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What drives the effectiveness of Proof-of-Concept programmes?
Full text linkThis paper examines the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of Proof-of-Concept programmes (PoCs) in advancing the technological maturity of research inventions. We developed a conceptual framework at the intersection of dynamic capabilities and academic entrepreneurship literature and conceptualized how four relevant mechanisms guide successful technology valorisation through PoCs at different levels: sensing and seizing capacities of research teams, characteristics of the external network – specifically, timing of contact and geographical location – and the nature of the research invention, distinguishing between science-based and engineering-based inventions. Using a sample of 94 PoC projects, we adopted a microfoundational perspective and applied fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to understand whether and how different mechanisms and their interplay contribute to the effectiveness of PoC projects. Our analysis revealed that the combinations of these mechanisms depend on the nature of inventions. Our results contribute to the PoC literature and provide practical implications for policymakers and decision-makers, TTOs and research teams
Cosmology
Full text linkThis series of lectures covers the basics of cosmology from a particle physics point of view. The following topics will be partially covered: expanding Universe, cosmological parameters, generic approach to physical processes in the early Universe, cosmic microwave background radiation, nucleosynthesis, baryogenesis, dark matter, cosmological phase transitions and inflation
Machine learning
Full text linkAdvanced machine learning techniques have become ubiquitous: from computer vision algorithms found on a plethora of small devices such as cameras or smartphones to the recent rise of tremendously powerful large language models. Also in high energy particle physics, these techniques have become essential and have led to a significant increase in physics reach, from simple feed-forward algorithms used to distinguish signal and background processes to more complex neural networks that utilise the underlying physics structure of the data. This section will cover the basics of neural networks and their training and will then discuss examples of the building blocks that make up modern machine learning algorithms, aiming to provide a tool box for their further application in physics analyses
Preface
Full text linkThe twenty-eighth event in the series of the European School of High-Energy Physics took place in Ma’ale Hachamisha (near Jerusalem), Israel, from 30 November to 13 December 2022. It was organized by CERN, with support from the Weizmann Institute, Tel Aviv University, Ben Gurion University, Technion, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Azrieli Foundation. The local organization team was chaired by Gilad Perez (Weizmann Institute).
The success of the School was to a large extent due to the students themselves. Their poster session was very well prepared and highly appreciated, their group projects were a big success, and throughout the School they participated actively during the lectures, in the discussion sessions and in the different activities and excursions
Back matter
No full textThe back matter contains the scientific programme, names in the organizing committees, list of lecturers, list of discussion leaders, outreach training, list of students, list of listeners, and list of posters
Preface
Full text linkThe eleventh Event in the series of CERN Latin-American Schools of High-Energy Physics took place from 15 to 28 March 2023 in San Esteban, Chile. It was organized by CERN with the support of Chilean colleagues from Universidad Andrés Bello, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, and CCTVal (Valparaiso Center for Science and Technology).
Our thanks are due to the lecturers and discussion leaders for their active participation in the School and for making the scientific programme so stimulating. The students who in turn manifested their good spirits during two intense weeks undoubtedly appreciated their personal contributions in answering questions and explaining points of theory
Shaping Creativity: What Participants Say Works (and Doesn’t) in Short-Term Educational Teams
Full text linkCreativity is a critical 21st century skill that generates innovative solutions to complex problems. This study examines participant perceptions on creativity during a three-week summer school where multidisciplinary teams developed novel applications for innovative technologies. Participants were surveyed on the effectiveness of the tools and techniques used. Findings highlight prototyping and external team interactions as major creativity enhancers. Relational rewards, breaks, and icebreakers were also perceived positively. However, certain tools such as supervisor influence and formal presentations were considered detrimental or ineffective. These findings offer practical insights for designing educational programs that stimulate creativity
Supporting Open Innovation Behaviors in Researchers: Developing a Training with Acceptance and Commitment Training
Full text linkThis study explores the use of Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT) to overcome individual-level barriers to open innovation in academic and research environments. Rooted in the management literature on Not Invented Here and Not Shared Here biases, the research examines how rigid professional identities obstruct knowledge exchange and interdisciplinary collaboration. Although perspective-taking has been identified as a promising method for mitigating these biases, actionable interventions remain scarce, particularly in scientific contexts. To address this gap, we developed and iteratively refined a two-day training intervention using an Action Research Innovation Management Framework. The intervention integrates ACT principles to enhance perspective-taking and promote open innovation behaviors among researchers. Findings demonstrate that ACT is effective in reducing cognitive biases related to knowledge flows. The results also highlight the critical role of perspective-taking in facilitating the adoption of open innovation practices within academic settings. The study provides practical implications for university administrators and Knowledge Transfer Offices, emphasizing the need to address psychological barriers alongside structural incentives to enable more effective implementation of open innovation initiatives
Flavour physics and CP violation
Full text linkWe give a brief introduction into quark flavour physics and CP violation, starting in the first lecture with a review of the fundamental properties of the Standard Model of Particle Physics, a detailed discussion of the CKM matrix and a general classification of hadronic weak decays. The second lecture is devoted to describing the theoretical framework and in particular the concept of an effective Hamiltonian. In the third lecture we discuss mixing of neutral mesons and the effect of CP violation in hadron decays
Heavy-ion physics
Full text linkCollisions of heavy ions at collider energies provide us with a unique opportunity to study strongly interacting matter at extreme temperatures and densities in the laboratory. Under these conditions quarks and gluons become deconfined to form a new state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma. Heavy ion physics has seen three major discoveries in the last 30 years. The first is that the QGP is the least dissipative material known and behaves like an almost perfect liquid. The second is that jets which are the manifestations of highly energetic quarks and gluons are strongly suppressed and modified compared to proton--proton collisions. This so-called jet quenching can be understood as the partial equilibration of a far-from-equilibrium system in a thermal QGP. The third main discovery is that particles with low transverse momentum produced in small collision systems like high multiplicity proton--proton and proton--ion collisions show many features that were believed to be signs for QGP formation. On the other hand, no jet quenching has been observed so far in small collision systems. These lectures are meant to give an overview over all relevant aspects of heavy ion physics at a phenomenological level