Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Books
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The Impact of AI-Driven Performance Evaluation on Organizational Outcomes in Kenya: A Systematic Literature Review
No full textThis study explored the impact of AI-driven performance evaluation on organizational outcomes across various sectors in Kenya. Employing a desktop review methodology, it synthesized insights from academic literature, policy documents, and industry reports relevant to Kenya’s socioeconomic context. Thematic analysis highlighted core themes such as workforce productivity, decision-making, and risk management. Findings revealed that AI-driven performance evaluation significantly enhances organizational outcomes by improving decision-making accuracy, optimizing workforce management, and reinforcing risk management practices. However, adoption in Kenyan organizations faces barriers such as high costs, limited IT infrastructure, and data privacy concerns, particularly affecting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study concludes that while AI-driven performance evaluation holds immense potential to improve organizational outcomes, its success depends on strategic, context-specific implementation and robust regulatory frameworks to address ethical and data privacy challenges. Policymakers are urged to establish comprehensive guidelines for ethical AI adoption, develop affordable AI solutions for SMEs, and invest in IT infrastructure and workforce training to maximize AI's benefits.
Keywords: AI-driven performance evaluation, organizational outcomes, productivity, decision-making, Kenya, organizational readiness theory, resource-based view, public administration, SMEs, risk management, AI adoption, workforce productivity, sustainable growt
Crowd Management, Risk Assessment Strategies and Sports Tourism Events in Nairobi County, Kenya
No full textThe lack of long-term, sustainable strategic planning and development for sports and tourism in Kenya is a challenge for Kenya's sports tourism industry. The purpose of the study was thus to determine the impact of risk assessment methodologies on sporting tourism events. The specific objectives of the study were: to create a profile of the sports tourism events and venues, to establish the effect of crowd management and risk assessment strategies on sports tourism events in Nairobi County, Kenya; and to determine the moderating effect of financial capability on the relationship between crowd management, risk assessment strategies, and sports tourism events in Nairobi County, Kenya. In this study, a descriptive research approach was utilized, and the population of interest consisted of 17 prominent sporting event venues located within Nairobi County. The research focused its attention on a total of 340 participants in addition to 69 managers. The participants in the study, which consisted of 17 managers and 105 sportspeople, were chosen using a technique called purposeful sampling. In order to obtain data that reflect the ideas and opinions of the respondents in an unfiltered manner, questionnaires and an interview guide were used. A linear regression model was used to link the independent variable to the dependent variable. Result outputs were represented in tables, charts, and bars. The multiple linear regression analysis findings revealed a coefficient of determination of 0.700, implying that the independent variable used in this study; crowd management and risk management strategies, explains 70% of the variation in sports tourism events in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study established that there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between Crowd management and risk management strategies and the success of sports tourism events in Nairobi County (β=0.837, p=0.000<0.05). The study also established that financial capability had moderating effect on the relationship between crowd management and risk assessment strategies and the success of sports tourism events in Nairobi County. The study thus recommends a multi-agency approach to strengthen risk assessment and crowd management protocols.
Keywords: Crowd Management, Sports Tourism Events, Risk Assessment Strategies, Kenya Sports Tourism Safety, Nairobi County Sports Event
Intimacy and Marital Satisfaction Among Christian Married Couples among Christian Married Couples in Two Selected Churches in Nairobi County, Kenya
No full textThere exists high rate of marital dissatisfaction due to marital conflicts, even among church couples. This study sought to examine the relationship between intimacy and marital satisfaction in Christian married couples in two selected churches in Nairobi County. The study adopted a quantitative research method and used a descriptive study research design. The findings indicated a statistically significant strong positive correlation between marital satisfaction and intimacy. The study concluded that intimacy was critical to the quality of a marriage. This implies that the greater the quality of intimacy in a marriage, the greater the quality of marital satisfaction. The research recommended that the church should create greater awareness of the importance and significance of constructive conflict resolution as a vehicle for enhancing marital satisfaction among Christian couples
Keywords: Intimacy, Marital Satisfaction, Christian Couple
Finding the Nexus between Gender-Based Violence and Conservation
No full textThis review paper explores the complex and multifaceted relationship between gender-based violence (GBV) and conservation efforts, emphasizing the interconnected challenges faced by rural communities. It analyzes how GBV undermines conservation outcomes by limiting women’s participation, eroding traditional ecological knowledge, exacerbating resource exploitation, and weakening community resilience. Drawing on case studies from Northern Ghana, India, and Tanzania, the paper highlights how environmental issues such as resource scarcity, displacement, and conservation-related conflicts increase the vulnerability of women to GBV. The review also discusses strategies for addressing these challenges, including empowering women, integrating gender considerations into conservation policies, and creating safe environments for participation. Finally, it calls for more research into the links between GBV and conservation, urging the development of targeted interventions that address the root causes of both GBV and environmental degradation. By integrating gender-sensitive approaches, conservation initiatives can achieve more equitable and sustainable outcomes for all community members.
Keywords: Gender Equality, Women's Empowerment, Social Cohesion, Ecological Knowledge, Sustainable Resource Managemen
The Impact of Behavioral Training Interventions on Motorcycle Accident Prevalence: A 6-Month Pre-Post Study among Motorcycle Riders in Kiambu County, Kenya
No full textMotorcycle accidents have become a leading cause of fatalities and injuries in Kenya, with a significant impact on families, communities, and the healthcare system. This study aimed to establish the impact of behavioral training interventions on motorcycle accident prevalence among motorcycle riders in Kiambu County over a 6-month period. The study employed the Epidemiological Model for Non-infectious Diseases as its theoretical framework. A quasi-experimental research design was adopted, with a sample of 140 motorcycle riders randomly selected from Kiambu County. The participants were divided into a control group and an experimental group, with the latter undergoing a 2-week behavioral training intervention conducted by a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist (CBT). The Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ) was used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. The findings revealed that during the post-training period, the experimental group experienced a reduced prevalence of motorcycle accidents at 23% (16 out of 70 observations), compared to the control group's prevalence rate of 48% (34 out of 70 observations). A paired sample t-test showed a significant difference between pre-training and post-training periods (p=0.000), and a Chi-square test indicated a significant association between behavioral training interventions and motorcycle safety (X^2^=22.308, df=15, p<0.010). The study concludes that behavioral training interventions have a statistically significant impact on improving motorcycle safety among riders in Kiambu County. It is recommended that the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) incorporates behavioral training as a standard component of the motorcycle licensing process and that policymakers, road safety organizations, and motorcycle rider training programs prioritize the implementation and expansion of these interventions to promote motorcycle safety in Kenya
Nurses’ Characteristics Associated with Good Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of the Malaria Vaccine in Bungoma County, Kenya
No full textThe study examined nurse characteristics associated with Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding malaria vaccination in Bungoma County, Kenya. Malaria remains a major health burden in Kenya, with 3.4 million cases and 12,000 deaths in 2021. Bungoma County, a malaria-endemic area, implemented the RTS S1 malaria vaccine, but dropout rates for subsequent doses are high. The fourth dose dropout, particularly in Bungoma and Siaya, poses a significant challenge to vaccine adherence. A cross-sectional descriptive study comprising mixed research methods; comprising key informant interviews was conducted among nurses in Bungoma County. A stratified random sampling was used to select 63 health facilities providing malaria vaccine. Data collection involved structured questionnaires, observation checklist, and key informant interview guide. Hawthorne effect was minimized by rapport building or familiarizing the participants by spending a whole morning at the facility CWC and assuring sampled participants of anonymity, this made the participants calm and can provide immunization services without fear of being judged. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics to determine associations between nurse demographics and KAP scores. The study found good KAP was significantly associated with characteristics such as age, years of experience, education level, and prior malaria vaccine training. Nurses aged over 35, with higher education, and those trained in malaria vaccine administration had a higher likelihood of exhibiting good knowledge and positive attitudes. The study concludes that implementing targeted training programs and mentorship initiatives for less experienced and younger nursing staff is essential for strengthening vaccine implementation effectiveness. Enhanced continuous education programs in Bungoma County would likely improve malaria vaccine practices and outcomes. Additionally, the findings indicate that structured support systems and ongoing professional development are crucial elements in maintaining high standards of vaccine delivery. The study recommends that mandatory comprehensive training programs should be established, incorporating both theoretical knowledge and hands-on practical skills development. These programs should be regularly updated to reflect current best practices and emerging challenges in vaccine delivery. Furthermore, the implementation of structured on-site mentorship programs, combined with continuous supervision, should be prioritized to ensure consistent application of proper vaccination protocols. Regular refresher courses should be offered to maintain and update healthcare workers' knowledge and skills, while a peer support system should be established to facilitate knowledge sharing and professional development.
Keywords: Malaria, Malaria vaccination, Vaccine dropout, Knowledge, attitude, and practices, Immunization coverag
Assessing Flood Vulnerability Zones and Their Driving Factors to Guide Community-Based Resilience Planning Across Ngororero District, Rwanda
No full textFloods are recognized as devastating and deleterious natural disasters which are contemporary substantial threats to communities, exerting profound impacts on human lives, infrastructure, and the environment. Hence, the aims of this research were to assess and map the flood vulnerability zones, determine the primary local factors driving flood vulnerability, and evaluate the existing flood mitigation measures and propose evidence-based recommendations for enhancing community-based flood resilience. Using an integrated approach, this study combined remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and expert knowledge, to map and model flood vulnerability zones, determining the risk levels using the AHP model considering a set of driving independent variables including elevation, slope, rainfall, land use/land cover (LULC), soil type, distance to streams, distance to roads, flow accumulation, and topographic wetness index (TWI). The results of the study for the first objective showed that 66.6% of the area classified as very high and high vulnerability zones, mainly in the northern and north-western regions. Moderately vulnerable areas covered 18.1%, predominantly in the southern and central parts, while low and very low vulnerability zones comprised 15.3%, mainly in the central and north-eastern regions. This highlights the heterogeneous distribution of vulnerability across the district, emphasizing the need for tailored mitigation strategies. The results of the second objective revealed rainfall (26.7%), proximity to rivers (21.4%), flow accumulation (13.3%), and LULC (12.5%) as the most influencing factors to flood vulnerability in the study area. In addition, the soil texture (9.4%) and elevation (8.2%) exhibited moderate influence, while TWI (4.1%), proximity to roads (2.8%), and slope (1.6%) disclosed a low influence. Understanding these factors enables prioritization of mitigation efforts, focusing on addressing rainfall patterns and proximity to rivers. The third objective suggested sustainable land management practices such as afforestation, agroforestry, terracing, and engineering strategies such as dam construction, resilient drainage systems in addition to strengthening early warning systems as measures that can help in flood vulnerability reduction. Thus, integrating ecosystem-based, infrastructure-based, and community-based measures is crucial for reducing flood vulnerability in Ngororero District, Rwanda.
Keywords: Community Resilience, Flood Vulnerability, GIS, Ngororero District, Remote sensing
Economics of Dairy Cow Feeding in Ngoma District, Rwanda
No full textA pair of studies was conducted in the Zaza Sector of Rwanda's Ngoma District to evaluate both smallholder and large-scale dairy production. The research assessed economic viability, caloric output, and production efficiency in smallholder dairies, while evaluating various feeding options for economic feasibility. The smallholder study, conducted on individual farms, involved survey teams measuring milk output and documenting distances traveled for feed and water collection, supplemented by farmer interviews. Concurrently, the large-scale dairy evaluation examined feeding trials across multiple years and systems, consistently using the same 12 cows throughout. The research employed systematic sampling methods, with smallholders selected through linear systematic sampling and the 12 trial cows chosen randomly from those present throughout the study period. Smallholder operations predominantly used two feeding methods: cutting and carrying Napier grass or grazing on unimproved pasture and scrub. In contrast, the large-scale dairy tested six distinct diets for economic viability. Notably, smallholder operations showed minimal variation in milk production between dairy and local Ankole breeds, both averaging under 3 liters per lactating day, while the large dairy achieved yields exceeding 15 liters with certain diets, though with significant variations in production and profitability. The study revealed that smallholders' effective milk yield (365-day average) remained consistent at approximately 1.5 liters per day, regardless of feeding system or breed. Their primary monetary benefit came from calf sales rather than milk production. The caloric analysis showed modest benefits: grazing systems provided a net gain of 235.24 calories, while Napier cut-and-carry systems yielded only 62.63 calories, with many farmers experiencing caloric deficits. The large-scale operation demonstrated that 22-hour daily grazing on improved Brachiaria pasture outperformed five different confinement feeding options in both milk yield and economic returns, even when considering alternative land uses. However, this system's reduced manure collection capability presented a trade-off. The research concluded that while improved pasture systems might not suit smallholders, who could benefit more from confinement options, their primary challenges lie in market access and storage capabilities rather than production methods alone. The study recommends the development of hub dairy systems centered around operations like SACPP to serve as collection and processing points for smallholder milk production, coupled with a systematic supplementary feeding program and cooperative refrigeration facilities, while implementing a pilot program of maize bran supplementation to demonstrate the potential for increased yields through improved nutrition.
Keywords: Economics, Dairy, Cow Feeding, Ngoma District, Rwand
The Role of Supplier Relationship Management to the Supply Chain Performance of an Organization; A Case of Inyange Industries in Kicukiro District, Rwanda
No full textThe research study was role of supplier relationship management to the supply chain performance of an organisation. A case of Inyange industries in Kicukiro district, Rwanda and the target population was 152 employees and the same sample size was 152 as respondents .Study employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, and data was analysed with aid of SPSS software program version 25.0, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to present frequencies tables, percentages, mean and standard deviation and Inferential analysis was employed in order to use Pearson correlation and multiple regression model to test the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. Descriptive statistics used to produce frequency tables, percentages and mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics were used in order to provide person correlation and multiple regression model to test and draw relationship between variables both for independent band dependent, the effect of information sharing on supply chain performance at Inyange Industries in Kicukiro district, Rwanda. The overall means of results was4.48, the effect of quality dependability on supply chain performance at Inyange industries in Kicukiro district, Rwanda. The overall means of results was 4.48, the effect of service reliability on supply chain performance at Inyange Industries in Kicukiro district, Rwanda. The overall means of results was 4.48, the effect of supply chain strategy on supply chain performance at Inyange Industries in Kicukiro district, Rwanda. The overall means of results was 4.30 and the data on supply chain performance was analysed, the overall means of results was 4.63. Based on the results, it presented that the supply chain performance was on good grades. It indicated that the relationship between Supplier relationship management and supply chain performance at Inyange Industries in Kicukiro district, Rwanda between Information sharing , Quality dependability ,Service reliability and supply chain strategy and supply chain performance was 0.919, 0.855 ,0 .808 and 0.912 respectively, The results present the variables of supplier relationship management; Information Sharing, was not statistically significant with p value=0.168b, the Quality Dependability was not statistically significant with p value=0.210b, and the Service Reliability was not statistically significant with p value=0.132b and Supply chain strategy was statistically significant with p value=0.000b. It concluded that there was a significant relationship between supplier relationship management and supply chain. The study recommended that MINICOM should mobilize Rwandan citizens to be involved in supplier relationship management in far as the value chain is concerned in order to again money thus personal economic improvement.
Keywords: Supplier Relationship Management, Supply Chain Performance, Inyange Industries, Kicukiro District, Rwanda
The Role of Procurement Practice in Shaping Competitive Advantage
No full textcompetitive advantage within the Rwandan liquor market. Employing a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, this research addressed four key objectives: assessing the influence of market intelligence on NBG's competitive edge, examining how procurement planning impacted its competitive positioning, exploring the significance of buyer-supplier relationships in enhancing competitive advantage, and investigating the effects of agile procurement on NBG's market standing. The findings offered essential insights for businesses navigating dynamic industries. Market intelligence, characterized by customer-driven product customization and real-time pricing adjustments, emerged as a potent force in maintaining a competitive edge. Procurement planning, marked by reliable supply, cost efficiency, and robust supplier relationships, proved pivotal in ensuring product quality and competitive pricing. Buyer-supplier relationships, founded on collaboration and trust, set NBG apart, securing fair pricing, quality ingredients, and a reinforced supply chain. Agile procurement practices enhanced adaptability, reduced response times, and maintained brand relevance. In conclusion, this study underscored the paramount importance of market intelligence and strategic procurement practices in shaping NBG's competitive advantage in the Rwandan liquor market. The research findings provided valuable insights and recommendations for businesses aiming to excel in dynamic environments, emphasizing the interconnectedness of factors that collectively influenced market positioning and operational efficiency.
Key words: Procurement practices, shaping competitive advantage