SAS Open Journals

Historical call data records (HCDR) are frequently used as evidence in criminal trials. However, several inherent uncertainties are associated with HCDR data, and, additionally, errors may occur when law enforcement processes the data. In Denmark, processing errors were introduced into HCDR from 2010 until 2019. The Danish authorities are currently reviewing more than 10,000 criminal cases in order to secure a fair trial. This article conducts a socio-technical analysis of the Danish telecom scandal, which shows that, in addition to the processing errors highlighted, sources of error are related to competence, cognitive factors and inadequate quality management.
Index words: Denmark; criminal law;&nbsp;call data records; uncertainties; prosecution processing error

Lentz, Lene Wacher

Sunde, Nina

English

The use of historical call data records as evidence in the criminal justice system – lessons learned from the Danish telecom scandal

Editors, The

59 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 
London Quakers in the Trans-Atlantic World: the Creation of an Early 
Modern Community. By Jordan Landes. Basingstoke: Palgrave 
Macmillan, 2015. viii + 252pp., hardback. £60. ISBN 978-1-
137366-68-9. 
A panoramic view of the City of London and Stepney by 
William Morgan in 1682 is provided on the front cover of this 
important new work by Jordan Landes in the Pal grave Macmillan 
Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World series. It depicts the city 
landscape, the merchant vessels on the River Thames, but it is 
so grey and dismal looking that you are all but put off from 
venturing inside the book itself. And yet this is a study that is full 
of colour, offers wonderfully vivid insights into the creation of 
Quaker networks, and how ideas were shaped and disseminated. 
It is certainly well-crafted as it is both studious yet accessible to 
all readers. Moreover, it offers a rich analysis of trans-Atlantic 
mercantilism and the maintenance of the complex networks that 
led people to traverse the Atlantic 'to carry ideas, to colonise, 
and to provide labour'. Chapter 6 on the push and pull factors 
which underpinned migration to America certainly captures the 
imagination as Landes explains the levels of assistance (where 
provided), the journey itself, the settlements established and 
the land companies that enabled the colonising process, and the 
experiences of the settlers. Working with the earlier assessments 
of Richard T. Vann and others, she also reviews the impact of 
migration on British and Irish Quaker communities. 
In this tightly packed and fully referenced work, Landes 
pinpoints London as an early-modern international centre of 
commerce, and notes the social, cultural and political dynamism 
of the growing metropolis. She pays appropriate attention 
to the burgeoning book trade of the early modern period, the 
endeavour of missionary Friends in the Atlantic world, and the 
copious correspondence flowing from London. Landes discusses 
the challenges they faced and the administrative procedures 
they adopted, notably in the various London-centred business 
meetings (London Yearly Meeting (L YM), Morning Meeting, Six 
Weeks Meeting, Meeting for Sufferings and Box Meeting) and 
how a code of discipline became an essential part of Quaker 
practice. Given the enormous distances involved this naturally 
60 RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 
took considerable effort, especially as there were periods of 
intense persecution as well as serious internal divisions and 
ultimately schism. The personal and professional networks of 
leading London Friends (male and female) certainly helped their 
co-religionists to overcome some of these difficulties, while the 
L YM assisted in the consolidation of the Quaker international 
community by providing guidance. Indeed, as she points out, the 
colonial meetings' felt supported and were informed of beliefs in 
the presence of Quakers in other colonies and in Europe'. 
So, what can you expect apart from all the above? Well, how 
about a few additional details to whet your appetite. Landes 
provides examples of intense Quaker lobbying in London, the 
American colonies and in the Caribbean; specific commercial 
activities and credit networks, including trade between Native 
Americans and Pennsylvanian Quakers; slavery; spectacular 
money-making ventures, but also reputational risk (and even 
imprisonment) when business deals were badly handled. She 
also studies how these networks changed the perception of 
Quakers in the transatlantic world as well as altering Quaker 
assessments of the process of colonisation and the impact of the 
coloniser in America and the Caribbean over several decades. 
The final remarks are well-judged as she brings the book to a 
fitting conclusion. Overall, Landes has significantly debated 
the importance of London Quakers not simply as merchants 
plying their trade and creating economic networks, but rather 
as an important cog in the creation of a vibrant international 
community. As such, this book deserves to be read by all who 
are interested in how Quakers, despite their relative strength, 
were able to hold together a disparate religious community in 
the Atlantic world. 
Richard C. Allen 
University of South Wales 
The Journal of Elias Hicks. Edited by Paul Buckley. San Francisco: 
Inner Light Books, 2009. xxiv+509pp. ISBN 978-0-979711-04-6 
[hardback] £24; ISBN 978-0-979711-05-3 [paperback] £24. Dear 
Friend: Letters and Essays of Elias Hicks. Edited by Paul Buckley. 
San Francisco: Inner Light Books, 2011. xx+296pp. ISBN 978-0-
983498-00-1 [hardback] £28; ISBN 978-0-983498-01-8 [paperback] 
£15. The Essential Elias Hicks. By Paul Buckley. San Francisco: 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 61 
Inner Light Books, 2013. xxv+132pp. ISBN 978-0-983498-08-7 
[hardback} £16: ISBN 978-0-983498-09-4 [paperback] £10. 
British Friends may remember visiting the Library at 
Woodbrooke and seeing on the wall of the lobby a large chart 
illustrating the many strands of American Quakerism and 
remarking that one of the major strands was labelled 'Hicksite'. 
This vague recollection of Elias Hicks as possibly the instigator 
of one of the many schisms that beset Friends in America during 
the 19th century could well be the sum of our knowledge. 
Yet Elias Hicks (1748-1830) was one of the most influential, 
and detested, Quaker Ministers of his time and, although he did 
not seek the series of splits which sundered American Quakerism 
in 1827-8, his faithfulness in supporting what he saw as the true 
inheritance of early Friends rather than bowing to the tide of 
evangelicalism certainly meant that it was more difficult for 
Friends of different persuasions to stay together. Hicks's writing 
and his preaching were not only important in America for, during 
those years either side of the American Revolution, the Society of 
Friends was still a truly trans-Atlantic organisation. And indeed 
it was Hick's preaching which led Isaac Crewdson to writing A 
beacon to the Society of Friends which in turn led to the Beaconite 
disputes in London Yearly Meeting of the 1830s and contributed 
to many British Friends leaving the Society and moving to other 
Christian churches including notably the Brethren. 
Paul Buckley has done a great service to Friends by going 
back to the original manuscripts and producing first, an 
edition of Hick's Journal free of the amendments imposed by 
the original editorial committee and second, a selection of his 
letters and essays which seeks to illuminate his thought and 
to shed light on his role as a travelling Minister. Finally he has 
produced what may be most valuable to British Friends - The 
Essential Elias Hicks - both a brief biography and an analysis of 
Hicks' theology, particularly in those areas of Christology and 
of engagement with the World, which were so problematic for 
his 'Orthodox' opponents. Throughout Buckley is concerned to 
present Hicks as he would have seen himself, as a faithful Friend 
struggling to apply Friend's fundamental principles to the issues 
he encountered. 
Hick's repeated message to his time, and to ours, is that Friends 
should need no other that' the Spirit of Truth, or Light Within, as 
62 RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 
our only rule and guide in all things' and that true Christianity 
is spiritual and inward and therefore in no need of any material 
assistance, whether it be belief in past events or good works 
now. He saw himself as standing in the tradition of the early 
Friends and, perhaps, as Buckley suggests, as a prophet calling 
his contemporaries back from apostasy to that true way. 
Two observations are perhaps worth making to British Friends. 
One is that it is completely wrong to think of Hicks as a proto-
liberal Friend. Despite the fact that the Yearly Meetings in which 
the Hicksite tradition was dominant are now almost uniformly 
liberal in theology, Hicks appears to us as thoroughly Bible-
based. Indeed Hicks delighted in reading the Bible, as Friends 
had from the beginning, and described it as 'profitable for our 
encouragement, comfort, and instruction [ ... ] and [ ... ] rightly 
understood, as the best of books extant: Of course that 'rightly 
understood' is the crux of the matter, for Hicks stood in the line 
of Pennington and Barclay in maintaining that, though scripture 
is divinely inspired, it is secondary in importance to the Spirit 
which inspired it. But Hicks was also a product of his time, of the 
Enlightenment, in that he would have agreed with Hamlet that: 
[ ... ] he that made us with such large discourse, 
Looking before and after, gave us not 
That capability and godlike reason 
To fust in us unused. 
Both recourse to the Inward Teacher and the application of 
reason were the tools which Hicks had been given to test the right 
way to interpret the scriptures. And this led him to state with 
great clarity a number of things which his evangelical opponents 
did not want to hear, and caused him to be put down as both a 
deist and a Unitarian, neither of which were strictly true. 
The second observation is a more uncomfortable one. Among 
the most important Friends calling on Yearly Meetings to oppose 
Elias Hicks were a number of British travelling Ministers, most 
notably Thomas Shillitoe and Anna Braithwaite. We have yet, 
I believe, to acknowledge how enthusiastically evangelical was 
London Yearly Meeting throughout much of the nineteenth 
century. 
Hicks referred to these Friends in a letter as 'strangers and 
busybodies' who' spread darkness and death amongst us, and so 
interrupt our quiet by hard speeches that we have [ ... ] patiently 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 63 
to endure[ ... ]' Anna Braithwaite, who did not, as Buckley seems 
to think, become . a leader among the Beaconites', particularly 
attracted Hicks' animus by publishing an account of a private 
conversation with him without seeking his permission and, after 
attempting to make amends, received from him a letter which 
can only be described as icily civil. 
There is much which we can gain by learning more about 
our Quaker forebears on both sides of the Atlantic. Buckley 
makes a good case in these books for the importance of Hicks 
in understanding how Liberal Quakerism came about and in 
challenging our assumptions about the direction in which we 
are going. It may be that we can learn from the outcomes of the 
disputes of the 1820s and 1830s ways in which not to carry on 
the disputes of our own times? Certainly Hicks, in his unbending 
manner, made things worse for himself and for those of his 
party (which he always referred to as 'the Tolerants'). Yet his 
utter submission to the leadings of the Light Within and his 
stern adherence to the discipline must have contributed to his 
effectiveness as a minister and leader. One cannot help admiring 
a man who, in his ministry, when young, travelled through the 
areas of New York between the combatants in the Revolutionary 
War, and, in his eighties, embarked on a religious journey of 
2400 miles lasting seven months over scarcely adequate roads 
in order to bring the Quaker message to those who had not yet 
received it. 
Chris Skidmore 
Amelia Opie: The Quaker Celebrity. By Ann Farrant. Hindringham: 
JJG Publishing, 2014. 296 pp., hardback. £25. ISBN 978-1-870948-
65-4. 
Any biography will be written from a particular point of view 
and this meticulously researched and excellently illustrated book 
by Ann Farrant is no exception. This life of Amelia Alderson 
Opie is firmly grounded in Norwich, the town of her birth and of 
the society which most influenced her. 
Born in 1769 Amelia Alderson was the only child of James 
Alderson, a Unitarian and successful doctor. After her mother 
died when she was fifteen Amelia took charge of her father's 
household and he remained the most important person in her 
life. The society in which she moved was a progressive one, 
64 RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 
promoting good works and good causes such as the abolition 
of slavery. It was also literary and musical and Amelia found 
popularity reciting poems and singing ballads of her own 
composition. 
Ann Farrant's research into Amelia's Norwich life is detailed 
and gives a full picture not only of her family and friends but 
of the wider background. The whole book is also enlivened by 
quotations from Amelia's extensive correspondence so that her 
voice and her enthusiasm for new experiences shine through. 
In 1794 Amelia visited London and widened her acquaintance 
to include Mary Wollstonecraft and her circle. One of those she 
met was the portrait painter John Opie and in 1798, after some 
hesitation about leaving her father, she became his second wife. 
Opie was not always comfortable with Amelia's love of society 
but he encouraged her writing. Her novel Father and Daughter 
appeared in 1801 and was a great success. Although this is not 
primarily a book about Amelia as an author Ann Farrant does a 
good job of describing her literary output. 
Unfortunately, in 1807 John Opie died at the early age of forty-
six and Amelia, still a comparatively young woman, returned 
to Norwich to live with her father. She also renewed her early 
friendship with the Quaker Gurney family, especially Joseph 
John Gurney, and eventually began attending Quaker meetings. 
Just before her father's death in 1825 and with his full approval, 
she was accepted into membership of the Society of Friends. 
Although she took her conversion seriously Amelia was in 
many ways an unconventional Friend, adopting Quaker plain 
speech and plain dress but never losing her sense of fun and 
even mischief right up until her death in 1853. Ann Farrant 
chronicles the Quaker part of Amelia's career as meticulously as 
all the other aspects of her life but from the outside, much as her 
contemporary non-Quaker friends, such as Robert Southey, did. 
This is a rounded portrait of a fascinating woman and of the 
place and people who influenced her and should be read by 
anyone wishing to gain a fuller understanding of the period, not 
only from a literary or religious viewpoint. 
Gil Skidmore 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 65 
SHORT NOTICES 
"He is our cousin, Cousin". By Antony Barlow. York: Quacks 
Books, 2015. xxvi+284pp., paperback. £15. ISBN 978-1-904446-
60-6. 
It is rare today to publish family histories, despite the growth 
in recent years of wider interest in genealogical matters with 
the advent of the web and TV programmes such as 'Who do 
you think you are?'. Yet this what Antony Barlow has done, 
having inherited the family archives on the death of his mother. 
He chiefly tells the story of his own family - that of Frederick 
Ralph Barlow (1910-1980) and Joan Mary Barber (1914-2007) -
of growing up in Quaker Birmingham, of the influence of The 
Downs School and Leighton Park, of family holidays, of friends 
and of the extensive cousinage in which they found themselves 
- typified by the photograph taken of Dame Elizabeth Cadbury's 
90th birthday celebrations in which 140 family members can be 
identified. 
This is a profusely illustrated book - nearly every other page 
is filled with photographs, some of them perhaps not as well 
reproduced as they might have been. We catch glimpses of 
the causes and businesses in which the wider family has been 
involved - in Woodbrooke, the Bourneville Village Trust, the 
FAU, with Quakers during the first World War, in the anti-
slavery campaign, and the Carr's biscuit company. Antony 
Barlow has rightly seen to the proper commemoration (in the 
form of blue plaques) of his grandfather, John Henry Barlow, 
a notable Yearly Meeting Clerk, and his great-grandfather, 
Professor John Barlow, veterinary anatomist, and they are also 
prominent figures in this book. 
This is not a historian's book but an enthusiast's book, not full 
of stylish prose or particularly accurate. However throughout 
it is the voices of the members of the family, including Antony 
Barlow himself, which make it worth dipping into. 
Respectable Rebels. By Edward H Milligan. York: Quacks Books, 
2015. vi + 102pp., paperback. £8. ISBN 978-1-904446-65-1. 
This book is a joint biography of William Alexander and his 
wife Anne (nee Tuke), late-eighteenth/ early-nineteenth century 
York Friends. Both were descended from families which could 
66 RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 
date their Quaker faith back to the very beginning and both 
had a more than local reputation amongst Friends. Anne was 
a recorded minister, William became a stationer and publisher: 
he and Anne were responsible for the initiation of the series The 
Annual Monitor, which ran until 1919, becoming, without having 
any official status, the obituary book of deceased British Friends. 
When William Alexander sold his business it passed eventually 
into the hands of William Sessions, becoming eventually Sessions 
of York So it was that the late William Kaye Sessions persuaded 
Edward H. Milligan to write this history, to honour the founder 
of the family firm. 
On William Sessions' death, Ted Milligan surrendered the 
manuscript to his children and this book has been published 
to celebrate the 150th anniversary of William Sessions taking 
change of the business in 1865. Unfortunately it shows some 
signs of haste in its preparation, not least in poor proofreading 
and an unsuitable and out-of-focus cover design. 
Nevertheless the substance of the text is as interesting and 
informative as one would expect of a book from this author 
and, despite the absence of a bibliography, the volume boasts 
no fewer than nine appendices, occupying nearly half the book! 
Maidenhead Quakers: three centuries in the life of a small community. 
By Stanley F. Jones. Maidenhead, 2015. 83pp., paperback £12 
[plus £3.50 p&p through al-donaldson@outlookcom]. ISBN 978-
1-944246-79-2. 
This well-illustrated meeting history has had a long passage 
into print. The original typescript was completed by Stanley 
Jones in 1992, publication was considered as he approached his 
ninetieth birthday but it was not until after his death in 2006 that 
the text was edited and prepared for publication by Alasdair 
Donaldson and Edward H. Milligan. 
Maidenhead has never been a large meeting but its history 
is perhaps typical for a meeting of its size - early foundation, 
meetings in Friends' Houses until a permanent Meeting House 
was built, somewhat late in 1743, slow growth through the 
eighteenth century, a new Meeting House in 1803 followed by 
decline and a period of closure in the late nineteenth century, 
revival in 1896 and a rebuilt Meeting House in 1935, much 
improved at various points in the twentieth century. This book 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2015 67 
is however largely about the Friends themselves and particularly 
about the twentieth century history which Stanley Jones had 
lived through. 
There are also lists of members since 1810, of clerks and brief 
biographical notes of Friends before 1960 by Ted Milligan. The 
appendices also include some relevant extracts from The History 
of the Life of Thomas Ellwood (1714) and the testimony prepared by 
the Monthly Meeting for Stanley and Edwina Jones. 


Recent Publications

68 
BIOGRAPHIES 
BETTY HAGGLUND is Librarian and Learning Resources Manager at 
Woodbrooke; she also teaches and supervises postgraduate work 
within the Centre for Research in Quaker Studies. She led the 
Central England Area Meeting Quakers and World War I project 
which culminated in the exhibition, 'Faith and Action: Quakers 
and the First World War' at Birmingham Museum and Art 
Gallery from January - June 2015. Her research interests include 
17th, 18th and 19th century Quaker history and texts, and she 
has particular interests in travel writing and women's writing. 
She is currently working on an edition of the works of Lilias 
Skene, a 17th century Aberdeen Quaker poet, and coordinating a 
crowd-sourced edition of Margaret Fell's writings. 
OUVER PICKERING is Honorary Fellow, School of English, 
University of Leeds. He was formerly on the staff of Leeds 
University Library, where he continues to serve as a Custodian 
of the Yorkshire Quaker Archives. Alongside many publications 
relating to medieval English texts and manuscripts, he is the 
author of "'The Quakers Tea Table Overturned": An Eighteenth-
Century Moral Satire', published in Quaker Studies, 17 (2013), 
and of two forthcoming articles on the 17th-century Yorkshire 
antinomian Josiah Collier (a direct ancestor), whose family 
converted to Quakerism. Oliver Pickering is an Attender at 
Ilkley Meeting. 
JUDITH ROADS is a practising British Quaker and was a senior 
lecturer at Middlesex University in London until retirement. 
She taught linguistics and coordinated English language 
programmes for international students. On leaving full-time 
work, she embarked on doctoral research in the combined 
disciplines of corpus linguistics and Quaker Studies, receiving 
her PhD in 2015. Conference papers include: Quaker Studies 
Research Association Annual Conference (Birmingham, UK, 2011) 
International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (Zurich, 
2012; Essen 2016), and the Renaissance Society of America Conference 
(Boston USA, 2016). Forthcoming journal articles include 'Us' 
and 'them'; Early Quakers and the Establishment for the Journal of 
Communication and Religion. 
PETER SMITH was born and raised in Buckinghamshire and 
joined the Society of Friends there in 1963. After 40 years as 
BIOGRAPHIES 69 
a local journalist and later head of public relations for a local 
government association, he began studying history at the 
University of Hertfordshire. On retirement he moved to Norfolk 
and the University of East Anglia. His MA dissertation on which 
this study of Isaac Penington is based was followed by a Ph.D 
which was awarded by UEA in 2013. 
Supplements to the Journal of Friends Historical Society 
24. THE ATLANTIC COMMUNITY OF EARLY FRIENDS, 
Presidential address by Frederick B. Tolles. 1952. £1.00 
28. PATTERNS OF INFLUENCE IN ANGLO-AMERICAN 
QUAKERISM. By Thomas E. Drake. 1958. £1.00 
29. SOME QUAKER PORTRAITS, CERTAIN AND UNCERTAIN. 
By John Nickalls. 1958. Illustration. £1.00 
33. JOHN PERROT. By Kenneth L. Carroll. 1971. £2.00 
32. JOHN WOOLMAN IN ENGLAND, 1772. By Henry J. Cadbury. 
1971. £2.00 
34. "THE OTHER BRANCH": LONDON Y.M. AND THE 
HICKSITES, 1827-1912. By Edwin B. Bronner. 1975. £1.25 
35. ALEXANDER COWAN WILSON, 1866-1955. By Stephen 
Wilson. 1974. £1.00 
FHS, Occasional Series No.1 MANCHESTER, MANCHESTER 
AND MANCHESTER AGAIN: from 'SOUND DOCTRINE' to 'A 
FREE MINISTRY'. By Roger C. Wilson. 1990. Members £2.00, Non-
members £3.00. 
Back issues of the JOURNAL can be obtained for £4 per issue 
for members and £5 for non-members to include postage 
and packing. Overseas applicants are asked to add £2 to 
cover the additional cost of post. Requests should be made 
to c/o The Library, Friends House, 173 Euston Road, London 
NW12BJ 
Journals and Supplements Wanted 
FHS would be glad to receive unwanted copies of back issues 
of the Journal and of the Supplements. Address to FHS, c/o The 
Library, Friends House, London NW12BJ. 
ISSN No. 00719587 
Quacks the Printers, 7 Grape Lane, York 


Biographies

Volume 67 
THE 
JOURNAL OF THE 
FRIENDS HISTORICAL 
SOCIETY 
2016 
Communications should be addressed to the Editor of the Journal 
Gil Skidmore, 46 Princes Drive, Skipton, BD23 1HL 
email: gilskidmore@waitrose.com 
Reviews Editor: Chris Skidmore, 46 Princes Drive, Skipton, BD23 1HL. 
email: chrisskidmore@waitrose.com. 
EDITORIAL 
First of all I must apologise that this volume has been delayed. 
I hope to produce another before the end of 2018 and that by the 
end of 2019 we will be back on track. 
All four of the articles in this journal have a Celtic connection. 
Richard Allen's Presidential Address explores the work of two 
Welshmen, Joseph Tregelles Price and Evan Rees, in the setting 
up of a peace society in the nineteenth century. 
Gethin Evans explores the life and work of a little-known 
Friend, John Edward Southall, and particularly his championing 
of the Welsh language. 
Sean Beattie considers the ambivalent attitude of nineteenth 
century Quakers to Irish Home Rule. 
Bernard Wilson explores another little-known life - that of 
the Irish woman Mary Elmes - who worked with Quakers during 
the Second World War and was posthumously honoured for her 
role in saving Jewish families. 
The Reviews Editor, Chris Skidmore, has again brought 
together an interesting range of book reviews. 
I am very happy to consider articles for future volumes of 
the Journal. If you have something already written, a talk you 
have given or perhaps a work in progress please do not hesitate 
2 
to contact me. Also if you would like to suggest people working 
in any area of Quaker history who might like to write for the 
Journal please feel free to do so. 
Gil Skidmore, editor 


Editorial

Dziedzic, Anna

Schwartz, Alex

Yap, Po Jen

Since June 2019, Hong Kong has been rocked by months of civilunrest. The protests originally arose in opposition to the Hong Kong
government’s attempt to pass an extradition law that would allow for Hong
Kong residents to be extradited to China to face trial for alleged offences
committed on the Mainland. Even though the Bill was eventually
withdrawn, the unrest continued as protestors pressed on for other
demands, including universal suffrage in the city that has been governed
by Beijing under a ‘One Country, Two Systems’ constitutional framework. 
On 21 January 2020, the Centre for Comparative and Public Law at
the University of Hong Kong’s Faculty of Law, convened a one-day
conference that brought together historians, sociologists, political
scientists, lawyers and law students to discuss different facets of this
unrest, and explore ways in which Hong Kong might move forward and
heal as a community.
The first panel examined the historical and sociological aspects of this
unrest. It analysed three significant protest movements in Hong Kong’s
recent history, namely, the 1967 riots, the Umbrella Movement of 2014
and the current crisis, and compared and contrasted the connections
between them. Historian Gary Cheung began the conference by explaining
that, while the 1967 riots were influenced primarily by the Cultural
Revolution in China, the riots exposed deeper social issues neglected by
the British colonial government. In the next presentation, Associate
Professor John Wong, also a historian, argued that the colonial
government’s legitimacy was strengthened after it had addressed these
issues following the riots, but this narrative of ‘prosperity and stability’
no longer rings true in Hong Kong today as economic mobility has
decreased and the gap between rich and poor in Hong Kong has grown.
Professor Laikwan Pang examined the Umbrella Movement of 2014. She
Amicus Curiae, Series 2, Vol 1, No 2, 298-300
CIVIL UNREST IN HONG KONG CONFERENCE
21 JANUARY 2020
ANNA DZIEDZIC, ALEX SCHWARTZ
AND PO JEN YAP
Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong 
298
Series 2, Vol 1, No 2
299Note—Civil Unrest in Hong Kong Conference
Winter 2020
argued that protest is not just a message, but a process of people coming
together, and explained how the law is not only abstract rules to be
obeyed, but actively created by citizens in a democracy. Professor Ching
Kwan Lee explained that the critical difference between the Umbrella
Movement and the current protests pertains to the scope of protesters’
demands. The Umbrella Movement focused on universal suffrage, where
protestors sought reforms within Hong Kong’s existing constitutional
structure. The ongoing movement, however, questions the very meaning
of the rule of law and justice, and the identity of Hong Kong as a
community. Associate Professor Agnes Ku explored how the
‘decentralization’ of human agency in the ongoing protest—especially
among young people—has placed ethical questions about non-violence
and militancy at the front and centre of the current social movement.
Professor Eliza Lee concluded the panel with her observations about the
political dimensions of the civil unrest, arguing that Beijing’s strategy of
‘indirect rule’ through pro-government elites has resulted in a significant
rift between the Hong Kong leadership and society at large.
The second panel centred on matters relating to young people, policing,
and transitional justice. Professor Eric Chui began by delving into his
ongoing empirical research on youth activism and radicalization in Hong
Kong. Professor Chui presented quantitative evidence suggesting a
correlation between young people who are most engaged in legal forms of
civic activism and those who engage in ‘radical’ extra-legal forms of
protests. Professor Tim Newburn then spoke about his role in a study of
the 2011 riots in England, produced in collaboration with The Guardian
newspaper. Professor Newburn highlighted the potential for academics
and journalists to work together to produce timely research in the context
of social unrest, and he went on to summarize some of the key findings
of his research, including the role that poor police–community relations
played in England’s riots. He also highlighted the need to study social
unrest more ‘in the round’, focusing not only on questions of aetiology but
also on the dynamics and aftermath of unrest. Professor Kieran McEvoy
then spoke about the various types of transitional justice mechanisms
that can be used to help a society move on from conflict or unrest.
Drawing in particular on his expertise of the Northern Ireland context,
Professor McEvoy highlighted examples of both good and bad practice in
truth recovery, amnesties, institutional reform, and apologies/
acknowledgment. He further stressed the importance of leadership and
careful choreography in delivering meaningful transitional justice.
Professor Maggy Lee concluded with commentary and questions on the
issues raised by the speakers. In particular, Professor Lee suggested that
300 Amicus Curiae
Series 2, Vol 1, No 2
social scientists might do better if they were to pay more attention to
understanding the conditions of social order and why social unrest is not
more frequent than it is.
In the third and final panel of the day, the legal profession, the legal
academy, and law students came together to dialogue on the legal
dimensions relating to the current unrest. The panel was moderated by
Professor Fu Hualing, Dean of Law Faculty, and the participants included:
Anna Wu, Chair of the Competition Commission of Hong Kong; Jat Sew-
Tong, a Senior Counsel; Professors Po Jen Yap and Simon Young; and
four law students (Adrienne Lam, Luo Jiajun, Joanna Wong and Aaron
Yam). The panellists addressed questions raised by the students on the
justification for the civil disobedience of perceived unjust laws, the
constitutionality of the measures passed by the government to prohibit
face-covering at public protests, the role of the courts in the ongoing
crisis, and what part the legal profession and law students can play to
heal this rift in society. 
In sum, this event highlighted several issues that are likely to attract
further debate going forward, particularly with respect to the modalities
of amnesties for criminal offences and the establishment of an
independent inquiry into the unrest. The Centre for Comparative and
Public Law will continue to organize events to foster dialogue on these
and other related issues. 


Civil Unrest in Hong Kong Conference: 21 January 2020

Marique, Yseult

Amicus Curiae, series 2, vol 1, no 3, 501-04
BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF COMPARATIVE LAW
YseuLt mArique
essex university, fÖv speyer and uLb
501
spring 2020
About the british AssociAtion of
compArAtive LAw
created in 1950 under the name of the united Kingdom nationalcommittee of comparative Law, the british Association of
comparative Law (bAcL) is the uK body which coordinates and
encourages comparative legal research and teaching throughout the uK.
it has three main activities with these aims in mind. 
first, bAcL holds a phD workshop in spring every year. the last
workshops were held in oxford (2016), cambridge (2018) and Lancaster
(2019). this year the coviD-19 crisis meant that the workshop scheduled
in bristol will need to be rearranged. in 2020, Kent university has kindly
offered to organize the next workshop (with a special topic dedicated to
Latin America). the overall objective of these workshops is to provide a
friendly forum for about 15 early career researchers to present their
doctoral research and receive supportive feedback from colleagues. 
secondly, bAcL holds a seminar just at the start of the society of Legal
scholars’ conference in september every year. in 2019, the topic was held
in honour of the late professor watson on transplants and mixed
jurisdiction, with papers presented by professor uwe Kischel (Greifswald),
professor Geoffrey samuel (Kent), professor John cairns (edinburgh) and
Dr richard Kirkham (sheffield). Although the bAcL annual seminar is
usually held in the uK, the 2017 seminar was organized in cooperation with
the irish society of comparative Law in Dublin on the topic of ‘comparing
uK and irish Law: A special relationship?’. following the Dublin seminar,
professor paula Giliker, the then chair of bAcL, edited the papers which
were published in the Common Law World Review (2018) 47(1).
502 Amicus Curiae
series 2, vol 1, no 3
thirdly, bAcL is the national committee coordinating reports for uK
law schools for the international Academy of comparative Law, which
organizes a world congress in comparative law every four years. the next
congress will be held in Asunción (paraguay) in 2022. 
current bAcL membership is drawn from many of the uK’s law schools
(including Aberdeen, bangor, birmingham, bristol, cambridge, cardiff,
city, Dundee, edinburgh, exeter, essex, Glasgow, hull, Kent, King’s
college London, Kingston, Law institute Jersey, Leeds, Leicester,
Liverpool, Liverpool John moores, Lse, manchester, manchester
metropolitan, newcastle, northumbria, nottingham, oxford, queen mary
university, school of Advanced study university of London, sussex,
strathclyde, ucL, ueA, warwick and westminster). 
more recently, bAcL has started a blog in order to foster the interaction
and visibility of comparative law projects among the academic community:
see the bAcL website.
in response to the current exceptional situation making us all aware
how interconnected our globalized world has become, bAcL has launched
a call for blog contributions entitled ‘coviD-19 in comparative
perspective’.
coviD-19 in compArAtive perspective:
cALL for bLoG pieces
the current coviD-19 pandemic is bringing into sharp focus two key
questions at the core of comparative law research: first, globalization and
how increasing and intense are our political, social, cultural and economic
interactions with countries, public and private organizations and fellow
humans across the world; secondly, the distinctiveness of national
reactions to this shared common challenge. 
the coviD-19 crisis brings this very tension between these local and
global dimensions sharply into our daily lives when we need to stay six
feet away from others and shows how differently we experience these
general guidelines, depending on whether we are pregnant and about to
give birth, taking care of toddlers, home-schooling children, caring for
vulnerable relatives, ensuring there is food on the table, or keeping up
with our work through online technologies. 
many blogs are currently putting together excellent insights and
thoughts about this crisis. bAcL would like to contribute to this
discussion by bringing comparison more sharply in focus in order to
503note—british Association of comparative Law 
spring 2020
understand where lessons can be learned, how far they can be learned
and how important contextualizing the discussions may be. bAcL would
thus be interested in short blog pieces on the following perspectives on
the coviD-19 crisis:
◊ Risks and legal techniques dealing with risks—medical
risks, financial risks, travel-related risks, mental risks, risks
of fake news spreading on social media, risks prevention, risk
assessment, torts etc. how does the approach to risks in a
given country (or entity) help us better understand
globalisation and national cultures? can different models be
identified?
◊ Comparison on protecting vulnerable people—how
vulnerable people are understood in this crisis: this would
include the vulnerable categories regarding their physical
conditions but also women and domestic violence, the
homeless, inmates, refugees etc. how does the world health
organization’s (who) definition of ‘vulnerability’ shape who is
understood to be ‘vulnerable’?
◊ Comparison with previous experiences of crisis in a given
country—current governments often do not reinvent the
wheel in dealing with the coviD-19 crisis. they go back to
previous crises to address the current one. how do they do
that? which types of previous crisis? is this self-evident
regarding the subject-matter (due to being related to a crisis
arising from food poisoning or disease) or because of the
powers needed by the government (state of emergency type of
reaction)? 
◊ Research designs (and comparisons) in times of crisis—
Lessons from elsewhere can be tempting to gain time or to
address lack of domestic expertise, but should the government
and their experts not make basic checks before looking
elsewhere for inspiration? how can/should this be done? can
comparative lawyers contribute to the who’s thinking here in
the sense that uniform broad guidelines may actually be
problematic in various ways as they do not address local
specificities (needs or expertise etc.) or how regulators,
national government, private organizations develop their short
and longer-term responses to the crisis?
this call has three rolling deadlines, which would allow for a more instant
approach to our questions and then a more conceptual take on coviD-
19 as the crisis unfolds. the next deadlines will be:
◊ 15 september 2020
◊ 15 march 2021 
◊ 15 september 2021.
504 Amicus Curiae
the blog pieces should be ca 1,500 words long. Acceptance to publish
the blog pieces and/or suggested revisions prior to publications will be
communicated shortly after the deadline.
please do send your enquiries or blog posts to Dr Yseult marique.
series 2, vol 1, no 3


British Association of Comparative Law

Muchlinski, Peter

Corporate Liability for Breaches of Fundamental Human Rights in Canadian Law: Nevsun Resources Limited v Araya

Mason, Stephen

  
   GENERAL EDITORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD                           
 
   
 
 
 
 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License       Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 17 (2020) | 130 
 
Editorial Board 
 
Professor Dr George Dimitrov 
Managing Partner at Dimitrov, Petrov & Co Law Firm, 
Sofia, Bulgaria, professor in ICT Law in the University 
for Library Studies and Information Technologies, 
Sofia and chair of the Bulgarian Law and Internet 
Foundation 
 
Dr Christoph Gasser, LLM 
Partner at BianchiSchwald GMBH, Zürich, Switzerland, 
and non-permanent Judge at the Swiss Federal Patent 
Court 
 
Dr Jiong He 
Lecturer at the Intellectual Property School, East 
China University of Political Science and Law, 
Shanghai, China 
 
Maria Astrup Hjort, Ph.D. 
Associate professor at the Department of Public and 
International Law, University of Oslo, Norway 
 
Dr Hironao Kaneko 
Associate professor at the Tokyo Institute of 
Technology, Graduate School of Decision Science and 
Technology, Japan 
 
Mr Tejas Karia, BSL, LLM (India), LLM (London School 
of Economics) 
Advocate (India), Solicitor (England & Wales) and 
Partner at Amarchand & Mangaldas and Suresh A 
Shroff & Co (Advocates & Solicitors), New Delhi, India 
 
 
Professor Arkadiusz Lach 
Professor of criminal procedure, head of the 
Department of Criminal Procedure and the 
Cybercrime Research Centre, Faculty of Law, 
University of Nicolas Copernicus, Torun, Poland 
 
Professor dr. Joachim Meese 
Professor at the Faculty of Law, Universiteit 
Antwerpen, Belgium; Lawyer at the bar of Gent, 
Belgium 
 
Tõnu Mets 
Attorney at law at Advokaadibüroo Mets, Tartu, 
Estonia, PhD fellow and Visiting Lecturer on the ‘ICT 
Litigation, Digital Evidence, Computer Forensics and 
Cyber Crime’ course at the Information Technology 
Law Programme, School of Law, University of Tartu, 
Estonia 
 
Iain G. Mitchell QC 
Arnot Manderson Advocates, Edinburgh, Scotland 
 
Michael G. Rachavelias, LLM 
Senior Partner at Rachavelias & Partners Law Office, 
Larissa, Greece 
 
 
Dr Gita Radhakrishna 
Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, Multimedia 
University, Malaysia and a former Advocate and 
Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya 
 
David Silva Ramalho 
Attorney at Morais Leitão, Galvão Teles, Soares da 
Silva & Associados – Sociedade de Advogados, RL, 
 
GENERAL EDITORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD                                                                                          vvvvvvv   
 
 
 
Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 17 (2020) | 131 
 
 
Lisbon, Portugal and researcher at the Center for 
Research in Criminal Law and Criminal Studies, and an 
associate of the Institute of Criminal Law and Criminal 
Studies of the Law Faculty of the University of Lisbon 
 
Dr Juhana Riekkinen 
Lecturer in Legal Informatics at the Faculty of Law, 
University of Lapland, Finland 
 
Daniel Seng 
Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, National 
University of Singapore, and Director of the Centre for 
Technology, Robotics, AI and the Law Faculty of Law, 
National University of Singapore 
 
Johan Vandendriessche 
Partner, Affluo CVBA, Brussels, arbitrator, and Visiting 
Professor of ICT and Data Protection Law at the 
University of Ghent Belgium and the HoWest 
University of Applied Science 
 
Joint Editors: Stephen Mason and Dr Allison 
Stanfield 
Stephen Mason is a Barrister and an Associate 
Research Fellow at the Institute of Advanced Legal 
Studies.  
Dr Allison Stanfield is Managing Director and Solicitor, 
Lantern Legal, https://lanternlegal.com.au/about-us-1 
 
The editors will consider contributions, 
correspondence, reports and news, which should be 
sent to Stephen Mason by e-mail to: 
stephenmason@stephenmason.co.uk 
Editorial assistant: Jessica Shurson 
Books for review should be sent to the publishers. 
© Stephen Mason, 2020 
Publishers 
Stephen Mason and the Institute of Advanced Legal 
Studies 
SAS OJS production managed by Sandy Dutczak, 
Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) 
Address 
Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review 
Institute of Advanced Legal Studies 
Charles Clore House 
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United Kingdom 
 
Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 
Volume 17 
© Stephen Mason, 2020 All rights reserved. 
ISSN 2054-8508 


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