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Toward Environmentally Optimal Cattle Systems in Rwanda: A Comparative Analysis with Emphasis on Brachiaria-Based BNI Pastures
No full textLivestock systems in Rwanda face pressure to intensify amid growing environmental, economic, and climate-related demands. Zero-grazing (cut-and-carry) modelshave been promoted for their perceived efficiency and methane mitigation potential, but these assumptions often rely on idealized view of productivity and fail to take into account full-system costs, including labor, land use, and reproductive inefficiencies. This paper compares four cattle rearing systems; extensive, semi-intensive, zero-grazing, and Brachiaria-based pasture systems enhanced by Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) using environmental, productivity, and economic indicators. Annualized milk yield, labor burden, land use efficiency, and GHG emissions are evaluated using field data, national policy estimates, and published studies. Results reveal that zero-grazing systems produce an average of 540–600 liters of milk per cow per year, despite intensive feeding and year-round labor. In contrast, SACPP’s BNI-enhanced pasture system averages ~2,700 liters per cow per year, with minimal external inputs and lower environmental burden. Both systems support ~5 cows per hectare annually, but the Brachiaria pasture achieves this without tillage, erosion, or feed transport costs. Metrics like GWP★ are used to assess methane's true impact, showing that systems with stable herd sizes may be climate-neutral or cooling over time. We recommend incorporating annual yield, labor return, and land-use efficiency as standard metrics for livestock evaluation. BNI-enhanced grazing systems offer a credible, regenerative path forward for Rwanda balancing productivity with climate resilience, soil health, and farmer viability.
Keywords: Livestock, Methane, GWP★, Brachiaria, BNI, Rwanda, Pasture systems, Zero-grazing, Sustainabilit
Corporate Governance, Quality Audit, Transparency and Creative Accounting of Commercial State-Owned Enterprises in Kenya
No full textOrganizations worldwide face significant challenges in corporate governance, audit quality, transparency and creative accounting practices, despite the presence of enhanced regulatory frameworks and oversight mechanisms. Creative accounting remains widespread globally, with 46% of organizations reporting accounting fraud and median losses of $593,000 per case, undermining financial reporting integrity and stakeholder trust. In Kenya specifically, despite standardization efforts since 2014, persistent obstacles include limited technology adoption, inadequate legal frameworks, and a shortage of trained personnel, leading to low confidence in financial statements. The study used a comprehensive literature review to examine conceptual and empirical studies on corporate governance, audit quality, transparency, and creative accounting, integrating key theories to develop a cohesive framework and identify gaps in current research and practice. The empirical literature reveals mixed findings regarding the effectiveness of board composition and independence in preventing creative accounting practices. While some studies suggest that board size and independence can significantly influence creative accounting, others indicate no significant impact. However, internal audit functions, when properly implemented, significantly reduce creative accounting practices. The study identifies significant gaps in understanding the effectiveness of governance frameworks, measuring actual compliance with transparency standards, and examining the interrelationships between different governance elements. The study concludes that a comprehensive and integrated approach to corporate governance, audit quality, and transparency is essential to combat creative accounting practices. The study recommends that organizations and policymakers undertake a comprehensive review of existing literature to synthesize fragmented knowledge and develop a cohesive framework integrating key theories. Empirical literature should be reviewed to understand the practical implications of governance mechanisms and to tailor governance structures effectively. Collaborative efforts between organizations and researchers are essential to address emerging gaps and develop an integrated theoretical framework. A suitable framework incorporating audit quality as a mediator and transparency as a moderator should be proposed and validated through empirical testing. Organizations should prioritize implementing governance mechanisms such as diverse boards, robust internal and external audit functions, and enhanced transparency practices.
Keywords: Corporate Governance, Audit Quality, Transparency, Creative Accounting, Theoretical Framewor
Stakeholder Engagement and Implementation of Total Quality Management Practices in Public Universities in Mombasa County, Kenya
No full textThe adoption and efficacy of Total Quality Management methods are essential to upholding high academic standards and operational efficiency at Mombasa County, Kenya's public universities. However, the challenge lies in effectively integrating these practices within the unique operational frameworks of Kenyan universities. The study aimed to determine the influence of stakeholder engagement on the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) practices in public universities in Mombasa County, Kenya. Specifically, the research examined four key aspects of stakeholder engagement and their effect on TQM implementation: stakeholder participation in decision making, stakeholder empowerment, stakeholder communication, and stakeholder grievance management. The study was anchored on Theory of Constraints, Stakeholder Theory, Resource-Based View Theory and Contingency Theory. The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design, targeting 390 university staff members comprising management board members, departmental heads, and teaching staff. Stratified random sampling was used to select 197 departmental heads and teaching staff, while purposive sampling was employed to choose 12 management board members. Data was collected through questionnaires and analysed using both quantitative and qualitative techniques after coding and preparation on spreadsheets. The study revealed significant positive correlations between stakeholder engagement factors (participation in decision making, empowerment, communication, and grievance management) and TQM implementation. Regression analysis showed that these factors collectively explained 78.1% of the variance in TQM implementation, with stakeholder grievance management having the strongest impact. The study concluded that stakeholder engagement is crucial for successful TQM implementation in public universities and recommends prioritizing stakeholder involvement, empowerment, communication, and grievance management.
Keywords: Stakeholder Engagement, Total Quality Management Practices, Public Universities, Mombasa County, Keny
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Compliance on the Mining Sector in Rwanda
Get PDFThis research evaluates the mining sector of Rwanda in terms of compliance, enforcement challenges and implementation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) regulatory requirements. As at 2022, the sector was one of key economic drivers contributing hugely about $733 million in exports and 3.6% of GDP to the growth, however, the sector is undoubtedly grappling with obvious environmental and social challenges. The effectiveness ESIA compliance in the mining sector was evaluated using a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative data from the government, companies, and communities. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means, regression and correlation analysis. The results indicated that males across all age groups constituted 62% of the miners while female constituted only 38% demonstrating a higher participation of males in the mining sector compared to females. Also, various levels of inconsistency in compliance with proper ESIA procedures and guidelines were observed with only 28% of the companies in Full Compliance (FU), 48% Partial Compliance (PC), and 24% showed Non-Compliance (NC). It was also observed that a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between deforestation and ESIA compliance (r = -0.62, p < 0.01), and a strong inverse relationship was found between ESIA compliance and water contamination (r = -0.58, p < 0.01). Similarly, a stronger ESIA enforcement corresponds with lower biodiversity loss (r = -0.55, p < 0.01). ESIA compliance and stakeholder participation were correlated and the result showed (r = 0.67, p < 0.01), also, the relationship between ESIA compliance and conflict reduction was (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). Again, significant positive relationship between ESIA compliance and mining sector profitability (β=0.42, p<0.01 & beta = 0.42, p < 0.01 β=0.42, p<0.01) was observed. While ESIA compliance initially imposes higher operational costs, the regression analysis indicated that it ultimately results in long-term cost savings (β=−0.38, p<0.05 & beta = -0.38, p < 0.05 β=−0.38, p<0.05). The findings highlighted a strong association between ESIA compliance and a company's market reputation (β=0.55, p<0.01 & beta = 0.55, p < 0.01β=0.55, p<0.01). The study recommends strengthening regulatory oversight, implementing digital compliance tracking, enhancing community participation, and enforcing stricter penalties for non-compliance. Addressing these challenges is essential for aligning Rwanda's obligated best practices in the mining sector with Vision 2050 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ensuring responsible resource management, proper environmental conservation, and responsible social justice.
Key words : Mining, Compliance, Environment, Sustainability, Impact, Assessmen
Analyzing Socioeconomic Effects of Renewable Energy on Business and Household in Rwanda: A Case Study of Rubona Sector, Rwamagana Distict, Eastern Province, Rwanda
Get PDFThis paper examined the socioeconomic effects of renewable energy on businesses and households in Rwanda, focusing on the Rubona Sector of Rwamagana District. As the country increasingly relies on renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, this research aimed to assess the impacts on local communities. The study was titled Analysing Socioeconomic Effects of Renewable Energy on Business and Household in Rwanda: A Case Study of Rubona Sector, Rwamagana District in Eastern Province. The primary objectives of this research include evaluating the impact of renewable energy on business operations and household well-being, investigating the relationship between renewable energy utilization and socioeconomic status, and identifying the challenges and opportunities associated with renewable energy adoption. Despite government efforts to promote renewable energy, gaps remain in understanding its socioeconomic impacts on rural communities. Many households still depend heavily on traditional energy sources, contributing to environmental degradation and health issues. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study combines quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews. Data was collected from 395 respondents through structured questionnaires and interviews with sector leaders and employees of the Rwamagana Solar Panel Plant. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS to evaluate relationships between variables. Findings reveal a strong positive correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.988) between renewable energy adoption and improvements in business and household outcomes. Key results include a mean score of 3.34 for employment opportunities created by renewable energy projects, a mean score of 3.31 for social inclusion improvements, and a mean score of 3.34 reflecting health benefits, specifically a reduction in respiratory diseases due to cleaner energy sources. To enhance the positive impacts of renewable energy, the study recommends expanding renewable energy infrastructure to improve accessibility for more households and businesses, implementing supportive government policies like financial incentives, conducting capacity-building programs to raise awareness about renewable energy benefits, and fostering partnerships with the private sector to encourage investment in renewable energy initiatives.
Keyword: Renewable Energy, Socioeconomic Effects, Solar Panel Plant, Capacity-Building ProgramsTop of For
Effects of Flexible Working Arrangements on Employee Retention in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in North Rift, Kenya
No full textGlobally, organizations encounter significant challenges in implementing flexible work arrangements, which can lead to employee burnout, dissatisfaction, and decreased productivity. To address these issues, organizations must develop effective strategies to retain their workforce. Flexible work options have gained importance in the context of digital innovation, as they are essential for maintaining employee performance. This study specifically investigated the influence of flexible working arrangements on employee retention within non-governmental organizations in North Rift, Kenya. The research focused on constructs such as flexi-time and job sharing, grounded in spillover theory. Utilizing explanatory research design, the study targeted a population of 1,435 individuals and employed stratified and random sampling techniques. A sample size of 313 respondents was determined using Yamane’s formula, with data collected through questionnaires. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, achieving a threshold of 0.7, while validity was ensured through content analysis and expert judgment. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software, with results presented in tables. The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between flexible work arrangements and employee retention (t-statistic=5.865, p-value=0.000<0.05). The study recommends that NGOs adopt flexible work policies to enhance employee retention.
Keywords: Work-life balance, Flexible working arrangements, Employee retention, NGO
Influence of Patient Characteristics and Health System Factors on Performance of Electronic Queue Management Systems Among Outpatients in Radiant Group of Hospitals, Nairobi City County, Kenya
No full textThe purpose of this study was to examine how patient characteristics and health system factors influence the performance of the electronic queue management system among outpatients in radiant group of hospitals, Nairobi City County, Kenya. There is a rise in the number of hospitals adopting a queue management system in order to improve the movement of patients within the facility. Employing a cross-sectional design with stratified sampling, the study collected data from 335 outpatients and conducted key informant interviews with hospital staff. The research was theoretically grounded in Queue Management Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model. Regarding patient characteristics, the analysis revealed significant associations between EQMS performance and age (OR=1.963, p=0.027), with patients aged 60+ reporting 96% higher satisfaction due to reduced physical queuing demands. Education level showed an inverse relationship with system challenges (OR=0.805, p=0.041), indicating that patients with higher education experienced fewer difficulties navigating the system. Employment status also demonstrated significance (OR=1.104, p=0.019), with employed patients reporting better experiences, likely due to greater technology familiarity. For health system factors, staff communication emerged as the strongest predictor (OR=2.220, p=0.025), where clear queue status updates reduced perceived wait times by 122%. Staff engagement (OR=1.633, p=0.046) and responsiveness (OR=0.983, p=0.003) were equally vital, explaining 63% and 98% of variance in satisfaction scores respectively. Environmental factors proved equally crucial, with clear signage (OR=3.145, p=0.041) and cleanliness (OR=3.271, p=0.001) increasing the likelihood of positive experiences by 214% and 227% respectively. Qualitative data highlighted specific challenges for non-English speakers and patients with disabilities. The study concludes that patient characteristics including age, education level, employment status, and trust levels significantly influence Electronic Queue Management System performance among outpatients at Radiant Group of Hospitals, with health system factors such as staff communication, environmental conditions, and organizational support playing equally critical roles in determining system effectiveness. The study recommends that healthcare facilities implement multilingual interface enhancements, staff training programs focused on communication and patient engagement, environmental modifications including improved signage and seating, and accessibility features for special needs populations to ensure comprehensive and equitable electronic queue management system performance.
Keywords: Electronic Queue Management System, Patient characteristics, Health system factors, Outpatient services, Healthcare qualit
The Impact of Climate Variability On Maize Production in Rwanda, A Case of Nyagatare District from 2015-2023
No full textClimate variability significantly affects agricultural productivity, influencing food security and economic stability. This study investigates the impact of climate variability on maize production in Nyagatare District, using maize yield records from 11 cooperatives in Nyagatare District from 2015-2023 and climate data (rainfall and temperature) from five weather stations with in Nyagatare District between 1983- 2023. The Mann-Kendall test and Theil-Sen's slope estimator were applied to assess the historical trend of climate variability of rainfall and temperature from 1983-2023. The results got from Mann-Kendall indicates positive increase in climate patterns over time. The level of maize production was evaluated using standard deviation, revealing fluctuations between 2015 and 2019, followed by a steady increase from 2020 to 2023. To assess the impact of climate variability on maize production, ANOVA was used, revealed that temperature had a statistically significant effect on maize production (F = 45.10, P <5.2*10-24), indicating that variations in temperature levels strongly influenced yield outcomes. In contrast, rainfall did not significantly affect maize production during the same period (F = 1.00042, P = 0.4879), suggesting that the amount or distribution of rainfall was not a major limiting factor in the study area.
Keywords: Climate Variability, Maize Production, Nyagatare District, Rainfall patterns, Temperature Trends, Yield Variability, Agricultur
Effect of Risk Management Techniques on Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
No full textRisk management techniques are systematic approaches that organizations use to identify, assess, prioritize and address potential risks that may affect their business objectives. Financial performance is a crucial indicator that determines the success and sustainability of businesses including small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study aimed to determined risk management techniques and financial performance of SMEs in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study's objective was to assess the influence of risk acceptance, risk avoidance, risk retention, and risk transfer on financial performance of SMEs. The study was anchored by Modern Portfolio Theory, Enterprise Risk Management Framework, and Prospect Theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. Elgeyo Marakwet County was selected because it represents rural Kenya's SME environment accurately. The study target population was 258 registered SMEs in Elgeyo Marakwet County. Using Yamane's (1967) formula, the sample size was calculated as 157 SMEs from manufacturing, trading, and service sectors. A total of 137 SMEs participated in the study. SME owners and managers were surveyed using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used to analyze the data. According to the research regression coefficient findings, risk transfer was positively and significantly related to financial performance (β = 0.407, p=0.000), followed by risk acceptance (β = 0.266, p=0.000), risk avoidance (β = 0.219, p=0.000), and risk retention (β = 0.187, p=0.000). To enhance financial performance, the study recommended that SMEs adopt integrated risk management systems that encompass all four techniques with emphasis on risk transfer strategies such as insurance and contractual agreements.
Keywords: Risk Management Techniques, Financial Performance, Small and Medium Enterprises, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Keny
Effect of Automated Internal Control Systems on Financial Performance of Insurance Companies in Kenya
No full textThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of automated internal control systems on financial performance of insurance companies in Kenya. A descriptive correlational research design was adopted for this study. The target population for the study was all 186 department heads from 62 insurance companies operating in Kenya. A sample of 157 respondents was selected from heads of Internal Audit, ICT, and Accounts departments. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and secondary financial data from audited statements. Both inferential and descriptive statistical analyses were conducted, including regression and correlation analyses. The study found that automated internal control systems significantly influenced financial performance (R² = 0.518, F = 166.535, β = 0.598, t = 12.905, p < 0.001). A total of 95% of respondents reported that automated internal control systems provided sufficient transparency in electronically processed cash receipt data, while 90% confirmed enhanced scalability through automation. The study found that 82% considered automated information and communication systems very important for operational efficiency, with insurance management confirming that automated controls including fraud detection, real-time monitoring, and regulatory compliance had specific roles in promoting financial sustainability. The study concluded that automated internal control systems substantially influence financial performance in Kenya's insurance sector. Companies actively implementing comprehensive automated controls demonstrate stronger fraud prevention capabilities and superior financial outcomes. The study recommends that insurance companies should strengthen automated internal control implementation through investing in pattern recognition systems, establishing real-time monitoring capabilities, and developing comprehensive digital audit trails. The study recommends enhancing automated controls by implementing advanced fraud detection algorithms, establishing centralized control dashboards, and creating automated compliance monitoring systems. Insurance regulatory authorities should create policies mandating minimum standards for automated internal control systems in financial reporting.
Keywords: Automated Internal Controls, Financial Performance, Insurance Companies, Risk Management, Fraud Detection, Regulatory Complianc