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Faecal Sludge Management in Khulna City: An Approach for Safe Emptying
No full textThis thesis is submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering, January 2018.Cataloged from PDF Version of Thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 88-92)Faecal sludge (FS) comprises the human excreta both in liquid and semi-liquid contents which stored in pits and septic tanks. Faecal sludge management (FSM) refers to the containment technology, emptying, transport, treatment, and safe disposal or reuse of human waste. In this study, the aim is to identify the on-site containment management practices at three different types of settlements in Ward No. 9 of Khulna City Corporation (KCC). The selected three types of settlements are Muzgunni Second Phase as a residential area, Boro Boyra as a mixed-use area and Rail Junction Bosti as a slum area. The study has been conducted by a series of household questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD). The data gathered from the questionnaire have been analyzed by Standard Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel software.
The study finds that only 7% of septic tanks having soak well and rest of the septic tank is connected to a nearby drain or water body in the residential area. Also, in this area, about 81% of the containment is suitable and 77% is accessible for mechanical emptying wherein the mixed-use area about 41% containment is accessible and 59% are not. However, in the slum, about 78% of containment is not accessible. In the residential area, about 58% of containment has not emptied yet where this percentage is 41% and 5% respectively for the mixed-use and for the slum. About 31% of the septic tank has been emptied manually where only 13% is mechanically in the residential area. However, for the mixed-use area, manual emptying is about 50% and mechanical emptying is about 7% and all emptying operations have been done either manually or self. In all three areas, the emptied sludge is disposed to nearby drains if emptied manually and disposed to Khulna faecal sludge treatment plant (FTP) if emptied mechanically.
The study also reveals that the quality of emptying of the residential area is found unsafe emptying as 31.23%, partially safe emptying as 12.77%, and safe emptying as 56%. Again, for the mixed-use area, unsafe emptying is found as 41.28%, partially safe emptying as 14.24%, and safe emptying as 44.48%. And for the slum area, unsafe emptying is found as 61.53%, partially safe emptying as 13.74%, and safe emptying as 24.73%. Finally, the overall emptying quality found as 42.14% for the residential and as 35.57% for the mixed-use area which represents partially safe emptying practices in both two areas where the score for the same is found as 17.35% in the slum which indicates totally unsafe emptying.
Septic tank outlet connection, inaccessibility of containment, emptying largely manually ignoring the safety issues, knowledge gap etc. issues are the main problems to achieve safe emptying. Khulna Development Authority (KDA) and KCC is the regulatory authority of FSM in Khulna where KDA is responsible mainly for septic tank design and construction supervision phase and KCC is in emptying of the septic tank. Safe emptying can be possible by enforcing the laws to septic tank outlet connection during design and construction, introducing alternative small emptying device where mechanical emptying is not possible and organizing different types of awareness building program to gather knowledge and triggering the mechanical emptying demand to the users.Sabok MondalMaster of Science in Civil Engineerin
Development and Performance Evaluation of Storage Allocation Models in Warehouse
No full textThis thesis is submitted to the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering in Industrial Engineering and Management, November 2018.Cataloged from PDF Version of Thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 33-39).Order picking is the most labor-intensive and costly operation in warehouse. Efficient
storage assignment rules enormously affect the order picking efficiency. Warehouse
managers are concerned about searching for the most effective way of managing order
picking, minimizing the costs involved in terms of travel distance. The purpose of this
research is to develop an efficient dedicated storage allocation method utilizing both the
principle of group technology (GT) and the cube-per-order index (COI) storage policy in
a maintenance environment warehouse. In this method, spare parts required for a
particular maintenance work are grouped together on the basis of similarity of usages,
even if they are dissimilar in size, shape etc. After that, the groups and parts within each
group are assigned according to COI rule. The performance of the method is evaluated
using simulation and compared with other sequence, frequency and group based
dedicated storage methods. A genetic algorithm is embedded into the simulation program
to determine the optimal traveling sequence that will minimize the travel distance. In the
simulation study, it is found that the proposed method has the highest reduction in the
distance travelled by the pickers.Md. Saiful IslamMaster of Science in Engineering in Industrial Engineering and Managemen
Study on Convective and Non-Convective Rain of Different Heavy Rainfall Events in the Monsoon Season using WRF-ARW Model
No full textThis thesis is submitted to the Department of Physics, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physics, December 2018.Cataloged from PDF Version of Thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 110-116).In the present study the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) model v3.8.1 have been used to
simulate the convective and non-convective rain during 3-5 July 2017, 19-20 July 2017 and
23-24 July 2017, when heavy rain observed in different areas of Bangladesh. The initial and
boundary conditions are drawn from the global operational analysis and forecast products of
National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final reanalysis (FNL) data available
at 1o ×1o resolution. The model was configured in nested domain with 18 km and 6 km
horizontal grid spacing 100×96 and 103×127 grids in the east-west and north-south directions
with 28 vertical levels. In this research 12 Cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes in
combination with WDM6 microphysics (MP) scheme has been used to identify the
convective and non-convective rain of different heavy rainfall (HR) events. The CP schemes
used in this research are Kain-Fritsch (KF), Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ), Grell-Freitas (GF),
Old simplified Arakawa-Schubert (OSAS), Grell-3 (G3), Tiedtke, Zhang-McFarlane (ZM),
Multi-scale KF (MSKF), New SAS, New Tiedtke (NTD), New SAS-HWRF (NSH) and
Grell-Devenyi (GD).
The model simulated rainfall mainly convective for KF, GF, OSAS, G-3, TD, ZM, NTD,
NSH and schemes and mainly non-convective for BMJ, MSKF and NS schemes during all
over Bangladesh during 3-5 July 2017. BMJ, MSKF and NS schemes have simulated higher
non convective rain (NCR) and all other cumulus parameterization schemes have simulated
higher convective rain (CR) all over Bangladesh during 19-20 July 2017. OSAS and NSH
schemes have simulated higher convective rain and all other cumulus parameterization
schemes have simulated higher non-convective rain all over Bangladesh during 23-24 July
2017. It is also seen that during the two simulation periods (i.e., 3-5 and 23-24 July 2017) the
CR is found to decrease continuously and NCR increased during the period and opposite in
case of 19-20 July 2017. GF and G-3, GF and MSKF schemes give the better performance for
daily and 48 hour prediction respectively on the basis of Threat Score, Equivalent Threat
Score and Bias Score during 3-5 July 2017. On the basis of Threat Score, Equitable Threat
Score and Bias Score for the prediction of HR KF and MSKF schemes during 19-20 July
2017, TD and KF schemes during 23-24 July 2017 give the better performance.Md Razu AhammedMaster of Science in Physic
Behavior of RC Frame with Masonry Infill Panels due to In-plane Monotonic Loading
No full textThis thesis is submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering, November 2018.Cataloged from PDF Version of Thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 86-92).Multistoried masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame with Open ground floor
is a common building construction practice in Bangladesh. Masonry infills in upper
floors make the corresponding floors stiffer; resulting stiffness irregularity in RC
frames. In contrast, this interaction or masonry panels with frame elements is often
neglected in the conventional design analysis such structures. Therefore, an extensive
analysis has been performed in the present study to determine the performance of
masonry infilled RC buildings with open ground floor due to in-plane monotonic
loading. Masonry infill panels were also not recognized as integral structural members
in Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC). It is obvious, the masonry infill
panels in a structural frame not only add significant strength and stiffness but also
influence the dynamic behavior of the entire building. Three two-storied single-bay
laboratory specimens were constructed. The three models represent: a bare frame, 75
mm and 50 mm thick brick frame with open ground floor. These models were fully
instrumented and tested under lateral in-plane loading to failure. After the first crack,
diagonal strut was visible in the infill which increases the overall shear strength of the
infilled frame. It is also evident that, infill increases the strength but reduces ductile
behavior of RC frame. Moreover, a software investigation has been performed to
evaluate the nature of two-dimensional RC bare, fully infilled and open ground floor
infilled frame. The infills are modeled as equivalent diagonal strut. Dead,
superimposed and seismic loads were applied in the analysis. The maximum bending
moment, shear, deflection and inter story drift are evaluated in both ESA and RSA by
applying seismic loading under designed base shear based on BNBC 2006. The study
indicates that, such parameters were significantly decreased in case of RSA for open
ground infill RC models due to presence of structurally active infill as compared to
static analysis. In addition, the presence of infill in upper stories makes those floors
stiffer compared to ground floor. As a result, the upper floors behave together in a
rigid manner causing excessive sway at ground floor level. In brief, ground floor
columns inbuilding with open ground floor based on ESA are over designed for
seismic loading. As such the damage of such buildings by soft story mechanism is
very high during earthquakes, Finally, highly conservative design is faced in
conventional practices when an infill frame is considered as bare and ESA is carried
out in place of RSA.Sm. Arifur RahmanMaster of Science in Civil Engineerin
Design and Performance Study of a Bench-Scale Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant for a Sea Food Processing Industry
No full textThis thesis is submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Civil Engineering, September 2018.Cataloged from PDF Version of Thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-87).Shrimp industries are though important in respect of foreign earnings they are producing
huge amount of wastewater that contain large quantities of biodegradable organic wastes and
disposed directly to the environment without any treatment. It is noted that none of the
industries are following ECR 1997 (Revised in 2010) and they do not have effluent treatment
plant that designed based on the characteristics of shrimp processed wastewater so far.
Conventional ETP is physico-chemical type and takes higher cost in operation. Therefore,
the best possible biological wastewater treatment plant design and its performance analysis
is the main goal of the study. Wastewater has been collected from a selected industry. The
wastewater samples were characterized for the basic wastewater qualities. Based on the
characterization and literature review the design criteria has been selected. A bench scale
treatment plant has been designed and installed in the Environmental Engineering lab. The
bench scale plant were run over a designed period of 12 to 13 months during July 2017 to
May 2018. About 400 selected samples were collected and tested for were 12 different
selected parameters. As found that the shrimp processed wastewater contains large amount
of organic waste, thus decision has been taken to design suspended growth activated sludge
biological treatment process. In bench scale plant, two clarifiers and an aeration basin have
been designed as a completely mixed extended aeration activated sludge process. Collected
wastewater from the selected industry and poured in to the bench scale plant. According to
design the hydraulic retention time was nearly eight hours. The results show that the raw
wastewater of shrimp processing industry contain average DO, BOD5, COD, TDS, SS and
Chloride of 2.07, 177, 355, 2894, 383 and 821 mg/L respectively. The EC and pH was
contain of 4.51 mS/cm and 8.03. The bench scale plant has removed remarkable organic
loading. The BOD5 reduction has been founded from 177 to 41 mg/L (77%) and COD from
355 to 117 mg/L (67%) respectively. The rest of all parameters have met the national
standard. It can be said from the obtained analysis that the treatment was moderate level.
Based on the foregoing result it may be said, this design criteria or bench scale plant can be
effectively used in shrimp processed wastewater treatment.Pronab Kumar DebnathMasters of Science in Civil Engineerin
