Omorika Digital repository of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrad
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Ex situ germination of European acorns: data from 93 batches of 12 Quercus species
No full textTis research was funded by grant TRANS-ECO
(TED2021-130976B-100) from Ministry of Science
and Innovation/NextGeneration, grant RESISTRES
(C-EXP267-UGR23) from University of Granada/Junta
de Andalucía/FEDER, and grant RESTAURABIEN
(RTI2018-096187-J-100) from the Spanish Ministry of
Science, Innovation and Universities/FEDER, the PENCAFoRR (Pan-European Network for Climate Adaptive
Forest Restoration and Reforestation) COST Action
(European Cooperation in Science and Technology),
and local funders for the feldwork of each co-author
Physical and Bending Properties of Beech Laminated Veneer Lumber Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Fabric
No full textNine-layer laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 1300 by 850 mm, in nominal thickness of 20 mm, was produced using beech veneerand reinforced LVL (RLVL), by inserting carbon fiber fabricbetween the veneer sheets. The research aimedto assess the enhancement of flexural properties, both in edgewise and flatwise bending, of beech LVL reinforced with carbon fiber fabric. Two types of reinforcements were made, using two types of adhesives: phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and polyurethane (PUR), in the industrial conditions. In the first group of samples (K1), the reinforcements were placed further from the neutral axis, and in the second group (K2) closer to the neutral axis.These groups were compared to the unreinforced control sample (K). Some physical properties, bending behavior parallel to the grain, and failure mode were determined and analyzed. Edgewise bending strength of the RLVL was about 11%higher than the controlin the case ofPF adhesive, while flatwise bending strength was about 40% lowerthan the controlin the case ofPUR adhesive. The experimental data were verified using the ANOVA model. The most important results of the study define different behavior and fracture mechanisms for each reinforcement and adhesive, highlighting the potential of RLVL for structural application
Wildlife-vehicle collision liability in Europe: A review of existing approaches and their implications
No full textWe present an overview of wildlife-vehicle collision (WVC) liability covering 36 European countries. We
reviewed approaches to WVC liability which are currently in effect across Europe and their potential consequences for WVC reporting. To obtain relevant information, we conducted a survey, including a web-based
questionnaire. We retrieved answers to questions related to human fatalities from WVC, the existence of WVC
databases, roadkill data systems and recommendation for drivers in the event of WVC.
In 19 countries, no one is liable when a motorized vehicle collides with a wild animal. In the remaining
countries, road managers or road owners may be liable as well as drivers or hunters, either consistently or under
certain conditions. Liability can, in some countries, be changed after a legal assessment. Human fatalities due to
WVCs have been reported in 27 countries, with approximately 90 deaths annually across European roads. The
number of injured people and estimates of socio-economic losses were not possible to obtain at a European level
as many countries lack reliable databases.
We discuss how existing WVC liability across countries provoke some actors to transfer liability to another
actor or avoid reporting these incidents altogether. WVC underreporting in certain national databases is one of
the consequences of the existing WVC liability rules in the given countries. This fact reduces the potential to
identify hotspots and define appropriate mitigation measures. In conclusion, we propose several procedures for
modifying WVC liability that could enhance wildlife protection and road safety
Rose 'Casino' As An Element Of Landscape Architectural Composition In The Courtyard Of The Church Of St George In Belgrade Under Changing Climate Conditions
No full textThe study analyses the in situ sustainability of the climbing rose 'Casino' in the courtyard
of the Church of St George in Belgrade. The aim of the research was to assess the impact
of changing climate conditions on its phenological flowering pattern. The evaluation
assessed frost damage and timing of the phenological flowering phases - bud break,
beginning of flowering, full bloom and end of flowering-as well as daily flowering
abundance. The findings indicate that bud break timing was correlated with accumulated
cold hours, which reached a sum level typical for early - flowering plants (to which the
studied cultivar does not belong), as well as the accumulated heat sum for subsequent
phenological phases. The flowering began 93 days earlier, and continued uninterrupted
until the end of 2024 and into January 2025, with varying abundance. A comparative
analysis determined the optimal daily maximum and minimum temperatures for peak
flowering - 22.9°C (maximum) and 11.7°C (minimum) - and for abundant flowering -
20.8°C (maximum) and 9.8°C (minimum). Regression analysis confirmed a decline in
flowering abundance when daily maximum and minimum air temperatures exceeded the
optimal ranges. These findings have practical applications in urban landscape design,
especially considering the projected global warming trends. Despite the resistance of the
'Casino' rose’ to changing climate conditions, there is no certainty regarding the stability
of the flowering phenophase in the coming years. In line with sustainable global trends,
the 'Casino' cultivar is recommended for inclusion in Serbia’s first rosarium and for
future research programmes aimed at cultivar conservation and breeding improvements.
Additionally, given its significance as a 30-year-old element of the landscape
architectural composition, it is proposed for protection as a natural asset and as valuable
source material for vegetative reproduction
Upgraded Protocol for Microplastics’ Extraction from the Soil Matrix by Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation
No full textAs land plastic pollution has piled up in recent decades, small products of its degradation, microplastics (MPs), have emerged as a rapidly growing problem in soil environments. The first step in MP evaluation from soils is the extraction of MP particles, and it appears to be a particularly difficult substrate to work with. Aggregate formation and the presence of other organic particles of similar sizes appeared as challenges in constructing an efficient and trustworthy protocol for MP extraction from soils. Density separation-based methods are usually applied and finding efficient cost- and environment-friendly solutions is of high importance, while data comparability is a key factor in increasing general knowledge on the topic. Here, we propose an environmentally friendly protocol based on density separation using sucrose solution. Its efficiency for MP extraction from soil was tested and validated. Protocol validation showed that its use in the extraction of PE was efficient for all examined MP sizes (>32 μm) and PVC >500 μm with high recovery rates, while the extraction of PVC >125 μm is justified since sucrose solution is practically cost-free and completely environmentally safe. Result validation indicates that the proposed protocol has high potential for MP extraction from difficult soil samples
Influence of steaming on the drying behavior of black locust sawn timber
No full textThis study investigates the impact of steaming on the conventional drying process of black locust
(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) sawn timber. Matched samples of steamed and unsteamed boards were
dried under identical conditions in a laboratory kiln. Contrary to typical literature findings, the
steamed boards had a slightly higher initial moisture content at the start of drying, as they were not
fully green when steamed, while the unsteamed boards underwent further air drying during the entire
steaming period (approx. 10 days). Moisture content of the boards was monitored using both
gravimetric method and in-kiln moisture probes. Moisture profiles across the board thickness were
also tracked during drying, while final drying quality indicators – such as case-hardening and moisture
gradients – were assessed after the process. The results show that steamed boards exhibited faster
moisture loss during the initial drying phase, which can be attributed to their higher initial moisture
content and more efficient removal of free water. At the end of drying, steamed boards showed more
uniform moisture distribution and lower residual stresses, resulting in improved overall drying quality.
These findings confirm that steaming of green timber positively influences drying behavior and
quality, supporting its use as a pre-treatment in the industrial drying of black locust timber – not only
for colour change, but also for improving drying quality
The ndvi values differences in relation to canopy density using sentinel-2 level- 2a remote sensing data
No full textThis paper presents the results of a research on the relationship between the NDVI and stand canopy density. The study was conducted within the Forest Management Unit ''Bruske šume'', located in Central Serbia. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a significant difference between the NDVI values depending on stand canopy density in high forests, coppice forests and artificially established stands. The stand canopy density data were collected from the Forest Management Plan and validated in the field, while the NDVI data were obtained using the Google Earth Engine platform based on Sentinel-2 Level 2A imagery. A one-way ANOVA was performed to assess the statistical significance of differences in the NDVI values between stand canopy density classes, followed by an LSD test for post-hoc group comparisons. The results of the research indicate that the arithmetic means of the NDVI values by stand canopy density across the three forest origin categories reveal a clear and consistent trend of decrease of the NDVI values with decreasing stand canopy density. The ANOVA revealed that the NDVI values differed significantly between stands with different levels of canopy density within each of the three forest origin groups. In all analyzed categories, stands with a dense canopy had the highest NDVI values. The highest NDVI values were recorded in high forest stands, while the lowest values were observed in artificially established stands
Propagation of Cornus alba 'Sibirica' by softwood heel cuttings
No full textTatarian Dogwood (Cornus alba 'Sibirica') is a rapid-growing deciduous shrub that grows to 2
m tall, noted for its bright coral red stems in winter. The yellowish-white flowers appear in flattopped clusters in late spring and sporadically flower in the summer, attracting butterflies and
pollinators, while in the summer, the bluish-white berries attract birds. The leaves are dark
green during summer and brilliant purple-red in autumn. Although Siberian Dogwood is best
grown in well-drained, organically rich, fertile soils, it can tolerate a wide range of soils,
including poor soils, dry soils as well as occasional standing water. It is an ornamental species
which can be planted in naturalistic plantings, and also used on slopes for erosion control. The
aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cuttings size and auxin concentration (IBA
- Indole 3 butyric acid) on rooting of green cuttings of selected elite genotypes growing in
Belgrade urban area. The three sizes (5, 7 and 9 cm) of softwood cuttings with basal part
containing a small section of the previous season wood (heel cuttings) were treated with 1% or
0.2% (powder dip) IBA and rooted in sand under intermittent mist system. The rooting rate was
high in all treatments (92.3 – 100%). However, there were considerable differences in the
number and length of primary and secondary roots and in the number and length of developed
shoots. The best results were achieved with the 9 cm long cuttings treated with 0.2% IBA.
Obtained results are important for mass production of this species because rooted cuttings with
well developed roots have the greatest chance of survival after transplanting
European Standards and Market Placement Rules for Cork Flooring in the EU
No full textThe article analyzes the types of cork flooring and their presence in the markets of selected
SEE non-EU countries. In this sense, an analysis of the main characteristics of cork tiles and cork panels
as the main types of cork floor coverings has been carried out. In order to identify the main trade flows
of these products, the European countries that are the largest suppliers of selected SEE non-EU
countries were analyzed. To compare the market supply, selected markets of SEE non-EU countries
were analyzed. In particular, the barriers assumed to have an impact on market development in selected
SEE non-EU countries were analyze
Applicability of low-resolution digital terrain models in preliminary forest road design: a case study in Kneževo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textThis study examines the applicability of a coarse-resolution digital terrain
model (DTM, 90×90 m) for preliminary forest road design in complex karst terrain.
The research was carried out in the north-western section of the Forest Management Area “Čemernica” (Kneževo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), where two design approaches were compared: a DTM-based zero line traced on a digital contour map
in QGIS, and a zero line established by direct field surveying. Both alignments were
processed in RoadEng software to analyse geometric parameters, longitudinal profile, and earthwork volumes. The preliminary DTM-based alignment reached a length
of 1,315 m, whereas the field-based alignment measured 1,333 m, coinciding along
964 m of their total length. Significant discrepancies were detected in earthwork
quantities: 1,265 m³ of excavation and 1,453 m³ of embankment in the DTM-based
design, compared to 1,979 m³ and 3,012 m³, respectively, in the field-based design.
These differences reflect the smoothing effect of low-resolution DTM data, which
failed to capture microrelief variations typical of karst landscapes. The findings indicate that although coarse DTM may serve for preliminary route planning, it does
not provide sufficient accuracy for reliable final design, confirming the necessity of
high-resolution elevation data or detailed field surveying for forest road engineering
in mountainous terrains