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Mental health legislation through history and challenges in implementing article 14 of the Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities
Get PDFThe paper is divided into two parts to facilitate a clearer understanding of all aspects of the change in the position of people with psychosocial disabilities, regarding the right to liberty and security, through the historical development of national and international legal frameworks. The first part briefly presents an overview of national legislation on the protection of persons with psychosocial disabilities and the circumstances in which states adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities earlier this century. The second part of the paper underscores the challenges the States Parties face in the implementation of Article 14 of the Convention. The State Parties reports show that the processes of changing the perceptions of persons with psychosocial disabilities, when it comes to their involuntary detention, have been changing quite slowly and partially and that the realisation of their human rights is one of the Conventions greatest challenges
Basu Kaushik: The Republic of beliefs: A new approach to law and economics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2018
Get PDFState responsibility for human right violations in cases of transboundary environmental harm: A new concept of extraterritoriality regarding the application of international human rights treaties?
Get PDFU savetodavnom mišljenju o ljudskim pravima i životnoj sredini koje je usvojio krajem 2017. godine, Međuamerički sud za ljudska prava se bavio pitanjem da li država ugovornica Američke konvencije o ljudskim pravima može da odgovara za povrede ljudskih prava osoba koje se nalaze van njene teritorije, a koje su nastale kao posledica ekološki štetnih aktivnosti sa prekograničnim posledicama koje su preduzete u okviru teritorije države i nad kojima je država vršila stvarnu kontrolu. Rad pruža detaljnu analizu pozitivnog odgovora Međuameričkog suda i poredi ga sa restriktivnim shvatanjem kriterijumima za zasnivanje eksteritorijalne nadležnosti koje je nastalo u praksi Evropskog suda za ljudska prava. Autor, između ostalog, zaključuje da stav Međuameričkog suda redefiniše tradicionalni test stvarne kontrole nad teritorijom ili osobama i to u nekoliko aspekata. Novi elementi koje uvodi Sud se kvalifikuju kao trojaki - u suštinskom, sadržinskom i prostornom smislu. Predmet analize je i priroda novog koncepta. U radu se stoga istražuje da li se ekstenzivni koncept eksteritorijalnosti može smatrati opštim standardom međunarodnog prava ljudskih prava, ili je u pitanju (ne)ispravno tumačenje obaveze sprečavanja prekogranične ekološke štete kao jednog od najvažnijih pravila međunarodnog ekološkog prava. Autor s tim u vezi nudi brojne argumente kako u prilog tako i protiv svake od dve teze, da bi potom, kao najprihvatljivije, izneo kompromisno rešenje zasnovano na odabranim elementima oba pristupa. Konačno, u radu su razmotreni i izgledi za dalje širenje ekstenzivnog koncepta eksteritorijalnosti na oblasti koje nisu nužno u vezi sa zaštitom životne sredine, kao i u druge sisteme zaštite ljudskih prava, kako univerzalne tako i regionalne.The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the issue of extraterritorial application of human rights treaties in the specific context of transboundary environmental harm. The classic criteria for extraterritorial jurisdiction established through the landmark judgments of the European Court of Human Rights are revisited and compared with the extensive extraterritoriality threshold introduced by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in its 2017 advisory opinion on environment and human rights. The author examines the features, requirements and limits of the new extraterritoriality threshold which is based on the effective control over intraterritorial activities that result in extraterritorial human rights' violations. The paper attempts to offer arguments for perceiving the new extraterritoriality threshold as a general standard of international human rights, as well as to examine whether it represents a (mis)interpretation of the duty to prevent transboundary environmental harm as a well-established rule of international environmental law. The author also discusses the prospects of expanding the application of the new jurisdictional threshold to other areas not necessarily linked to environmental degradation
Direct representation in Roman law with reference to modern law
Get PDFSavremeno pravo ne može se zamisliti bez ustanove neposrednog za stupanja. Njeno doktrinarno utemeljenje tvorevina je moderne nauke. Prve moderne građanske kodifikacije, pod uticajem novovekovne prirodnopravne misli, ovlašćenje za zastupanje (punomoćje) regulišu u ugovoru o nalogu. U drugoj polovini 19. veka menja se shvatanje o odnosu punomoćja i ugovora o nalogu te, počev od nemačkog Građanskog zakonika, zakonski tekstovi, u koje spada i srpski Zakon o obligacionim odnosima, propisuju punomoćje odvojeno od ugovora o nalogu. Načelu savremenog prava o neposrednom zastupanju suprotstavlja se zabrana neposrednog zastupanja sačuvana u rimskim izvorima. Prema dominantnom stavu u pandektistici, čiji uticaj i danas postoji, rimsko pravo, usled te zabrane, nije omogućavalo neposredno zastupanje. U radu se analiziraju slučajevi u kojima se, zaslugom pretora i rimskih klasičnih pravnika, dozvoljava neposredno zastupanje. Izostanak pojmovnog definisanja i načelnog propisivanja neposrednog zastupanja ne opravdava tvrđenje da se u rimskom pravu ono nije primenjivalo.The institute of direct representation is indispensable in contemporary law. The first modern civil codes acknowledged direct representation regulating power of attorney through a mandate contract. The second half of the 19th century saw a change in that perception. Starting with the German Civil Code, legal texts, including the Serbian Contract and Torts Act, prescribe power of attorney as a separate institute. The contemporary law principle of direct representation contrasts with the Roman law prohibition of direct representation contained in ancient Roman sources. Under the prevailing Pandectist view, it is due to this prohibition that Roman law did not permit direct representation. The article analyses the cases in which, courtesy of classical Roman jurists, direct representation was allowed despite formal prohibition. The absence of a direct representation concept definition and general prescribing does not justify the claim that it was not applied under Roman law
Rule of law - EU's common constitutional "denominator and a crucial membership condition on the changed and evolutionary role of the rule of law value in the EU context
No full textFor decades the Rule of Law has been emphasized as a core constitutional value common to all Member States of the European Union, although its substantial content was not precisely determined enough in the European context. Moreover it was defined as a multilayered value that encompasses other values such as democracy and fundamental rights, and it was underlined as one of the most important conditionality criteria for the EU enlargement policy. The ongoing crises of EU values, and more precisely the Rule of Law crisis, appeared long before, but reemerged fiercely with the creation of the "illiberal state" concept in Hungary and then in Poland. The EU has implicitly and more successfully, through the work of its institutions tried to compensate for the inadequate and a "a little too late" reaction, as well as for the lack of monitoring in the previous enlargement circles. The aim of this article is to show how, the rule of Law was stressed as a leading value shaping democratic constitutions and national, as well as supranational, legal systems. It is important to demonstrate that the Rule of Law is not only "coined" for the EU or Council of Europe purposes, but that it is firstly a value that is in the core of each constitutional tradition of a sovereign state. Therefore, in order to be promoted as common and set as a strong and rigid condition for future members, it should be, pro futuro, analyzed, understood and endorsed by EU institutions on each level. Finally, we take Western Balkan countries as an example where the Rule of Law is defined as a value but also as a core basis of the Negotiation Chapters 23 and 24, determined in a more thorough and precise way than in the EU and among its Member States, where, we could agree, it should have been in the first place. We point out to the need of getting closer to its uniform understanding in and outside of the EU and therefore to the need to create a continuous and stable Rule of Law concept both substantially and formally
Registration of religious organizations: Between collective and corporate right to religious freedom
Get PDFOsnovni preduslov da bi subjekti verske slobode mogli da egzistiraju u pravnom poretku jeste posedovanje pravnog subjektiviteta. Pravo na sticanje pravnog subjektiviteta ne tiče se samo verskih organizacija, već i njihovih službenika, rukovodstva i samih članova čije se ostvarivanje prava na slobodu veroispovesti može ostvariti jedino u zajednici sa drugim licima. Zato se ovo pravo dovodi u vezu sa pravom na slobodu udruživanja i sa načelom nediskriminacije. U radu su analizirane tri bitne karakteristike postupka registracije crkava i verskih zajednica: neobaveznost, ekspeditivnost i transparentnost. Osnovna hipoteza rada je da se postupak priznavanja statusa pravnog lica verskim organizacijama u pojedinim situacijama koristi kao instrument državne kontrole nad njihovim radom i delovanjem. Druga hipoteza je da pravni subjektivitet verskih organizacija može biti priznat na različite načine, pri čemu svako gašenje ili poricanje tog subjektiviteta predstavlja ograničenje slobode veroispovesti koje, da bi bilo dopušteno, mora ispunjavati uslove predviđene međunarodnopravnim standardima u oblasti zaštite osnovnih ljudskih prava i sloboda.The primary focus of the paper is on the right of religious communities to acquire legal personality. For religious communities this issue has existential importance. Denying access to such status imposes impermissible limitations on freedom of religion or belief. The majority of religious communities seek legal entity status, because it is necessary if they want to acquire property, hire personal, apply for governmental permits etc. The right to acquire legal entity status is one of the most critical arrangements needed for religious liberty in contemporary societies. The paper includes analysis of three important characteristics of this procedure. Access to legal personality for religious or belief communities should be non-mandatory, quick and transparent. It should be taken into account that competent authorities for various political or social reasons, made untimely decisions or refused to register religious organizations due to alleged formal deficiencies. In these cases, the procedures themselves and excessive formalism were used as a mechanism to control the number of recognized religious organizations and to deny the status of a legal entity to certain religious groups. In order to prevent such occurrences, it is necessary to protect the competent authorities from all those influences that prevent them from acting impartially and neutrally. There is a variety of ways that the right to legal personality can be provided for religious communities. Registration system should be compliant with international human rights norms and it is important to recognize that registration is not a primary mechanism for exercising social control of religion
Will plurality in the creation of administrative act
Get PDFČlanak je posvećen različitim, propisima predviđenim kombinacijama volja kod nastanka punovažnog upravnog akta, kao načelno jednostranog i autoritativnog. Bilo da su u pitanju dve ili više službenih volja - ravnopravnih ili pak nejednakog ranga a sukcesivnih, bilo da je posredi zakonom predviđena saradnja volje organa i volje stranke, naročito kod pokretanja postupka na njen zahtev ili kod upravnih puteva kontrole donetog akta. Pravni značaj te komplementarnosti volja kod upravnog akta može uglavnom da bude trojak: 1) da nedostatak jedne službene ili privatne volje spram sadržine akta čini akt napadljivim i oborivim u određenom roku; 2) kada kod zajedničkog odlučivanja nadležni organi ne reše u istom smislu - akt pravno i ne postoji, uopšte se i ne rađa; 3) da početni nedostatak volje stranke, kada je njen zahtev za pokretanjem postupka kostitutivnog karaktera za donošenje budućeg akta, čini akt uvek neoročeno poništivim, osim ako stranka naknadno pristane na njegovu sadržinu. Ako je reč o saglasnosti volja javnopravnog organa i stranke u javnom interesu, takav njihov proizvod naziva se upravni ugovor; tu bez obe volje nema tog dvostranog akta.Th e paper is dedicated to different combinations of wills in the creation of administrative act as generally one-sided and authoritative. We make a distinction between two or more official wills that are of equal or unequal range, on one side, and between the initiating an on-demand procedure and administrative control of administrative acts, on the other side. Th e legal importance of wills complementarity in the case of the administrative act could be a triple: 1) that the lack of one official or private will makes the act disruptive within the set deadline; 2) if when making joint decisions competent authorities do not resolve in the same way, the act does not legally exist; 3) initial lack of will, when the demand of the party has constitutional significance for bringing a future act makes the act voidable unless the party explicitly agrees to its content. When it is about consent between public authority and the party in the public interest, this product is called administrative contract. In that case, there is no bilateral act without both wills
Cultural rights in the case-law of the European court of human rights
Get PDFAutor u radu nastoji da prikaže razvoj kulturnih prava u praksi Evropskog suda za ljudska prava (u daljem tekstu kao: ESLJP). Nakon uvodnih razmatranja u kojima se ističe slaba razvijenost, ali i sve veći značaj ove grupe ljudskih prava, u nastavku se vrši analiza normativnog okvira kulturnih prava u pravnom sistemu Saveta Evrope. Nakon toga, autor istražuje praksu ESLJP u oblasti kulturnih prava, posebno imajući u vidu najznačajnije presude koje je Sud doneo vezane za pravo na obrazovanje, pravo na učestvovanje u kulturnom životu i slobodu umetničkog stvaralaštva. Potom se u nastavku rada bavi analizom pravne prirode presuda ESLJP u oblasti kulturnih prava. Na kraju, autor sumira značaj presuda Suda, kao i njegovu ulogu u daljem unapređenju kulturnih prava.In this paper,the author tries to show the development of cultural rights in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The introduction first emphasizes poor development but also the increasing importance of this group of human rights. The paper then analyzes the normative framework of cultural rights in the Council of Europe's legal system. Thereafter, the author examines the ECHR practice in the field of cultural rights, especially in light of the most significant judgments the Court has made regarding the right to education,the right of access to culture, and the right to artistic expression. The paper then analyzes the legal nature of the ECHR judgments in the field of cultural rights. At the end of this paper, the author summarizes the importance of the Court's judgments, as well as its role in furthering cultural rights
Constitutionalization of the right to strike
Get PDFU iščekivanju novog zakona kojim bi se na detaljan način, a u skladu sa međunarodnim standardima i praksom, uredilo pravo zaposlenih na štrajk, autor u radu nastoji da sagleda pojedine bitne aspekte tog prava, kao osnovnog oblika kolektivne akcije zaposlenih. Stoga se u radu otvara pitanje konstitucionalizacije prava na štrajk u domaćem i uporednom pravu, a istovremeno se i problematizuje određivanje pojma štrajka ustavnim i zakonskim normama. Sa ciljem boljeg sagledavanja problema, a u vezi sa konstitucionalizacijom prava na štrajk, uz korišćenje uporednopravnog metoda istraživanja, posebna pažnja se posvećuje ustavnim garantijama prava na štrajk u uporednom pravu. Takođe, autor u radu nastoji i da teorijski odredi pojam štrajka, kao i da ukaže na bitne elemente štrajka koji se navode u pojedinim naučnim raspravama. Konačno, kritički osvrt je dat i na pitanje regulisanja navedenog prava na našim prostorima u periodu samoupravnog socijalizma, kada ovo pravo nije bilo regulisano ustavnim normama niti posebnim zakonom, te su analizirane i sličnosti i razlike između pojma štrajka i pojma obustave rada.In anticipation of a new law that would regulate in detail, and in accordance with international standards and practice, the right of employees to strike, the author tries to consider certain important aspects of that right, as the basic form of collective action of employees. Therefore, the paper raises the issue of constitutionalization of the right to strike in domestic and comparative law, and at the same time problematizes the definition of the concept of strike by constitutional and legal norms. In order to better understand the problem, and in connection with the constitutionalization of the right to strike, using the comparative law method of research, special attention is paid to the constitutional guarantees of the right to strike in comparative law. Also, the author tries to theoretically determine the concept of strike, as well as to point out the important elements of the strike that are stated in certain scientific discussions. Finally, a critical review was given to the issue of regulating this right in our area in the period of self-governing socialism, when this right was not regulated by constitutional norms or a special law, and the similarities and differences between the concept of strike and the concept of work stoppage were analyzed
Exploring the long-term impact of maximum markup deregulation
Get PDFDo product market reforms have a lasting impact on the market? How does the adjustment path to the new equilibrium look once these reforms are implemented? Does it matter whether reforms are conducted under weak macroeconomic conditions? We examine pricing equilibrium, three and five years after the repeal of the maximum wholesale and retail markup regulation, in an oligopolistic and vertically nonintegrated market in Greece, at the beginning of its economic crisis. Using a difference-in-difference framework, we show that market liberalization led to a significant decrease in both retail and wholesale prices and a shift to the left of the whole price distribution five years after the change, corresponding to approximately €212 million of added consumer welfare per year, or €1.06 billion in total over five years