Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Books
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Sustainability and Sustainable International Public Procurement Law in Kenya
No full textThis paper examined sustainability and sustainable international public procurement law in Kenya, analyzing the integration of environmental, social, and economic sustainability principles within the country's procurement framework. Through comprehensive desktop research, the study identifies a procurement system in transition, characterized by an emerging legal foundation for sustainability that has yet to translate into consistent implementation practices across government entities and sectors. Drawing on Institutional Theory and Stakeholder Theory, the analysis reveals significant implementation gaps stemming from institutional capacity constraints, market readiness limitations, and asymmetric stakeholder influence patterns. Findings indicate substantial sectoral variations in sustainability integration, with energy and agriculture demonstrating more advanced practices compared to infrastructure, healthcare, and general services. While Kenya's procurement regulations align with approximately 58% of international sustainable procurement standards, placing it ahead of regional peers, significant challenges persist in operationalizing sustainability principles, particularly in lifecycle costing methodologies, criteria development, and monitoring mechanisms. The research concludes by recommending a multidimensional approach addressing regulatory refinement, capacity development, supplier engagement, digital transformation, and stakeholder participation to advance Kenya's sustainable procurement practices within the international legal context.
Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable International Public Procurement & Keny
Microfinance Lending and Women Empowerment in Nakuru County Informal Settlement in Kenya
No full textThis study examined the impact of microfinance lending on women empowerment in Nakuru County informal settlements, Kenya, focusing on four microfinance service components: institutional lending services, saving services, microinsurance services, and financial training. The study adopted a descriptive survey design targeting women aged 18-60 years residing in informal settlements who were current or potential beneficiaries of microfinance services. From a target population of 400 women, a sample of 200 respondents was selected using purposive sampling, achieving a 93.0% response rate with 186 completed questionnaires. Data was collected using structured questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that all microfinance services had significant positive relationships with women empowerment, with lending services showing the strongest correlation (r = 0.779), followed by saving services (r = 0.776), microinsurance services (r = 0.768), and financial training (r = 0.732). The regression model demonstrated substantial explanatory power (R² = 0.723, F = 118.033, p < 0.05), with lending services being the strongest predictor of women empowerment (β = 0.275), followed by saving services (β = 0.245), microinsurance services (β = 0.244), and financial training (β = 0.180). The study concluded that microfinance services significantly contribute to women empowerment, though challenges exist regarding affordability and accessibility, recommending that microfinance institutions redesign products, strengthen financial literacy programs, improve microinsurance awareness, and expand training availability
Business Processes Strategy and Performance of Agri-Based Cooperatives in Kenya
No full textIn Kenya's dynamic agricultural sector, the strategic decisions of cooperatives are pivotal in shaping their performance and long-term sustainability. With a growing emphasis on evidence-based decision-making, there is heightened interest in agricultural cooperatives across the country. The Cooperative Alliance of Kenya (CAK) highlights the importance of data-driven approaches over intuition, as these provide a significant competitive advantage. However, despite many organizations collecting cooperative-related data, they often lack the expertise to analyze it effectively and extract actionable insights. This study explored the effect of business processes strategy on the performance of agri-based cooperatives in Kenya. The study was anchored on strategic choice theory which provides the foundation for understanding how business processes strategy influences organizational performance. Data was collected from 144 respondents in management roles across agricultural cooperatives. Primary data were gathered through questionnaires, and secondary data were derived from financial reports of the cooperatives covering 2020 to 2025. A pilot study was conducted to validate the data collection tools, employing Cronbach's alpha for reliability and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test to confirm sampling adequacy. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, involving data coding and analysis to produce descriptive and inferential insights. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were used to summarize the data. Inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analyses, were employed to identify relationships. The study found a strong positive correlation between business processes strategy and cooperative performance (r = 0.640, p = 0.000), with business processes strategy explaining 46.2% of the variance in performance outcomes (R² = 0.462, β = 0.592, p = 0.000). The study concludes that systematic process optimization, customer relationship management, and operational enhancement significantly improve cooperative performance across multiple dimensions. Managers should prioritize internal process optimization, invest in automation technologies, establish KPIs for continuous improvement, and foster cross-functional collaboration through member engagement and innovation initiatives. Policymakers should develop infrastructure, establish cooperative support hubs offering technical assistance and digital tools, provide incentives for process innovation, and create regulatory frameworks supporting modernization, aligning with Kenya's Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals to promote agri-based cooperative development and sustainability.
Keywords: Business processes strategy, performance, agri-based cooperatives in Keny
Effect of Product Standardization on Performance of Multinational Corporations
No full textMultinationals Corporations invests across the borders either as owner’s equity or venture capitalists. Over years they have invested in Kenyan market with immense success, others have attempted to enter the market with miserable results. Dismal performance of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) may pinpoint their failure to manage product strategy. The study’s main objective was to establish the effect of product standardization on performance of multinational corporation. The study used descriptive research design. The research intended to obtain data from 56 Multinational Corporations within the Nairobi environ the actual respondents were 44 while 12 did not respond representing a response rate of 78%. Primary data was obtained from the questionnaire that was administered and answered by financial and marketing managers. Descriptive study was adopted a statistical analysis by use of analytical tables. A test of Multicolinearity was directed using the regression analysis to ascertain whether there is correlation between product strategy and performance. The findings revealed that the product strategy employed are customisation and innovation and standardisation with respondents contributing performance at 61 to 68 percent. The study established that product strategies has effect on performance of multinational corporations on FMCG firms in Kenya. This is attributed to the fact that majority of the companies’ employ product strategies. The study established that product strategies have effect on performance of multinational corporations on FMCG firms in Kenya. All the multinational companies agreed that they use at least one strategy. The study therefore recommends that local firms should adopt the said strategies in order internationalize.
Key Words: Product Standardization, Performance of Multinational Corporation
A Comprehensive Review of the Underlying Causes of Conflict in the Borderland Areas of Mandera County (Mandera /Dawa and Liben Zone)
No full textThe paper provides an overview of the patterns of communal violence in Kenya, as well as to highlight important drivers and prospective peacebuilding strategies along the borderland area in Mandera County of North Eastern Kenya. Several variables that have been identified as crucial in understanding the occurrence of violent communal conflict in Kenya include the politicised nature of ethnicity in the country, as well as the fact that elections and land tenure are intimately tied with ethnic identity. The following four primary factors that contribute to conflict were explored: electoral politics, local resources, boundaries and local authority. These factors were discussed in addition to the dynamics of national politics. The article has also emphasised that particular dynamics are at play in different conflicts. The precise way that different conflict drivers interact with one another varies from case to case, which suggests that actors who are looking to manage and resolve conflicts need to conduct comprehensive analysis of the conflict that is currently taking place. Not only does this imply that all conflicts should be viewed against the backdrop of a state and a political culture in which ethnicity is strongly politicised, but it also suggests that the impact of political dynamics at the national level on communal conflicts will differ from case to case.
Keywords: Communal Conflict, Mandera County Borderlands, Electoral Politics, Resource Competition, Ethnic Identit
Utilization of Electronic Medical Record System for the Management of HIV/AIDS Information in Public Hospitals in Homa Bay County, Kenya
No full textThe adoption of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) is increasing globally due to its potential to improve data accuracy and patient management. However, in Kenya's public health sector, especially in Homa Bay County, full EMR utilization remains limited, hindered by reliance on paper systems and frequent data loss. This study aimed to identify key socio-demographic, organizational, human, and technological factors influencing EMR use for managing HIV/AIDS information in public hospitals in Homa Bay County. Using a cross-sectional design, 198 healthcare professionals were selected via stratified random sampling. Data were collected through structured and unstructured questionnaires and analyzed using STATA version 18 and thematic analysis. Chi-square tests revealed that education level (p < .001) and staff cadre (p < .001) significantly influenced EMR use, with diploma holders and clinical staff showing higher odds of full utilization. Human factors, including continuous use (OR = 5.75, p = .005), frequency, perceived usefulness, and provider demand, were significant predictors. Organizational factors identified capacity building and support (OR = 3.35, p = .026) as the only significant influence. Technological factors, including user-friendliness, access speed, internet bandwidth, and system orientation, showed strong associations with full utilization (p < .05), while age, gender, and other structural variables were not significant. Findings highlight the critical roles of training, usability, and support systems in promoting EMR adoption in public healthcare. The study concludes that targeted capacity-building for support and data staff, addressing technological barriers through system upgrades, fostering positive attitudes via mentorship and supervision, and enforcing organizational policies and governance are essential to sustain meaningful EMR use. The study recommends targeted capacity-building for support and data staff, addressing technological barriers through system upgrades, fostering positive attitudes via mentorship and supervision, and enforcing organizational policies and governance to sustain meaningful EMR use.
Keywords: Electronic Medical Records, EMR Utilization, Human Determinants, Organizational Factors, Technological Factors, HIV/AIDS Information Managemen
Assessing Barriers to Electrical Vehicles and Its Impact On Public Acceptability in Rwanda: A Case Study of Kigali City
No full textDespite global advancements in electric vehicles (EVs) adoption, Rwanda has struggled to meet its goal of importing 20,000 EVs annually due to barriers such as limited awareness, inadequate infrastructure, high costs, and unreliable electricity, particularly outside Kigali. While research on EVs adoption has focused on developed regions, there is a gap in studies addressing Rwanda’s unique challenges. This study aimed to identify obstacles, assess policies, and propose strategies to accelerate EVs adoption to support Rwanda’s climate goals. The main objective was to evaluate public acceptability by identifying economic, social, and infrastructural challenges affecting EVs adoption. Specific objectives include identifying key barriers, assessing public perceptions, evaluating policies and infrastructure, and proposing solutions to increase EVs uptake in Rwanda. The study aimed to provide insights beneficial to police makers, investors, and stakeholders in the transport and energy sectors. Findings offered Evidence-based recommendations to overcome barriers, enhance EVs adoption, and improve Rwanda’s transition towards sustainable mobility while addressing infrastructural and economic constraints. In conclusion, the study highlights that while there is growing interest in electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Rwanda. In conclusion, the study highlights that while there is growing interest in electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Rwanda, significant barriers remain primarily the high upfront cost, limited charging infrastructure, and low public awareness.
Keywords: Barriers, Electrical, Vehicles, Public and Acceptabilit
Public Procurement Laws Under Supply Chain in Kenya
No full textThis paper examined Kenya’s public procurement laws under the supply chain, focusing on their design, implementation, and effectiveness in promoting transparency, competitiveness, and sustainability. Anchored in the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act (PPADA) 2015 and supported by complementary statutes such as the Public Finance Management Act 2012, the Public-Private Partnerships Act 2013, and the Access to Government Procurement Opportunities (AGPO) framework, the legal regime aims to align procurement processes with constitutional requirements and national development priorities. Using a positivist research philosophy and cross-sectional survey design, data was collected from 667 top management personnel across 52 commercial state corporations. Findings indicate high awareness of procurement laws and significant adoption of affirmative action measures, yet enforcement effectiveness remains moderate. The study also identified challenges, including weak enforcement, bureaucratic delays, political interference, and limited integration of sustainability performance metrics. While the framework has standardized procurement processes and improved SME participation, gaps in monitoring and operationalization of sustainability objectives persist. The study concludes that strengthening oversight, simplifying procedures, and institutionalizing sustainability assessment tools are essential to fully realize the transformative potential of procurement laws in driving sustainable economic, social, and environmental outcomes in Kenya’s public supply chain system.
Keywords: Public Procurement, Supply Chain Management, Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act (PPADA) 2015, Access to Government Procurement Opportunities (AGPO)
Effect of Leadership Intervention Strategies on Conflict Management in the Anglican Church, Diocese of Eldoret
No full textThe main purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of leadership intervention strategies in the Anglican Church Diocese of Eldoret. The research design adopted for this study was a descriptive survey. The target population was 1933 respondents comprising lay congregants, church leaders and the clergy members. The sample size was 331 respondents. The data collection instruments for this study primarily consisted of a questionnaire and interview guide. Data analysis was conducted using a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The quantitative data from surveys was coded and processed and analyzed by SPSS version 25. The finding was presented with the aid of tables, graphs and notes. The study findings showed that leadership intervention strategies had a statistically significant influence on conflict management outcomes (β1=0.201; p<0.05). In conclusion, transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness were more effective in managing conflicts within the Anglican Church Diocese of Eldoret. The study recommended that the church leaders should continue to prioritize transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness in their leadership practices.
Key words: Leadership intervention strategy, Conflict management, Anglican Church and Diocese of Eldoret
Types of Adventure Tourism Product and Sustainable Tourism Development in Nakuru County, Kenya
No full textTourism destinations globally are pursuing product diversification to enhance competitiveness and meet evolving traveler preferences. Adventure tourism has emerged as a significant growth sector, offering unique experiences that combine physical challenges with environmental and cultural engagement. The tourism industry in Kenya faces significant challenges in optimizing adventure tourism's contribution to sustainable development. While several studies have explored various tourism aspects, there remains a significant gap in understanding how adventure tourism products contribute to sustainable development in Nakuru County, particularly regarding types of adventure tourism products. Thus, the study examined the effect of types of adventure tourism products on sustainable tourism development. The theoretical framework was grounded in Weaver's Model and Diffusion of Innovation Theory, supported through a correlational research design. The target population comprised 507,751 individuals including adventure tourists at four key adventure sites (Lake Nakuru National Park, Hell's Gate National Park, Menengai Crater, Mt. Longonot National Park) and seven key stakeholder groups in Nakuru County. Using stratified random sampling, 400 respondents were targeted and 378 complete responses were received, achieving a 94.5% response rate. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between types of adventure tourism products and sustainable tourism development, with a correlation coefficient of r=.643 (significant at p=0.000). The regression analysis confirmed this relationship, with types of adventure tourism products (β=0.315, t=9.398, p=0.000) showing a significant positive effect on sustainable tourism development. The study recommends that adventure tourism operators should improve the structure and definition of their adventure products, with clear safety protocols and cultural sensitivity, while tourism authorities should establish comprehensive product development guidelines. Future research should explore additional variables beyond adventure tourism products and conduct comparative studies in other counties to identify region-specific versus universal factors in adventure tourism's contribution to sustainable development.
Keywords: Adventure tourism, sustainable development, Nakuru County, Keny