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Copper Removal From Wastewater Via Clinoptilolite: The Diffusion Kinetic Analysis
No full textThis study investigates the kinetic models of Cu²⁺ ion adsorption onto clinoptilolite-rich zeolite. The study highlights the importance of diffusion kinetic models in understanding the adsorption process. Initial phases are significantly influenced by ion diffusion through the film to the particle surface, particularly within the first 30 minutes, which is crucial for heterogeneous surfaces like zeolites. Following this, surface adsorption (intraparticle diffusion) is described by the Weber-Morris model, effective primarily during the initial stage. As the process progresses beyond 20-30 minutes, ion removal rates decrease sharply, and diffusion within the particle core becomes the dominant factor, influencing the overall reaction rate
Optimizing textile effluents treatment: From conventional to cutting-edge solutions
No full textThe textile industry is a significant global water consumer, generating wastewater laden with pollutants
such as dyes, organic compounds, detergents, and heavy metals. The safe disposal and treatment of these effluents are critical to mitigating severe environmental threats, including pollution of water bodies and health risks
to humans and aquatic life. This paper reviews various methods for treating textile wastewater, focusing on the
ecological and regulatory demands for sustainable water management. Traditional treatment approaches, often
insufficient, have driven the exploration of advanced and integrated wastewater treatment technologies. Key
methods include physical, chemical, and biological treatments, alongside emerging techniques like membrane
filtration, activated carbon adsorption, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs, particularly, off er high
efficiency in removing non-biodegradable organic pollutants, making them a promising solution for the textile industry.
This comprehensive review underscores the need for innovative, cost-effective, and eco-friendly treatment
strategies to ensure sustainable operations and compliance with environmental standards
Evolution of lead-acid battery technology: A chronological review of key innovations
No full textThe lead-acid battery, a product with a market size of over $48.32 billion in 2023, is a
cornerstone of energy storage technology. This secondary cell design has undergone significant
advancements since its invention by Gaston Planté in 1859. This article provides a chronological
review of the most notable patents that have driven the development of lead-acid batteries. From
Planté's pioneering work on rechargeable batteries to Camille Alphonse Faure's pasted-plate
construction, and the revolutionary Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) technology patented by the
Gates Rubber Company in 1972, each innovation has contributed to the enhancement of battery
capacity, safety, and efficiency. Additionally, the article explores subsequent advancements in
tubular plate designs, improved paste formulations, and efficient recycling processes. Newest
technology trends such as start-stop systems and other automotive advancements are also
considered. By examining these key patents, this review highlights the technological milestones
that have solidified the lead-acid battery's role in various applications, from automotive to
renewable energy storage, and underscores the continuous evolution of this vital energy storage
technology
Environmentally friendly sphalerite treatment in acid water solution
No full textThe reserves of rich ores, from which the production of zinc by the existing conventional
roasting-leaching-electrowinning process is technologically possible and economically justified, are decreasing year by year. Therefore, more and more attention has recently been paid to researching the possibility of obtaining zinc from complex polymetallic ores with a low metal content, while respecting strict environmental regulations. Hydrometallurgical processes are increasingly used for the processing of such mineral raw materials. In this paper, the existing knowledge about the leaching of sphalerite in acidic solutions as well as the phenomena accompanying the process of its dissolution are presented. Special attention is devoted to research related to the kinetics and mechanism of sphalerite oxidation in an acidic medium under the influence of various oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, dichromate ions, nitrate and nitrite ions, ferric and cupric ions and others
Treatment of industrial wastewater with a high content of nitrogen compounds in the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification system
No full textNitrogen and phosphorus compounds contribute to eutrophication of natural waters, leading to excessive
bio reproduction in recipients and poor water quality. This study focuses on developing an effective system
for treatment of industrial wastewater generated from nitrous oxide (N2O) production. Gaseous N2O is widely
utilized worldwide. The primary application lies in medicine, particularly in surgery and dentistry, owing to its
anesthetic properties. Additionally, it is used as an oxidizing agent in a number of selective oxidation
processes (fuel combustion, rocket engines), and plays essential role in the food industry for purposes such
as food cooling, freezing, storage, as well as a food preservative, additive (E942), propellant, and packaging
gas [1]. The industrial production of N2O is based on the thermal decomposition of a hot solution of
ammonium nitrate. A significant amount of water is used in this process and also for treatment of the obtained
gas. After the production process, a large amount of wastewater remains, containing high levels of nitrogen
compounds such as ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, as well as total nitrogen and others. The wastewater needs
to be treated to reduce the concentrations of these compounds below the maximum allowable concentration,
ensuring it reaches a level suitable for discharge into the sewer system or natural recipient. This research
involved simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SNdN) within a single bioreactor, equipped with jet
aeration. SNdN technology can offer significant advantages compared to conventional methods involving
separate nitrification and denitrification reactors, resulting in reduction of operating costs and enhanced
efficiency in wastewater treatment. It entailed experimental determination of the nitrogen transformation,
monitoring process parameters, and assessing their impact on nitrification and denitrification efficiency to
meet legislative emissions standards while maximizing process efficacy. The unequal distribution of
dissolved oxygen (DO) inside the sludge floc creates an aerobic and anoxic zone and thus enables the
simultaneous activity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. The DO should be maintained in the range of 0.15
to 0.35 mg/l in the SNdN reactor in order to achieve a balance between these two processes in the activated
sludge flocs [2]. Different set ups were employed to measure parameters including temperature, pH, solution
conductivity and DO concentration. Additionally, photometric methods were utilized to measure
concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand.
The measured DO concentration in the bioreactor was approximately 0.2 mg/l. This concentration favored
the denitrification process, but was too low to facilitate complete nitrification. Obtained results demonstrated
an effective wastewater treatment (ranging from 72 to 80%) for nitrogen compounds removal. A notable
reduction in the concentration of nitrites and nitrates in the treated water indicates that the denitrification
process was very successful. However, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen concentrations in effluent
remained high, which induce demand for further improvements. Results showed inhibited nitrification
efficiency due to suboptimal DO levels. Establishing the right DO concentration is crucial for successful
treatment [3]. Further optimization is needed to achieve satisfactory nitrogen compound removal and meet
emission standards
FTIR analysis of modified biochar produced from the plum stone biowaste
No full textFruit processing generates huge amounts of waste biomass, which can serve as potential renewable resource for many value-added products. Unfortunately, these reserves are often dumped or incinerated inducing environmental and health risk issues. Thermochemical conversions might transform this waste into a variety of carbon rich products (e.g. biochar). In the same time, tremendous efforts in phosphate release control are done in order to minimize ecosystems eutrophication. In this paper, waste plum stones (PS) were converted into the biochar (PS-B) by slow pyrolysis. Before pyrolysis, PS samples were modified by magnesium salt in order to increase its capacity toward phosphates. The characteristic functional groups of the PS, Mg-modified and phosphate-enriched samples were investigated using FTIR analysis. These analyses confirmed significant aromaticity increase, existence of periclase at modified PS-B surface and additional present of groups related to successful phosphate binding.
Carbamazepine adsorption by promising hydrophobic surfactant-clay composites
No full textIn this study, two surfactants, primary amine dodecylamine (D) and di(hydrogenated
tallow)dimethylammonium chloride known under the trade name Arquad®2HT-75 (A) were used
to modify bentonite in amounts equivalent to 50% and 100% of bentonite`s cationic exchange
capacity. For prepared composites static water contact angle and true density were maeasured.
Obtained composites were tested as adsorbents for an anticonvulsant drug – carbamazepine
(CARB). The results of the contact angle measurements confirmed that the modification of the
starting material changed its surface properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Additionally, the
true density decreased as the surfactant content in the bentonite increased, which suggest that the
surfactant was intercalated into the interlayers of the bentonite. Adsorption isotherms have shown
that CARB adsorption increased with increasing of the initial drug concentration as well as with the
increase of the amount of each surfactant in composites
Polimer/hidroksiapatit kompozitne prevlake na površini implantata dobijene elektroforetskim taloženjem
No full textU cilju poboljšanja bioaktivnosti i antibakterijskih svojstava metalnog implantata (titana), primenom elektroforetskog taloženja u jednom stupnju, iz četvorokomponentne vodene suspenzije dobijene su biokeramičke, kompozitne miltifunkcionalne prevlake na bazi hidroksiapatita, poli(vinil alkohola) i hitozana uz dodatak antibakterijskog agensa, antibiotika gentamicina. Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih FTIR, XRD i TG analizom pokazano je prisustvo karbonatno-supstituisanog hidroksiapatita (prisutnog i u prirodnom koštanom tkivu) i potvrđena je uspešna inkorporacija gentamicina u prevlaku, što ovu kompozitnu prevlaku čini pogodnom za potencijalnu primenu u biomedicini
Enzyme immobilization on modified biomass: optimization and characterization
No full textThe rise in global food production and consumption has resulted in waste biomass accumulation at the local landfills, which represents economic and environmental challenges. This biomass, rich with lignocellulosic components, is recognized as valuable resources that align with the principles of zero waste and circular economy. Recently, these materials have garnered growing interest as a promising renewable resource with multifunctional properties as energy fuel, adsorbents, green chemical sources, etc. In this study, waste lignocellulosic biomasses were used as a support material for enzyme immobilization, attributed to their accessibility, surface functional groups, and porosity. In this study, food waste (peach stone (PS), sour cherry stone (CS) and plum stone (PLS)) were thermally treated (pyrolysis) to obtain biochar, material rich in carbon content, with high specific surface area, porosity and significant presence of aromatic functional groups, appropriate for organic materials binding. Biochars were further chemically modified (acid treatment) to produce: peach stone biochar (PSB), sour cherry stone biochar (CSB), and plum stone biochar (PLSB) for potential application for laccase immobilization. All biochars were characterized by pH suspension (pHsus), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR-ATR) technique and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). The successful immobilization of commercial laccase from T. versicolor (0.274 U/ml) on obtained biochars was performed by the adsorption process. The findings showed that the optimal parameters for laccase immobilization were following: pH=5, temperature 40°C, and contact time 24 hours. Immobilization efficiency (IE) and residual activity (RA) were determined for all types of biochars. Cherry stone biochar showed the highest IE (91%) and RA (77%), compared to PSB (IE of 36%, RA of 16%) and PLSB (IE of 86%, RA of 44%). These findings are in accordance with SEM results, confirming that CSB has highly developed porous structure with deepest pores and cracks. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing modified food waste biomass, particularly cherry stone, as an effective and sustainable enzyme carrier, with future research aimed at exploring its application for the removal of various contaminants from wastewater, contributing to reducing the environmental risks
Improving the Monitoring and Control of Egg Vitality of Lymantria dispar Linnaeus 1758 Using an Innovative Device and Procedure for Removing Egg Hairs
No full textSpongy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus 1758) populations have the potential to reach outbreak levels, causing disruptions to forest ecosystems across Eurasia and North America. Continuous monitoring of the size and health of the spongy moth population in the egg stage is important for managing population outbreaks. Current methods include counting eggs within egg masses using manual methods. This study introduces an innovative solution aimed at optimizing the prediction of biotic disturbances and preventing the potential risks associated with spongy moth population outbreaks. The challenges and constraints related to the process of hair removal from spongy moth eggs have been effectively addressed through the development of a device powered by a torque-generating unit. This study aims to (1) introduce a novel device designed for the removal of hairs from spongy moth (L. dispar) eggs; (2) introduce a new hair removal procedure; and (3) empirically demonstrate the benefits of the introduced innovations. The introduced device and the procedure enable a significantly expedited diagnosis of the potential for a population outbreak in the current year, with the potential for widespread utilization. This invention enhances our understanding of predicting biotic disorders and facilitates the rapid assessment of the risk of their occurrence