МВТН, који је претеча појма агресије. Има ју-
ћи на уму значај Резолуције 3314, иста је обрађена кроз призму
обликовања злочина агресије, те се на крају излагања о наведеном
кривичном дело посебна пажња усмерава ка злочину агресије у оквиру
Римског статута и амандмана који су усвојени на 13. Пленарној
седници Прве ревизионе скупштине Међународног кривичног суда,
одржаној у Кампали. Други део рада представља сажет приказ
надлежности Међународног кривичног суда за односно дело. У ту
сврху су разматрана решења која су садржана у члановима 15bis и
15ter Римског статута, као и однос између Међународног кривичног
суда и Савета безбедности Уједињених нација.This paper analyzes the issue of the legal definition of the crime of
aggression, as well as the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court
for the said crime. As the definiton of aggression changed its form, the first
part of the paper will focus on the historical aspect of this institute. In this
sense, special emphasis is placed on certain events in the past that greatly
shaped the crime of aggression. Bearing in mind the importance of Resolution
3314, special attention is directed to the crime of aggression within
the framework of the Rome Statute and the amendments that were adopted
at the 13th Plenary Session of the First Revision Assembly of the International
Criminal court, held in Kampala. The second part of the paper
presents a concise presentation of the jurisdiction of the International
Criminal Court for the crime in question. For this purpose, the decisions
contained in Articles 15bis and 15ter of the Rome Statute were discussed,
as well as the relationship between the International Criminal Court and
the United Nations Security Council
Orderly development of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights
Full text linkThe article analyzes the use of precedent by the European Court of Human Rights. It examines the various types of precedents in the practice of the Court and how they are utilized. It discusses different methods of development of case law, including overruling precedents, branching of the case law, and fragmentation of the case law. The article also proposes guidelines for the orderly development of case law
How to protect consumers in the digital era: An example of the online choice architecture
Full text linkThe ongoing process of digitalisation has brought a number of new challenges to the existing regulatory frameworks for consumer protection. One of these major challenges is the phenomenon of the online choice architecture, which is used to push consumers to make specific economic decisions while acting as participants of the digital market. In the majority of cases, such pressures should not be allowed as they rely on consumers vulnerability. This paper examines the phenomenon of online choice architecture and the fact that the existing consumer law framework does not provide adequate legal protection to the consumers from online choice architecture, calling for a consumer law reform that would enable better protection of consumers
International Law & Africa's Perspectives on Criminal Justice Institutions
Full text linkThis paper examines some international legal principles
and Africa’s unique perspectives on criminal justice institutions, focusing
on the 2012 Model Law on Universal Jurisdiction, the principle of complementarity
and the proposal to establish the African Court of Justice and
Human Rights under the 2014 Malabo Protocol. Adopting the Model Law
within the African Union offers African national courts a distinctive avenue
to hold perpetrators of international crimes accountable. Prompted by concerns
over potential abuse and politicisation of universal jurisdiction by
certain European states, the African Union’s stance reflects a proactive approach
to safeguarding against perceived injustices. Furthermore, the proposal
for the African Court of Justice and Human Rights aligns with the
principle of complementarity vis-à-vis the International Criminal Court,
showcasing Africa’s evolving role in shaping international legal mechanisms
to combat impunity and crimes. This paper explores these initiatives’
motivations, challenges, and implications for Africa’s engagement with
international legal frameworks
Substantive and evidentiary criminal law aspects of the crime of rape in international criminal law
Full text linkЗлочин силовања, иако препознат обичајним
међу народним правом, по први пут се експлицитно, у једном опште-
признатом документу, нормира у Женевској конвенцији о зашти-
ти грађанских лица за време рата из 1949. године. Упркос томе,
треба приметити да је тек у судској пракси ad hoc Трибунала за
бившу Југославију и Руанду и сталног Међународног кривичног суда
злочин силовања добио на практичном значају. У првом делу рада
се анализирају основне материјалноправне дилеме које се тичу де-
финисања злочина силовања са освртом на судску праксу. У другом
делу рада се разматра силовање као потенцијални појавни облик
геноцида, злочина против човечности или ратних злочина. Коначно,
у трећем делу рада аутор се бави различитим облицима доказне
опструкције у поступцима у којима је стављено на терет извр-
шење злочина силовања. У раду се закључује да је у пракси неопходно
фокус усмерити на примену неселективности приликом кривичног
гоњења за ове случајеве, како би се умањио јаз између стварности
која сведочи о распрострањеној присутности злочина силовања и
правде за жртве која често изостаје.The crime of rape, although recognized by customary international
law, for the first time was explicitly prescribed in the widely recognized
document of the Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilians during
the War of 1949. However, it can be noted that only in the case law of the
ad hoc Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International
Criminal Court, the crime of rape gained practical importance. In the
first part of the paper, it was analyzed the basic substantive law dilemmas
concerning the definition of the crime of rape with a reference to the relevant
case law. In the second part of the paper, it was discussed rape as a potential
form of genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes. Finally, in the
third part of the paper, the author deals with various forms of evidential
obstruction in proceedings in which the commission of the crime of rape
was charged. Тhe author concludes that there is an imperative to apply a
non-selectivity approach during criminal prosecution for these cases, which
would diminish the gap between the reality which testifies to the widespread
presence of the crime of rape and justice for victims that is often missing
Search as an evidence act and the practice of the European court of human
Full text linkУ раду је кроз међународне стандарде и домаће
прописе анализирана доказна радња претресања у кривичном
поступку, са упоредним освртом на одговарајуће одлуке Европског
суда за људска права. При томе, дат је кратак коментар о врста-
ма претресања, законским претпоставкама и самом току претре-
сања, уз критички осврт на поједине одредбе и установљену домаћу
судску праксу која је као таква допринела бројним нејасноћама у
предузимању ове доказне радње. Такође, указано је и на могуће сме-
рнице у превазилажењу тих нејасноћа, водећи при том рачуна о
очувању и поштовању приватног и породичног живота као једног
од основних људских права.The paper analyzes the evidentiary action of searches in criminal
proceedings through international standards and domestic regulations, with
a comparative review of the corresponding decisions of the European
Court of Human Rights. At the same time, a brief comment was given on
the types of searches, legal assumptions and the course of the search
itself, with a critical review of certain provisions and established domestic
judicial practice, which as such contributed to numerous ambiguities
in undertaking this evidentiary action. Also, possible guidelines for
overcoming those ambiguities were pointed out, while taking into account
the preservation and respect of private and family life as one of the basic
human rights
Evidence in the practice of the European court of human rights
Full text linkЕвропски суд за људска права преузео је стандар-
де доказивања из националног права, првенствено из англосаксон-
ског права. Он их је даље развио и прилагодио материји којом се
бави, дакле заштитом људских права, односно утврђивањем одго-
ворности држава уговорница Европске конвенције о људским пра-
вима за кршење те Конвенције. Европски суд за људска права при-
мењује углавном стандард „изван разумне сумње,“ када сам утврђује
чињенице. Контрола исправности доказивања пред националним
судовима не спада у надлежност овог Суда, изузев када нађе да је
национални суд очигледно арбитрерно утврдио чињенице. Међу-
тим, Европски суд за људска права контролише да ли је поступак
утврђивања чињеница од стране националног суда био сагласан
правима и слободама зајемченим Конвенцијом и, нарочито, сагла-
сан са правом на правично суђење.Evidence comes into play in the practice of the European Court of
Human Rights in two situations: a) when the Court itself needs to establish
facts, and b) when it is called upon to assess whether the establishment of
facts by the national court has been done in accordance with the rights
and freedoms guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights,
primarily the right to a fair trial. The Court has transplanted some general
standards regarding evidence from national legal systems, such as affirmanti
incumbit probation and the establishment of facts beyond reasonable
doubt, and has further developed and adapted these standards to the
subject matter it deals with, namely the protection of human rights, i.e.
the responsibility of a Contracting State for violation of an obligation established
by the Convention. These general standards were adopted at a
time when the European supervisory mechanism consisted of two bodies:
the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of
Human Rights, before Protocol No. 11 to the Convention entered into force
in 1998, when the Commission was abolished. The issue of establishing
facts was primarily within the competence of the Commission, so it adopted
basic standards, which were later accepted by the Court despite objections
from some States. In its judgment of 1978 in the case of Ireland v. United
Kingdom, the Court laid down fundamental rules regarding the gathering
and assessment of evidence, which it would further develop and modify in
subsequent cases.
The Court sees itself as the master of its procedure and its rules,
and that it has complete freedom to assess not only the admissibility and
relevance of evidence, but also the probative value of each piece of evidence.
This does not imply arbitrariness in terms of evidence. The nature
of the rights guaranteed by the Convention, the nature of the allegations
to be proven, and the nature of the circumstances in relation to which facts
need to be proven are factors that the Court takes into account when determining
which party bears the burden of proof and which standard of
proof it will apply. The Court mostly applies the standard of “beyond reasonable
doubt”, but always adds that “such proof may follow from the
coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of
similar unrebutted presumptions of fact”. The standard of “beyond reasonable
doubt”, as applied by the Court, differs from that standard as applied
by national courts in criminal proceedings. The Court has not defined the
standard of “beyond reasonable doubt”, except that the Commission in the Greek case defined “reasonable doubt” as doubt for which reasons may
arise from the presented facts. If the facts on which the Court is required
to apply the Convention are already established by the domestic court of
the respondent State, the findings of the domestic court on the facts are not
binding on the Court, but it will not deviate from them unless there are
compelling reasons to do so.
The European Court of Human Rights is not a court of fourth instance,
and in principle, it does not deal with issues of admissibility and
evaluation of evidence in national judicial proceedings. However, it will
deal with these issues in exceptional cases, if the findings and conclusions
of the national court are evidently arbitrary, thus contrary to justice and
fairness. Article 6 of the Convention guarantees the right to a fair trial,
which includes certain evidential matters. According to the Court’s interpretation,
Article 6 requires that a party may present to the national court
evidence it considers relevant, that it may present its position on the evidence
of the other party, and that the court hears and examines all evidence
that is objectively relevant to the subject matter of the dispute. Thus,
it requires that the procedure as a whole must be fair
Sociology of war and legal science : culture of violence in the context of functional analysis of law
Full text linkУ овом раду се разматра феномен рата са социо-
-антрополошког становишта, а у контексту функционалне ана-
лизе права. Полазна тачка истраживања јесте став да су агресив-
ност и деструктивност, а коначно, насиље у свим својим аспекти-
ма, једна од базичнх датости људске природе. У том контексту,
позивање на социологију рата у наслову рада, поодразумевало би, с
обзиром на теоријско – методолошку основу социологије као нај-
општије науке о друштву, пружање најшире могуће аргументације
у изложеном правцу.
Међутим, то није и основни циљ овог рада. Наиме, када се
култура насиља посматра са социо – антрополошког становишта,
а поготово унутар социјалне биологије као научне дисциплине, от-
крива се један парадокс у генеричкој суштини човека. У питању је
један егзистенцијални и еволуциони парадокс унутар којег се супро-
тстављају и преплићу изнуђени солидаризам као модел биолошког
понашања и као генетска предиспозиција човека и културолошка
неограниченост људске врсте као базична социјална последица тог
изнуђеног (биолошког) солидаризма.
Даље, и то је заправо основни циљ овог рада, полазећи од из-
ложеног парадокса. проблем културе насиља се посматра са стано-
вишта друштвене контроле, односно у контексту функционалне
анализе права са намером да истражимо, на тему функција права,
у којој мери право може вршити, поред одговарајућих социјалних и
техничких функција, и оне које ће се овде назвати антрополошким
фунцијама, а којима се може ефикасно артикулисати и ограничити необузданост људске природе, пре свега колективно насиље које је
најјачи дезинтеграциони фактор у развоју друштва.In this paper, war, aggression, and the culture of violence are examined
from a socio-anthropological perspective, meaning that the starting
point of the paper is the generic essence of humans as a distinct species.
The doctrinal basis of this analysis is the theory of evolution in its modern
form, which begins with the idea that so-called “open behavioral programs”.
Open behavioral programs are type of biological curiosity towards
seeking beneficial behaviors and they are the key driving mechanism of the
evolution of the Homo genus. The most significant consequence of such
evolutionary process, in the case of Homo sapiens, is that the transition
from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom occurs through the
“logic” of an existential paradox, where forced solidarity as a model of
biological behavior and as a genetic predisposition of humans clash and
intertwine with the cultural unlimitedness of humans as the basic, but now
social, consequence of that forced (biological) solidarity. The most notable feature of biological solidarity is that human cooperation exhibits an
extremely competitive character. The most notable feature of cultural unlimitedness
is the principle of maximal satisfaction of needs (both at the
individual and species levels). These two principles combined create a vast
and inexhaustible generator of egoism, aggression, and violence, ultimately
leading to dreadful wars, so it can be freely said that the world of human
culture is primarily a world of the culture of violence.
For the reasons presented, the establishment of effective mechanisms
of social control, especially through the legal order, is the foremost
task of every society and all of humanity. In this context, starting from the
formulated evolutionary paradox and its consequences, it can be said that
law, in addition to its social and technical functions, also serves a socializing
function towards limiting human cultural unlimitedness. Since this function
is primarily aimed at limiting, channeling, and suppressing collective violence,
which is the strongest disintegrative factor in society, and considering
the origin of that violence, the socializing function of law as explained here
has a pronounced anthropological character, in the sense that it is existential
for the human species, and considering that it stems, in the presented manner,
from the biological basis of humans.
At the end of the paper, examples from national legislation (primarily
criminal law) and international legislation (humanitarian, international
criminal law) are provided to illustrate how the anthropological
function of law can be expressed in a nomotechnical manner
Truce in the eyes of the public : between war and state of war
Full text linkЗа време рата и ратног стања, потреба за приме-
ном међународног хуманитарног права посебно је наглашена. Уз пру-
жање заштите непосредним учесницима у непријатељствима, посе-
бну пажњу међународно хуманитарно право поклања колатералним
жртвама оружаног сукоба, цивилима. Цивили као непо средне и по-
средне жртве оружаних сукоба су посебно осетљива категорија због
своје рањивости, незаштићености на бојишту и недостатка ствар-
не контроле у примени међународних стандарда у заштити њихових
права. Међународно хуманитарно право има задатак да пронађе ре-
шење за мирољубиве односе између сукобљених страна, поштовање
зараћених и да се кроз примирје дође до трајног мира и решавања пи-
тања која су сукоб и отворила. Кон цепт међународног хуманитарног
права о заштити цивилних жртава ратног стања постаје све више
актуелан, ради пружања подршке и помоћи управо цивилима. Прими-
рје које се као концепт помиње од најранијих времена променило је свој
начин како се до њега долази, колико траје и шта му је циљ. Концепт
примирја зато има важну улогу у решавању сукоба, а јавност може са
својим ставовима да утиче на његово закључивање, одржавање или
прекид. Зато је извештавање медија о оружаним сукобима и о прими-
рју значајно, а нарочито да се информисање јавности врши са што
мање сензационализма и уз највиши степен професионализма.During the war and the state of war, the need for the application of
international humanitarian law is particularly emphasized. Along with
providing protection to direct participants in hostilities, international humanitarian
law pays special attention to collateral victims of armed conflict,
civilians. Civilians as direct and indirect victims of armed conflicts
are a particularly sensitive category due to their vulnerability, lack of protection
on the battlefield and lack of real control in the application of international
standards in the protection of their rights. International humanitarian
law has the task of finding a solution for peaceful relations
between the conflicting parties, respect for the belligerents, and to reach a
lasting peace through a cease-fire and resolve the issues that opened the
conflict. The concept of international humanitarian law on the protection
of civilian victims of war is becoming more and more relevant, in order to
provide support and help to civilians. Armistice, which has been mentioned
as a concept since the earliest times, has changed its way of reaching
it, how long it lasts and what its goal is. The concept of a truce therefore
has an important role in conflict resolution, and the public can influence
its conclusion, maintenance or termination with its views. That is why the
media’s reporting on armed conflicts and the truce is important, especially
that the public is informed with as little sensationalism as possible and
with the highest degree of professionalism