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Ocean Flag and the Prince Albert II Foundation Monaco
No full textMobilization and education of youth for ocean protection and conservancy through art at the Green shift festival- Monaco.PublishedNon Referee
Cytotoxic and genotoxic evaluation of secondary metabolites of bacterial cultures isolated in northwestern of Cuba
No full textLos organismos marinos producen metabolitos secundarios bioactivos y son fuentes para la obtención de nuevos bioproductos de uso humano. Sin embargo, estos compuestos pudieran representar un riesgo para el hombre, por lo que resulta imprescindible realizar es- tudios que permitan descartar aquellos con efectos perjudiciales. En el presente trabajo, se evaluó el potencial de toxicidad in vitro de dos extractos secos (M1061 y M1063), obteni- dos a partir de las cepas bacterianas del grupo de actinomicetos CBM-1061 y CBM-1063, aisladas de sedimentos de manglar de la península de Guanahacabibes, Cuba. Para ello, se evaluó el potencial citotóxico de los extractos en diferentes líneas celulares: MDCK, J774 (células derivadas de tejidos sanos) y CT26, 4T1, MCF-7 (de origen tumoral), mediante el ensayo de reducción de bromuro de dimetiltiazol-difeniltetrazolio (MTT) y en el mo- delo bacteriano Caulobacter crescentus a través del ensayo de sobrevivencia bacteriana. Se evaluaron, también, los posibles efectos sobre el material genético en C. crescentus (Ensayo SOS colorimétrico y resistencia a Rifampicina). Los extractos no fueron tóxicos en el ran- go de concentraciones evaluadas (1-2000 µg/mL) en C. crescentus ni en las líneas celulares hasta 1000 µg/mL después de 48 h de exposición. Tampoco resultaron genotóxicos (50- 2000 µg/mL) ni mutagénicos (50-1000 µg/mL) en C. crescentus. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la no toxicidad de los extractos M1061 y M1063 bajo las condiciones de ensayo.Marine organisms produce bioactive secondary metabolites andare sources for obtai- ning new bioproducts for human use. However, they can represent a risk for man, so it is essential to carry out studies to rule out those with harmful effects. In the present work, the in vitro toxicity potential of two dry extracts (M1061 and M1063) obtai- ned from the bacterial strains of the actinomycetes, CBM- 1061 and CBM-1063, isolated from mangrove sediments of the Guanahacabibes peninsula, Cuba, was evaluated. For it, the cytotoxic potential of the extracts was eva- luated in different cell lines: MDCK, J774 (from health tissues) and CT26, 4T1, MCF-7 (tumor cells) by using dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) re- duction assay and the Caulobacter crescentus bacterial mo- del through the bacterial survival test. The possible effects on the genetic material in C. crescentus were also evaluated (SOS colorimetric test and resistance to Rifampicin). The extracts were not toxic in the range of concentrations eva- luated (1-2000 µg/mL) in C. crescentus, neither in the cell lines up to 1000 µg/mL after 48 hours of exposure. They were no genotoxic (50-2000 µg/mL) normutagenic (50- 1000 µg/mL) in C. crescentus. The results obtained show the non-toxicity of M1061 and M1063 extracts under the experimental conditions.PublishedReferee
Co-participatory identification of the impacts of climate change on the maritime cultural heritage of Tierra Bomba Island, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
No full textEl cambio climático representa en la actualidad uno de los mayores riesgos para el desarrollo de la biodiversidad y la sostenibilidad social y cultural de los seres humanos en todo el planeta. En este trabajo se presentan algunos de los resultados de la fase piloto de una investigación en la cual se desarrolló un espacio diseñado para actores comunitarios interesados en generar una propuesta para la identificación de los efectos que produce el cambio climático en los patrimonios culturales marítimos de la isla de Tierra Bomba, en Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Dicho proyecto, denominado Colaborartorio Azul, es un laboratorio coparticipativo interesado en articular los diferentes saberes comunitarios, institucionales y académicos sobre el cambio climático y su impacto en el patrimonio natural-cultural del paisaje marítimo y costero de la ciudad, y algunos de sus centros poblados.Climate change currently represents one of the greatest risks for the development of biodiversity and the social and cultural sustainability of human beings throughout the planet. This paper presents the partial results of the pilot phase of research which developed a space designed for community actors interested in generating a proposal for identifying the effects of climate change on the maritime cultural heritage of the island of Tierra Bomba, in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). This project, called "Colaborartorio Azul", is a co-participatory laboratory interested in articulating the different community, institutional and academic knowledge on Climate Change and its impact on the natural-cultural heritage of the maritime and coastal landscape of the city and some of its population centers.PublishedNot Know
Применение методов тональной аудиометрии для оценки слуха серых тюленей в воздушной и водной среде
No full textAnthropogenic noise load on the traditional habitats of marine mammals continues to increase due to the active development of the Arctic zone. The study of the hearing of Arctic seals is of great importance for the development of measures to reduce the impact of technogenic noise. During the study, a group of ten grey seals of different ages and genders has been trained to press a special key when demonstrating a pure tone sound with a frequency from the standard and extended set of frequencies recommended for pure tone audiometry. The experiments have been carried out by placing the key and the sound source in air and water (at a depth of 2 m) environment. The main indicator is the reaction time of the seal to the demonstrated stimulus. For each seal, individual audiograms for hearing in air and in water have been compiled using 32 frequencies. An analysis of the data obtained has shown that the reaction time can serve as an individual indicator in the study of the hearing of grey seals reflecting their age characteristics. According to the response time to sounds with different tone frequencies it is possible to establish biologically significant and indifferent frequencies for grey seals.Антропогенная шумовая нагрузка на традиционные места обитания морских млекопитающих продолжает возрастать в связи с активным освоением Арктической зоны. Изучение слуха арктических тюленей имеет большое значение для разработки мер по снижению степени воздействия техногенных шумов. В ходе исследования группу из десяти серых тюленей разного возраста и пола обучили нажимать на специальную клавишу при демонстрации звука чистого тона с частотой из стандартного и расширенного набора частот, рекомендованных для проведения тональной аудиометрии. Эксперименты проводили при размещении клавиши и источника звука в воздушной и водной (на глубине 2 м) среде. Основным показателем являлось время реакции тюленя на демонстрируемый стимул. Для каждого тюленя были составлены индивидуальные аудиограммы для слуха в воздухе и воде с использованием 32 частот. Анализ полученных данных показал, что время реакции может служить индивидуальным показателем при исследовании слуха серых тюленей, отражающим их возрастные особенности. По времени реакции на звуки с разной частотой тона можно установить биологически значимые и индифферентные частоты для серых тюленей.PublishedReferee
ДНК идентификация рыб семейства Gobiidae в Азовском море
No full textThis article presents the results of DNA identification of the fish belonging to the Gobiidae family, with the COI and CytB gene fragments used as a molecular marker. The calculated average intra- and inter-specific genetic distances differed by more than an order of magnitude. Molecular markers of the COI and CytB genes can be effectively used for the identification of the Gobiidae fish species.В статье приведены результаты ДНК идентификации рыб семейства Gobiidae, где в качестве молекулярного маркера использованы фрагменты генов COI и СytB. Рассчитанные средние внутривидовые и межвидовые генетические расстояния имели различие между собой более чем на один порядок. Молекулярные маркеры генов СОI и CytB могут быть успешно использованы для установления видовой принадлежности рыб семейства бычковые.PublishedNon Referee
Elemental accumulation in macroalgae Treptacantha barbata (Stackhouse) Orellana & Sansón, 2019 from Sinop, Türkiye.
No full textIn this study, the contamination profile of heavy metal levels (Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Zn) of Treptacantha barbata (Stackhouse) Orellana & Sansón, 2019, seawater and sediment samples were analyzed by ICP-MS and reference materials were used to determine the reliability of the analysis. All samples were collected from the Sinop coast (Türkiye) from August 2021 through April 2022. As a result of the study, metal levels were found in the following sequence: Hg < Cd < Pb < Cu < Zn < Fe for seawater and T. barbata and Hg < Cd < Cu < Pb < Zn < Fe for sediment. Among the metals, Cu was bio-accumulative in biota; Cd and Hg metals in the sediment are micro concentrator by T. barbata.PublishedReferee
Preliminary inventory of metazoan parasites of the Lessepsian bluespotted cornetfish Fistularia commersonii in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia
No full textBiological invasions are widely acknowledged as a serious threat to biodiversity, but the role of parasites in marine ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. The so-called Lessepsian migration, or invasions through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, also fits this description. Here, we studied the parasitofauna of Fistularia commersonii collected from the Gulf of Gabès of Tunisia. 43 individuals of F. commersonii were sampled from the Gulf of Gabès. Parasite richness, prevalence and intensity were investigated, Additionally, we reviewed the literature to identify native and invasive parasite species recorded. Our results suggest the co-introduction of nine parasite species that are assumed to be originate from the Red Sea. In addition, we found that the invasive fish has acquired nineteen parasite species that are native from the Mediterranean Sea. The Lessepsian migrant may potentially change the dynamics of native and invasive parasite-host interactions through parasite co-introduction and parasite acquisition, according to these results. The higher F. commersonii infection rates in the area that has been invaded are also consistent with the predictions made by the "Enemy Release Hypothesis." These results show the importance of using community studies, such as the one described here, to understand the role of parasites in Lessepsian migration.PublishedReferee
Накопление и выведение углеводородов двустворчатыми моллюсками в зависимости от уровня нефтяного загрязнения донных отложений
No full textBenthic organisms are among the crucial components of an aquatic ecosystem, taking part in the circulation of matter and facilitating self-purification processes in water bodies. A number of researchers indicate a positive correlation between the content of toxicants in benthic organisms and their habitat, which leads to recommendations to use various species of bottom invertebrates as indicators for the pollution monitoring of aquatic ecosystems. Molluscs accumulate hydrocarbons (HC) at a higher rate than they excrete them from their body due to the absence or, at least, low development of the hydrocarbon hydroxylase detoxification system. Bivalve molluscs Mytilus galloprovincialis, a species actively involved in the filtration of the bottom water layer and coming into contact with polluted substrate, served as a subject for this investigation. This mollusc species is a valuable food source; as a part of the Azov and Black Sea zoobenthos community, it is widely spread and abundant. The experiments have been conducted on M. galloprovincialis individuals of the average length of 3–4 cm cultivated on the mussel collectors in the acceptably pure waters in the area near Bolshoy (Big) Utrish Cape. Two series of the experiments with different exposition time have been conducted: the short-term one (5 days) and a longer one (21 days). During the experiments, the bottom sediments (BS) of various pollution level were used: 0.03, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 g/kg petroleum products, dry weight. Following the laboratory tests, it has been found that the dynamics of accumulation and subsequent extraction of hydrocarbons from the soft tissues in mussel is dependent on the pollution level of bottom sediments.Бентосные организмы относятся к важнейшим компонентам водной экосистемы, участвующим в круговороте веществ и самоочищении водоема. Рядом авторов отмечена положительная корреляция между содержанием токсикантов в бентосных организмах и местом их обитания, в связи с чем часто предлагается использовать различные виды донных беспозвоночных в качестве индикаторов при мониторинге загрязнения водных экосистем. Моллюски легко аккумулируют, но сравнительно медленно выводят углеводороды (УВ) из организма в связи с отсутствием или, по крайней мере, слабым развитием углеводород-гидроксилазной детоксицирующей системы. Объектом исследования служили двустворчатые моллюски вида Mytilus galloprovincialis, которые активно участвуют в процессе фильтрации придонной воды и контактируют с загрязненным грунтом. Этот вид моллюсков, имеющий кормовую ценность, широко распространен среди организмов зообентоса Азовского и Черного морей. В экспериментах использован M. galloprovincialis среднего размера длиной 3–4 см, выращенный на коллекторах в условно чистом районе вблизи м. Б. Утриш. Проведены две серии экспериментов с различной экспозицией: краткосрочная (5 суток) и более длительная (21 сутки). В экспериментах использовали донные отложения (ДО) различной степени загрязненности: 0,03; 0,5; 0,6; 1,0; 2,5 и 5,0 г/кг сухой массы нефтепродуктов (НП). В ходе лабораторных экспериментов установлено, что в мягкой ткани мидий динамика накопления и последующего выведения углеводородов зависит от уровня загрязненности донных отложений.PublishedNon Referee
Evaluation of fishing effort and catch regime for demersal fisheries in the western Mediterranean Sea (Part XI) (STECF-23-11)
No full textCommission Decision of 25 February 2016 setting up a Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, C(2016) 1084, OJ C 74, 26.2.2016, p. 4–10. The Commission may consult the group on any matter relating to marine and fisheries biology, fishing gear technology, fisheries economics, fisheries governance, ecosystem effects of fisheries, aquaculture or similar disciplines. This report is the 11th of a suite of STECF EWG reports dedicated to the evaluation of the implementation of the Western Mediterranean Sea Multi-Annual management Plan (hereafter, MAP), following EWG reports 18-09, 18-13, 19-01, 19-14, 20-13, 21-01, 21- 13, 22-01, 22- 11 and 23-01. The group was requested to update the graphical representation of fishing effort time series evolution by MS, GSA, vessel length and gear with the latest data obtained from the FDI datacall (TOR 1). Together with the fishing effort time series the group was requested to update the F-E analysis by stock and gear using the outputs from STECF EWG 23-09 (TOR 2). The group was also requested to collect qualitative information on the fuel related situation to potentially estimate cost changes in 2022-2023 (TOR2). Finally, the group was requested to implement mixed fisheries bio-economic models to run a number of different scenarios up to 2030 to test a combination of measures taking into account all the effort reductions, closure areas and maximum catch limits (MCLs) introduced in the western Mediterranean MAP since 2020 (TOR 3-4). Within the scenarios a combination of effort reductions and MSLs were tested, together with the introduction of spatio-temporal closures and selectivity restrictions to obtain compensation mechanisms by MSs. A total number of 13 scenarios were requested, 6 of which were considered priority scenarios. For TOR 1 time series of fishing effort in fishing days, days at sea, hours at sea, GT x fishing days, and kW x fishing days by Country (Spain, France, Italy), EMU (1 and 2), GSA (1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), gear (OTB, OTT, GNS, GTR, LLS, other), and fleet segment (24m) were produced. Graphs for fishing days are reported in the report while the rest of the data are submitted in Annex I as an Excel table. The comparison of fishing days for trawlers (OTB, OTM, OTT, PTB, PTM and TBB as per EU regulation 2019/2236) declared in the FDI official datacall and reported in the 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 regulations were reported this year as well. Across fleet segments, the fishing effort from the regulation is greater, for most segments, than that estimated through the FDI database. This could be due to the regulation values being calculated considering the maximum fishing days possible for the year and also difficult to estimate the possible transfer among fleet segments. An additional analysis (section 2.3) was added to provide a broad context of the state and evolution of the fishery in EMU-1 (encompassing GSAs 1,5,6,7), through the detailed examination of weights, values and prices landed by stocks and fleet segments using the FDI data submitted to the group. It was observed that during the implementation of the MAP, all fleet segments have not evolved in the same way. If all demersal trawlers seem to face a substantial contraction of their landed values, deep-water trawlers are increasing their landed value, most likely thanks to an increased ARA price. Still, for many other fleets, the transition rates before and during the plan remains similar. For TOR 2 the F-E analysis was updated and as in previous years a linear relationship consistent across GSAs and stocks was not found for any gear. Those stocks were there seem to be a linear relationship, such as HKE, ARA, DPS (except for DPS 1), it was shown that there is an effect of the GSA level which should be accounted for in future modelling exercises potentially using mixed effect models. Concerning fuel prices the group noted that marine fuel prices are significantly influenced by global oil prices which are driven by factors like international agreements, supply disruptions, or changes in demand. Geopolitical tensions and conflicts, sanctions or embargoes on certain countries can affect the availability and cost of marine fuels. Technology and efficiency improvements can impact fuel efficiency and investments in energy-efficient vessels and propulsion systems can lead to cost savings. Also, environmental concerns, such as reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable fishing practices, are affecting fuel usage and prices. It's also important to consider that marine fuel prices can vary significantly by region and port, depending on local factors, taxes, subsidies, transportation costs and regulations. In particular, governments may provide subsidies or financial incentives to the fishing industry to mitigate the impact of high fuel prices or promote environmentally friendly practices. Within the group the EUMOFA and AER data are used to parameterize the models. On these data the group highlighted two issues for a correct interpretation of the model results: 1. The financial situation which the bio-economic models present for the year 2022 and beyond depend a lot on the assumptions regarding the development of fuel prices but include no mitigation measures for the fishing companies (like de minimis payments to cover parts of the increase in fuel costs 2022). STECF plenary (22-03) agreed not to include those support payments to allow distinguishing between the impacts of the MAP from external economic shocks. 2. STECF PLEN (22-03) observed that the nowcast for 2023 (that are now used as input data for the models) should be interpreted with caution due to the fact that the development in the second half of the year (energy and fish prices, inflation, interest rates etc.) is unknown and highly uncertain. FOR TOR 3 results for EMU 1 are obtained from the IAM and the ISIS-Fish models: from the IAM model only scenarios adjusting trawler fishing effort to reach Fmsy of Hake (i.e. scenarios A and D) foresee exploitation levels in line with the objectives of the plan, i.e. all stocks at Fmsy in 2025. With the two other simulated scenarios, in which only maximum catch limit on ARA was applied, with or without selectivity measures on deep water trawls, i.e. scenarios Status Quo and L, respectively, the stocks of Hake in GSA1567, red mullet in GSA1, red mullet in GSA6, Nephrops in GSA 6, and Blue and red shrimp in GSA 5 do not reach the objective of Fmsy in 2025. Scenarios allowing to reach Fmsy for all stocks foresee some significant negative socio-economic impacts for French and Spanish trawlers in the short and medium term, with a reduction in their Gross Value Added, Gross Profit, employment in terms of Full Time Equivalent (FTE), and average wages. From the ISIS-Fish model results showed that the SQ scenario did not achieve the objective of the plan regarding HKE, as fishing mortality stays way above Fmsy and the SSB below Blim. The four other scenarios, A, B, C and E, on the contrary succeeded in reaching Fmsy at the latest in 2028 and Hake SSB was above Blim but below Bpa starting in 2029. The determinant factor was the adjustment of effort to reach Fmsy, which implied reductions in effort level of more than 60% compared to 2022 FDI values. Economic indicators for ISIS- Fish could not be reported. In EMU 2 results are obtained from models BEMTOOL and SMART: from the BEMTOOL model for ARS, MUT9 and DPS the Fmsy level is reached by 2025 for all the scenarios explored. For DPS an increase in F is expected in 2024 for scenario L, due to the reallocation of the effort induced by the catch limit, but in 2025 the value is below Fmsy. For HKE and NEP9 only scenarios A, C and D (which are forced to reach Fmsy by 2025) allow to reach Fmsy in 2025, while SQ and L have F well above the reference point. It should be noticed that the change in selectivity implemented in scenario L show a slight improvement in respect to the SQ scenario for HKE, but it does not allow to reach Fmsy in 2025. As a general consideration, the scenarios most impacting on the effort highlight the risk of underutilization of the stocks that currently already are close or in line with the reference point. Results for the stock of MUT 10 and ARA in 9-10-11 should be taken with caution as no analytical assessment was available for these two stocks in the last two years. The results of the economic indicators showed that in the short term for all the alternative scenarios is expected a decrease, which generally is followed by an increase in the medium-long term. For the SMART model for four of the five stocks (ARS, DPS, HKE, and MUT) the scenarios associated with the best effect on the stock are A, C, D, E and L. For NEP, the situation seems to be much more complex and only scenario A allows you to get close to the BPA (Precautionary Biomass Level) value. However, all the simulated scenarios show a substantial reduction in Gross profit margin. Results suggest that in EMU 1 and 2 Fmsy in 2025 is reached for all stocks only when effort is decreased as much as 60% to 85% depending on the fleet segment observed, with bigger segments suffering a higher reduction. Scenarios accounting for an MCL on ARA and ARS do not allow to reach Fmsy for all stocks including HKE. In EMU 2, the ARS, MUT and DPS stocks are already close or at Fmsy becoming underutilized due to the reductions to bring HKE and NEP at Fmsy.European CommissionPublishedReferee
Atmospheric Flash Drought in the Caribbean
No full textDespite the intensifying interest in flash drought both within the United States and globally, moist tropical landscapes have largely escaped the attention of the flash drought community. Because these ecozones are acclimatized to receiving regular, near-daily precipitation, they are especially vulnerable to rapid-drying events. This is particularly true within the Caribbean Sea basin where numerous small islands lack the surface and groundwater resources to cope with swiftly developing drought conditions. This study fills the tropical flash drought gap by examining the pervasiveness of flash drought across the pan-Caribbean region using a recently proposed criterion based on the evaporative demand drought index (EDDI). The EDDI identifies 46 instances of widespread flash drought “outbreaks” in which significant fractions of the pan-Caribbean encounter rapid drying over 15 days and then maintain this condition for another 15 days. Moreover, a self-organizing maps (SOM) classification reveals a tendency for flash drought to assume recurring typologies concentrated in one of the Central American, South American, or Greater Antilles coastlines, although a simultaneous, Caribbean-wide drought is never observed within the 40-yr (1981–2020) period examined. Furthermore, three of the six flash drought typol- ogies identified by the SOM initiate most often during Phase 2 of the Madden–Julian oscillation. Collectively, these find- ings motivate the need to more critically examine the transferability of flash drought definitions into the global tropics, particularly for small water-vulnerable islands where even island-wide flash droughts may only occupy a few pixels in most reanalysis datasets.PublishedReferee