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Parallel normative reality: the informal order of corruption and clientelism in Serbia
Get PDFIn contemporary Serbia, political and economic elite members systematically break the law with impunity. The paper explains this phenomenon by relying on theory and data from legal theory, sociology, and political science. The behaviour of officials in contemporary Serbia can be explained by analysing complex interactions between state law and informal norms that arise from informal institutions of clientelism and corruption. These norms form a parallel normative order (1) composed of mutual expectations regarding the behaviour of others and consequences for not complying with these expectations. (2) It is based on social and political powers that strengthen informal institutions and the normative order. (3) Norms of this order regulate the behaviour of actors, and (4) they are mutually harmonised, with the norm of loyalty central to the normative order. (5) The parallel normative system suspends state law for political and economic actors who respect informal rules while using mechanisms, rules, and resources of state law to sanction violations of informal norms that are considered crucial for maintaining the informal order. The relation between formal state law and the informal normative order is one of conflict, competition, and parasitisation. To elaborate on these findings, we explain the concepts of informal rules, institutions, and orders, along with an exposition and analysis of typologies of their relations. We then present and analyse empirical research data about corruption and clientelism in Serbia. Finally, based on the theoretical framework and the available data, we conclude that there is ample evidence that a parallel normative order is established and sustained in Serbia
Dawn raids and (dis)proportionality between the powers and obligations of the Commission for Protection of Competition
Get PDFUkoliko postoji osnovana sumnja da može doći do uklanjanja ili izmene dokaza o povredi prava konkurencije, Komisija za zaštitu konkurencije Republike Srbije (KZK) ovlašćena je da izvrši uviđaj u prostorijama učesnika na tržištu, bez prethodnog obaveštenja, bez sudskog naloga i bez efektivne ex post sudske kontrole. Takav uviđaj može da poremeti uobičajeno poslovanje učesnika na tržištu i umanji njihovu konkurentnost, što je u suprotnosti sa osnovnim ciljevima prava konkurencije. U radu se analiziraju izvori prava koji se odnose na nenajavljeni uviđaj u pravu konkurencije Evropske unije (EU) i u domaćem pravu, kao i praksa sprovođenja nenajavljenih uviđaja u državama članicama EU i u Srbiji. Na osnovu nalaza u radu, zaključak je da bi u Srbiji, između ostalog, trebalo usvojiti izmene i dopune Zakona o zaštiti konkurencije (ZZK), kao i odgovarajuću uredbu, čime bi bili bliže definisani ovlašćenja i obaveze KZK u vezi sa nenajavljenim uviđajem. Time bi se, kroz ujednačenu primenu prava konkurencije, umanjile razlike u postupanju KZK u istim i sličnim slučajevima, efikasno štitila konkurencija i umanjila pravna nesigurnost za učesnike na tržištu, koja je trenutno značajno veća u poređenju sa državama članicama EU.If there is a reasonable suspicion that evidence of competition law infringement may be destroyed or altered, the Commission for Protection of Competition (CPC) is authorized to inspect market participants' premises, without prior notice or any court order or even an effective ex-post court control. Such an investigation may disrupt the market participants' activities and reduce their competitiveness, which is contrary to the key goals of the competition law. This paper analyzes sources of law for the unannounced investigation in the European Union (EU) competition law and Serbian law, as well as the practice of conducting unannounced investigations in EU member states and Serbia. Based on the findings, the conclusion is that Serbia should adopt, among others, amendments to the Law on Protection of Competition, and regulation defining CPC's powers and obligations, so that any differences in CPC's conduct in the same or similar cases are decreased through uniform application of competition law, competition is effectively protected and legal uncertainty for market participants, which is currently significantly higher than in the EU member states, is reduced
On the origin of mandatory blessing for the election of professors at faculties of theology: National and comparative perspective
Get PDFZaštita autonomije univerziteta u povoju, priznanje profesorskog zvanja i važenja stečenih diploma, što je sve tokom istorije pružila crkva, bili su ključni za razvoj univerziteta u prvim vekovima, kada su sticani ugled i uticaj koje su univerziteti zadržali do danas. Podrška crkve je bila nezamenljiva za afirmaciju univerzalne vrednosti visokoškolskog obrazovanja, akademske slobode i akademskih standarda. Konfesionalna teologija, zahvaljujući autoritetu visokoškolskog obrazovanja u savremenom društvu, stečenom i izgrađivanom tokom deset vekova, presudno utiče na identitet, doktrinu i percepciju određene konfesije, zbog čega je neophodno da se obezbedi pravo crkve da taj uticaj drži u granicama svog samoodređenja. Izbor profesora teologije predstavlja za određene konfesije, odnosno denominacije, nezamenljiv način ostvarivanja tog prava. U takvim slučajevima je pravo na versko samoodređenje crkve okvir u kome je moguće ostvariti autonomiju univerziteta u domenu konfesionalnih teoloških studija. Nepostojanje prava crkve da utiče na izbor profesora teologije značilo bi negiranje njenog prava na samoodređenje.Protection of nascent university autonomy, recognition of professor status and validity of acquired diplomas - all provided by the Church throughout history - were crucial for the development of universities during their early existence, at the time when they acquired their present reputation and influence. Denominational theology, based on the authority of higher education in modern society, has the capacity to exert dominant influence on the identity, doctrine and perception of a certain denomination, requiring the safeguarding of the church's right to maintain such influence within the confines of its self-determination. Appointments of theology professors is an indispensable instrument for ensuring such a right. The right of self-determination of the church represents the framework within which university autonomy in the domain of denominational theological study may be exerted. Absence of the right of the church to influence appointment of theology professors would amount to the negation of its right to religious self-determination
Collin Peter (Hrsg.): Konfliktlösung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: Handbuch zu Geschichte der Konfliktlösung in Europa, Band 4 (GHrsg. David von Mayenburg), Springer, Berlin, 2021.
Get PDFLegitimacy, Independence and Impartiality: How do Serbian and Croatian Legal Professionals Assess Their Judiciaries?
No full textDrawing on a 2018 survey on a convenience sample of 716 Serbian and 393 Croatian legal professionals, we assess their attitudes towards Serbian and Croatian judiciaries against their key dimensions: independence, efficiency, quality, and fairness and impartiality. Legal professionals in both countries have little confidence in their judiciary, which we take as a proxy for legitimacy. Hence, both judiciaries are faced with an internal crisis of legitimacy. Respondents also scored judiciaries low on each of the key dimensions, while regression analysis confirmed that these attitudes are strong predictors of legitimacy. The results indicate that apparent differences in historical trajectories have not undermined common post-transitional political struggles over the role of judiciaries
Online teaching: Education in times of crisis or education of the future?
Get PDFThe paper analyzes different aspects of online teaching as the prevalent method of education at the Belgrade University Faculty of Law during the COVID-19 pandemic. The starting assumption is that the combination of online and traditional teaching better meets the modern requirements of the labor market and better trains law students for different career paths and modern professions. Since digital technology has become an indispensable part of all spheres of law, we advocate the idea that an adapted form of online teaching develops young lawyers' digital literacy. The paper draws on the results of a qualitative study, i.e., four focus group discussions with teachers at the Faculty of Law who conducted classes during the pandemic. Despite different personal affinities and experiences regarding online classes, the general opinion was that online teaching should become part of the teaching practice, with noticeable disparity regarding its intensity and implementation
Nihil obstat: Medieval roaming of Higher Education in Serbia
Get PDFOvaj rad je osvrt na tri tematska okvira razmatrana u tekstu Dušana Rakitića (Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 1/2022) koja su relevantna za raspravu o spornom pitanju odobrenja Sinoda Srpske pravoslavne crkve za izbor u nastavnička zvanja na Pravoslavnom bogoslovskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu (PBFUB): zakonodavstvo Kraljevine Jugoslavije; odredbe srpskog Zakona o crkvama i verskim zajednicama iz 2006. godine; prepoznavanje ustavnog načela kooperativne odvojenosti crkve i države u Ustavu iz 2006. godine. Osim toga, ukazuje se na to da novi Zakon o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o visokom obrazovanju iz 2021. nije u saglasnosti s Ustavom, jer se tu predviđa saglasnost nadležnih crkvenih organa za upis studija, učešće u konkursu, zasnivanje radnog odnosa i gubitak zvanja na PBFUB. Ustav je, naime, povređen u onim odredbama kojima se jemče svetovnost države, autonomija univerziteta i sloboda naučnog i umetničkog stvaranja.This work is an assessment of three topics considered in Dušan Rakitićs article (Anali 1/2022). All three are relevant for the discussion of the disputed issue of the Holy Synods blessings for the appointment of theology professors at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Orthodox Theology: (a) legislation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia; (b) the provisions of the 2006 Serbian Law on Churches and Religious Communities; (c) the constitutional principle of the cooperative separation of church and state in the Constitution of Serbia. Furthermore, the 2021 Law on Amendments to the Law on Higher Education is not in compliance with the Constitution of Serbia regarding the provisions implying the consent of church bodies for enrollment of students, employment and loss of appointment pertinent to the Faculty of Orthodox Theology
A few thoughts about competition policy in two-sided markets
Get PDFThe paper reviews recent literature concerning two-sided markets or platforms. These markets are characterised by indirect externalities since the utility of users on one side of the market increases in the number of users on the other side of the market. There are many examples of two-sided markets, such as payment cards, newspapers, Internet advertising, search platforms for accommodations, software applications, etc. Competition policy has special features in two-sided markets, and the wisdom from standard markets may induce wrong decisions by competition authorities. Therefore, the paper discusses the definition of the relevant market in two-sided markets, when horizontal merger is beneficial to users, how predatory behaviour is defined, and other anti-competitive practice
Spaić Bojan: Priroda i determinante sudijskog tumačenja prava, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Beograd, 2020
Get PDFThe possibility of regulatory function of judicial power
Get PDFRasprava se sastoji iz dva dela. U njima se, respektivno, zastupaju dve osnovne teze. Prva je da sudske presude u razvijenim pravnim sistemima mogu da budu "izvori" opštih pravila koja na obavezujući način regulišu odlučivanje sudova, a onda, sledstveno, i drugih pravnih subjekata, čak i ako nisu formalno priznate kao izvori prava. Druga je d a one to treba da budu iz više razloga, od kojih su najvažniji predvidljivost i jednakost. U prvom delu rasprave se razmatraju koncepti podele vlasti, vrsta državnih funkcija i sudske vlasti. Zatim se izlažu ra zlozi zbog kojih sudska vlast može da vrši regulativnu funkciju i u pravnom sistemu u kojem joj ona nije formalno priznata. Najzad, kao ilustracija kako funkcioniše sistem u kojem sudovi vrše regulativnu funkciju, opisuje se primena doktrine stare decisis u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, a u dodatku se analizira nekoliko odluka Ustavnog suda Srbije koje ukazuju na postojanja slične prakse u našem pravnom sistemu.The article presents two theses. The first is that previous court judgments can be "sources" of general rules and standards that will constraint the courts, as decision-makers, even if they are not formally established as legally binding. The second is that it should be so for several reasons - the most important being predictability and equality. In this part of the article the concepts of separation of powers, types of state functions, and judicial power are explained. The reasons why the judicial power can perform the law-making function in a legal system in which it is not formally established are presented. As an illustration of how the system in which courts perform a law-making function works, the application of the doctrine of stare decisis in the USA is described. Finally, several decisions of the Constitutional Court of Serbia that indicate similar practice in Serbian legal system are analyzed