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The relationship between the prohibition of refoulement and the prohibition of collective expulsion in the context of access to territory: Standards of the European Court of Human Rights and their relevance for the legal system of the Republic of Serbia
Get PDFČlan 3. EKLjP dugo je dominirao u slučajevima koji su se ticali uskraćivanja pristupa teritoriji država ugovornica licima kojima je potrebna međunarodna zaštita. Međutim, poslednjih godina je za izgradnju standarda u vezi s pristupom teritoriji od sve većeg značaja i praksa Evropskog suda u vezi s članom 4 Protokola broj 4. S obzirom na okolnost da uslovi za pristup teritoriji nisu istovetni kada se predstavka razmatra u vezi sa članom 3. ili članom 4. Protokola br. 4, postavlja se pitanje njihovog međusobnog odnosa. Autorka je bila podstaknuta da ispita ovo pitanje kratkom konstatacijom Suda u predmetu Šarifi da odnos između tumačenja polja primene člana 4. Protokola br. 4 i domašaja načela non-refoulement nije bez značaja i naknadnim redovnim uključivanjem razmatranja člana 3. u kontekstu ispitivanja dostupnosti načina legalnog ulaska, novog standarda uvedenog u kontroverznoj presudi Velikog veća u slučaju N.D. i N.T.. Nakon izlaganja osnovnih i dobro poznatih razlika između načela non-refoulement i zabrane kolektivnog proterivanja, u radu se ispituje tvrdnja da su zabrana proterivanja i zabrana kolektivnog proterivanja odvojene zabrane koje imaju samostalno postojanje, ali koje su, u specifičnom kontekstu pristupa teritoriji, međusobno višestruko povezane. U radu se iznosi i kritika pojedinih standarda koje je u vezi s pristupom teritoriji iznedrila skorija praksa Suda u slučajevima kolektivnog proterivanja, te ukazuje na korektivni značaj načela non-refoulement. Takođe, u radu se pruža pregled pravnog okvira Republike Srbije relevantnog za pristup teritoriji i ukazuje na to kako treba tumačiti pojedine odredbe srpskih propisa da bi njihova primena bila u skladu s međunarodnim standardima.This article examines the relationship between the prohibition of refoulement contained in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the prohibition of collective expulsion of aliens guaranteed by Article 4 of Protocol No. 4. After identifying common and distinctive elements of the two provisions, the author tests the main hypothesis that the prohibition of refoulement and the prohibition of collective expulsion are separate prohibitions with an independent existence but that they are intertwined in a variety of ways in the specific context of access to territory. The analysis has led to the conclusion that, despite the open questions that remain, the linkage between the two provisions can be used for corrective purposes, particularly in light of the recent lowering of standards by the ECtHR in relation to the prohibition of collective expulsion. It is also suggested that the difference between the positive obligations contained in the two ECHR articles has no significance for the authorities acting on the ground. As the protection afforded by the two prohibitions is complementary , national authorities must ensure that both border practices at and outside the means of legal entry comply with the ECHR standards in relation to both provisions
Impunity (or not) for civil disobedience
Get PDFPolazeći od Rolsovog koncepta građanske neposlušnosti, autor tvrdi da se ona sprovodi na opravdanim moralnim osnovama i da se mora razlikovati od svih drugih deliktnih radnji. Ona je komunikabilan čin nenasilnog ukazivanja javnosti na probleme u okviru jednog sistema - čime sebi garantuje poziciju odanosti pravu, a ne suprotno. U radu se prvo analizira pojam građanske neposlušnosti, uz pitanje njene opravdanosti, kao i Dvorkinovo stanovište o tumačenju spornih pravnih normi od strane građana koji odbijaju poslušnost istim. Nakon toga se preispituju svrhe kažnjavanja koje se navode u teoriji sankcija - u svetlu primene na građansku neposlušnost, zajedno sa potencijalnim tretmanom građanske neposlušnosti od strane sudija. Autor smatra da bi trebalo ostaviti prostora za to da se u svakom konkretnom slučaju, prema proceni suda, takvim neposlušnim pojedincima ili izriču ublažene sankcije ili da se u potpunosti oslobode kazne.Starting from Rawls's concept of civil disobedience, the author argues that it is carried out on justified moral grounds and must be distinguished from all other tortious actions. It is a communicative act that non-violently and publicly points out problems within a system, thereby guaranteeing itself a position of loyalty to the law, not the opposite. The paper first analyzes the concept of civil disobedience, along with the question of its justification, as well as Dworkin's point of view on the interpretation of disputed legal norms by citizens who refuse to obey them. It then examines the purposes of punishment as stated in the theory of sanctions - applied to civil disobedience, along with the potential treatment of civil disobedience by judges. The author believes that in each specific case, according to the judgment of the court, such disobedient individuals could either be given reduced sanctions or be completely exempted from punishment
Balancing opportunity: Between the presumption of innocence and res judicata
Get PDFOportunitet krivičnog gonjenja jedno je od načela krivičnog postupka, oblik "skretanja" od toka klasičnog evropsko - kontinentalnog modela krivičnog postupka utemeljenog na načelu legaliteta krivičnog gonjenja, vid konsensualnog okončanja postupka i pojednostavljena forma postupanja. Njegovo kriminalno - političko opravdanje nesumnjivo je, važnost za krivično pravosuđe, ciljevi i funkcije višestruki i raznovrsni. Uprkos tome što primena ovog krivičnoprocesnog mehanizma u javnotužilačkoj praksi traje više od dve decenije i što se njime okončava oko 9% postupaka po krivičnim prijavama, rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da esencijalna pitanja, u vezi sa njegovom pravnom i procesnom prirodom, i danas ostaju pod velom dilema - da li se osumnjičeni u odnosu na koga je primenjen ima smatrati nevinim i da li se rešenje o odbačaju krivične prijave po osnovu oportuniteta može izjednačiti sa presuđenom stvari. U radu se izlažu pojedini rezultati istraživanja prakse u pogledu zalaženja u domen tumačenja dejstava primene načela oportuniteta u krivičnom postupku i pravnih efekata rešenja o odbačaju krivične prijave po osnovu oportuniteta u parničnim postupcima za naknadu štete proistekle iz "krivičnog dela". Analizom shvatanja izraženih u krivičnopravnoj nauci, korišćenjem u određenoj relevantnoj meri uporednopravnog metoda, autorke nastoje da polazeći od procesne garancije pretpostavke nevinosti, ukažu na rizike poistovećivanja rešenja o odbacivanja krivične prijave na temelju ostvarivanja načela oportuniteta sa pravnosnažno okončanom stvari i potrebu izričitog zakonskog utvrđivanja dejstava oportuniteta, kao i da izvedu zaključke i rezultate koji će podstaći dalji razvoj krivičnopravne misli i eventualno biti korisne kao vid praktičnih smernica.The criminal-political justification of the principle of opportunity is undoubtedly of significant importance for criminal justice, with multiple and diverse objectives and functions. Despite the fact that the application of this criminal procedural mechanism in public prosecution practice has been ongoing for over two decades, research results indicate that essential questions regarding its legal and procedural nature remain veiled in dilemmas even today - whether the suspect subject to its application should be considered innocent, and whether the decision to dismiss a criminal complaint based on the principle of opportunity can be equated with the res judicata. The paper presents specific research results regarding the interpretation of the effects of applying the principle of opportunity in criminal proceedings and the legal effects of decisions to dismiss criminal complaints based on the principle of opportunity in civil proceedings for compensation of damages arising from a "criminal act." By analyzing the concepts expressed in criminal legal science and utilizing the comparative legal method to a certain relevant extent, the authors aim to, starting from the procedural guarantee of the presumption of innocence, highlight the risks of equating the decision to dismiss a criminal complaint based on the application of the principle of opportunity with a final judgment. The primary de lege ferenda proposal is to establish a prohibition on criminal prosecution for the same criminal offense in cases of applying the principle of opportunity
Law and Economics of the Withdrawal Right in EU Consumer Law
Get PDFThis paper analyses possibilities for amending the withdrawal right under the EU consumer law, aiming to reduce the information asymmetry between contracting parties in distance sales and thus increase the number of concluded contracts and the overall contractual surplus. The main findings are that the rules suggested in law and economics theory (the personalized mandatory rules and the mandated-choice model) may not be optimal tools for amending the withdrawal right because they mostly seem to neglect the allocation of risk between contracting parties. Thus, this paper suggests the new 'risk allocation' rules as a tool for amending the withdrawal right, focusing on its use in distance sales. If amended in line with those rules, the withdrawal right could deal with information asymmetry problems more efficiently, incentivise contracting parties to enter more distance sales contracts, and increase the overall contractual surplus, especially within the realms of e-commerce. The suggested proposal is conceived - at least for the time being - more as a thought experiment; relevant empirical analysis may follow up at a subsequent phase
Dispute resolution mechanisms in administrative contracts : doctoral dissertation
Get PDFPredmet disertacije su mehanizmi rešavanja sporova iz upravnih ugovora, posmatrani kroz prizmu doktrinarnih postavki, pozitivnopravnih rešenja Francuske, Nemačke i Srbije, prakse sudova i drugih institucija u čiju je nadležnost stavljeno rešavanje ove kategorije sporova, kao i relevantnih izvora prava Evropske unije i njegove interakcije sa odabranim nacionalnim pravnim sistemima. Važno mesto u istraživanju zauzima i ispitivanje prostora za primenu alternativnih mehanizama rešavanja sporova u ovom domenu. Autorka nastoji da doprinese boljem i sveobuhvatnijem razumevanju upravnih ugovora i specifičnosti sporova koji iz njih proizlaze, tragajući za odgovorima na nekoliko ključnih pitanja koja imaju ne samo teorijski, već i važan praktični značaj. Na koji način obezbediti ravnotežu između zaštite angažovanog javnog interesa i zaštite prava i pravnih interesa privatnog partnera (saugovarača)? Kojim (van)pravnim mehanizmima pristupiti rešavanju sporova iz upravnih ugovora i kako urediti njihov međusobni odnos? Imajući u vidu javnopravne ciljeve upravnih ugovora i opseg njihovih dejstava, da li omogućiti trećim licima da odgovarajućim mehanizmima napadaju odluku o odabiru saugovarača, odnosno sam upravni ugovor? Najzad, da li je neophodno – i moguće – ustanoviti određene standarde pravne zaštite u vezi sa tom kategorijom sporova, nezavisno od specifičnosti i razlika u pravnom režimu upravnih ugovora koje postoje u različitim pravnim sistemima? Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da su razlike u arhitekturi i načinu funkcionisanja različitih mehanizama u nacionalnim okvirima, posledica specifične pravne tradicije i doktrinarnog nasleđa u okviru kojih su nacionalne koncepcije upravnih ugovora oblikovane. Uprkos razlikama, čini se da je njihova svrha u svim posmatranim državama umnogome ista i tiče se potrebe da se obezbede efikasno i racionalno trošenje javnih sredstava, integritet postupaka dodele upravnih ugovora i kvalitet i kontinuitet javnih poslova – kao univerzalnih vrednosti od kojih korist ima čitavo društvo. Takođe, uočeno je da je pravo Evropske unije odigralo važnu ulogu u ublažavanju nacionalnih razlika, a posebno kroz standardizaciju pravne zaštite i njenog proširenja na pojedine kategorije trećih lica. Na kraju, autorka na temelju zaključka da za kvalitet i efikasnost pravne zaštite kod upravnih ugovora nije od presudnog značaja da li će nadležnost za rešavanje sporova imati specijalizovano telo, upravni ili građanski sudovi, već prvenstveno da li u određenom pravnom sistemu postoji koherentan i usklađen pravni režim upravnih ugovora, realizuje još jedan cilj disertacije, a to je pružanje de lege ferenda smernica, radi unapređenja pravne zaštite i rešavanja sporova u srpskom pravu upravnih ugovora.This research focuses on dispute resolution mechanisms in administrative contracts, by elucidating several dilemmas that are not solely theoretical, but also have substantial practical significance and ramifications in the field of legal certainty. First, is it possible to strike a fair balance between the protection of legal rights and interests of private parties on the one hand, and the public interest, on the other? Second, what category of mechanisms – legal and non-legal – would be the most efficient to that end and how should the connection between these different mechanisms be established? Third, should third parties also be equipped with adequate (legal) instruments for challenging administrative decisions on the basis of which administrative contracts are awarded and/or administrative contracts after their conclusion? Lastly, is it possible to establish certain standards of legal protection regardless of the type of administrative contract, specificities of sectors in which they are concluded and the differences in national legal regimes of administrative contracts? The aforesaid research questions are examined through the prism of doctrinal stances, positive legal solutions in three legal systems – French, German and Serbian – case law of courts and other institutions and bodies vested with competence to resolve this category of disputes, as well as relevant sources of European Union law and its interaction with the selected national legal systems. An important part of the research concerns exploring the possibility of resorting to alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in this domain. The main research findings indicate that the divergences in terms of the architecture and manner in which national dispute resolution mechanisms operate are a result of different legal traditions and doctrinal heritage within which national concepts of administrative contracts have been shaped. Still, it appears that their purpose is principally the same in all of the observed legal systems, and it concerns the need to ensure efficient and rational spending of public funds, the integrity of contract award procedures, and the quality and continuity in the provision of public services – universal values that benefit the entire society. Moreover, European Union law strongly contributes to the approximation of national legal solutions, primarily through the standardization of legal protection and its expansion to legal rights and interests of third parties. Finally, based on the conclusion that the quality and efficiency of legal protection in administrative contracts primarily depend on the existence of a coherent and harmonized legal regime of administrative contracts in a particular legal system, the author provides de lege ferenda guidelines aimed at improving legal protection and dispute resolution in the Serbian law of administrative contracts
Canonical jurisprudence in the kingdom of bohemia in the Middle Ages
Get PDFDuring the High and Late Middle Ages, canon law played a crucial role. This study provides an overview of ecclesiastical legal scholarship in the Czech lands, i.e. in Bohemia (in the Archdiocese of Prague) and in Moravia (in the Diocese of Olomouc). The development of a legal jurisprudence went hand in hand with the development of ecclesiastical administration in the second half of the 14th century and in the early 15th century, which evolved into a compact system. An important factor in this was the establishment of Prague University, including the Law Faculty, in 1348, and also, in particular, the establishment of the separate Prague Law University in 1372. Amongst the major canonists who left work behind were Štěpán of Roudnice, Bohuslav of Krnov, Kuneš of Třebovle, Mikuláš Puchník, and Jan of Jesenice, amongst others
From facts to truth in tax procedure
Get PDFUtvrđivanje poreza je glavni cilj poreskog upravnog odnosa, koji podrazumeva ustanovljavanje pojedinačne poreske obaveze konkretnog poreskog obveznika. Ono pretpostavlja prethodno prikupljanje svih činjenica koje mogu da doprinesu pravilnom i tačnom utvrđivanju poreske osnovice, a potom i iznosa poreskog duga. Zahtev koji se postavlja pred poreski organ je da ustanovi materijalnu istinu i stvarno stanje tako što će tačno i potpuno utvrditi sve poreskopravno relevantne činjenice na kojima će zasnovati svoje odluke, što je polazna hipoteza autora. Objektivne, verodostojne i obuhvatne činjenice utvrđene od strane Poreske uprave, odnosno prikupljene od poreskih obveznika ili trećih lica sprečavaju diskreciono rešavanje poreske upravne stvari i istovremeno obezbeđuju delotvornost i ekonomičnost poreskog postupka. Postizanje materijalne istine mora, pritom, da bude praćeno doslednim poštovanjem principa zakonitosti i jednakosti u oporezivanju.Tax assessment, which implies the establishment of individual tax liability of the specific taxpayer, precedes tax collection. It presupposes the prior collection of all facts that can contribute to correct and accurate determination of the taxable base and, subsequently, the amount of the tax debt. In the modern information age, the possibility of finding out various facts has significantly increased, but they always require verification. The facts must reflect the tax situation of the taxpayer as objectively and completely as possible. However, the demand for equal treatment of taxpayers in the same or similar tax situations is faced with the reality in which the Tax Administration carries out a large number of tax procedures every year so that the standard of proof in the form of full conviction cannot be achieved. The authors' initial hypothesis is that the tax authorities should base their tax decisions on all tax-relevant facts which enable them to come to the substantive truth in the tax procedure. Objective, credible and comprehensive facts which are determined by the Tax Administration and collected from taxpayers or third parties prevent discretionary resolution of tax administrative matters and, concurrently, ensure the effectiveness and economy of tax procedure. The "path" to establish a tax solution based on the correct application of the material tax law is not always quick and simple, but it is important to arrive at substantive truth through established facts. Achieving the substantive truth must be accompanied by consistent observance of the principles of legality and equality in taxation
The public's right to know: Legal frameworks in selected western Balkan countries - Ana Knežević Bojović, Mario Reljanović: Free Access to Information: An Analysis of the Regulatory Frameworks in Selected Western Balkan Countries, Institute of Comparative Law, Belgrade, 2022
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Posthumna oplodnja - život posle smrti?
Get PDFThis paper reviews the issue of posthumous reproduction at the international and domestic levels. The overview covers the legal systems of the United Kingdom, as a country that allows posthumous reproduction, and France, as a country that prohibits posthumous reproduction. Subsequently, Serbian legal provisions, which forbid posthumous reproduction, are analyzed. The provisions are analyzed through the lens of the recent private initiative submitted to Serbian national authorities. Although infertility is a great obstacle in life, the proposed amendments present are one-sided as they mainly focus on fulfilling the individual's wish to become a parent, rather than on creating a legal framework. As a result, and bearing in mind that no consensus has been reached regarding the issue of permissibility of posthumous reproduction, the author determines that Serbian legislator is not at fault-at least for the time being.Predmet rada je analiza posthumne oplodnje na međunarodnom i nacionalnom nivou. Autorka analizira pravni sistem Velike Britanije, kao države koja ima permisivni stav prema posthumnoj oplodnji, a potom i pravni sistem Francuske, kao države sa negativnim stavom prema posthumnoj oplodnji. Analizi su podvrgnute i zakonske norme srpskog prava koje zabranjuju posthumnu oplodnju. Zakonske norme sagledane su iz perspektive jedne privatne inicijative koja je upućena nadležnim državnim organima Srbije. Iako autorka razume da neplodnost predstavlja veliku prepreku u životu svakog čoveka, zaključuje da su predložene izmene jednostrane jer se njima zanemaruje činjenica da one treba da budu deo pravnog okvira sa kojim ujedno moraju biti usklađene. Upravo zato, a kako među državama nema konsenzusa o dozvoljenosti posthumne oplodnje, autorka ističe da srpski zakonodavac, u ovom trenutku, ne čini povredu prava pojedinaca propisujući zabranu posthumne oplodnje