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I.8 — Transverse linear imperfections
Full text linkThis chapter addresses transverse linear imperfections in particle accelerators, with a particular focus on their impact on the transverse dynamics of particle beams in circular accelerators. The primary sources of these imperfections include magnetic field errors, which arise from uncertainties in magnet strengths and calibration, as well as magnet misalignments. The theoretical framework necessary for understanding these imperfections is established, introducing concepts such as multipole expansion of magnetic fields. This foundation paves the way for addressing non-linear effects, which will be discussed in the following chapter. Practical examples, including the effects of magnetic hysteresis and quadrupole magnet misalignments, are presented to illustrate the real-world consequences of these imperfections, such as closed orbit distortion and optics function distortions like beta-beating and tune shifts, as well as coupling. Furthermore, this chapter discusses local and global closed orbit correction techniques using dipole correctors, as well as advanced methods like Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and MICADO algorithms. The chapter also provides practical methods for estimating the impact of imperfections on closed orbit, tune shifts, beta-beating, and coupling, offering a valuable toolkit for the design and optimization of circular accelerators
Research in action to push the boundaries of scientific research and technological development
Full text linkLying in the space of human curiosity, this issue of CIJ experiments with the boundaries of scientific exploration to foster technological development. To cultivate experimental innovation, it is imperative to translate research into tangible action, explore multifaceted problems, offer support for implementation, and effectuate meaningful changes
Activating Agency through Life Design
Full text linkInstitutions of higher education must support students in their learning for personal and professional development. Given this mission, colleges and universities work to deliver and evaluate the best educational models to students. This paper shares a case study about the potential of life design that incorporates the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals prototyped at a liberal arts institution in the United States of America. The case study outlines preliminary findings from a pre/post-test survey that measures perceived creativity, bias toward action, curiosity, problem reframing, and changemaking – key aspects of life design programming. Educators may develop their own programs and evaluation strategies based on this critical reflection
Including Career Guidance in University Courses: The Instructor Perspective
Full text linkThis study explores the integration of career education into university courses from the instructor's perspective, addressing the need for effective methods to enhance students' career readiness. Interviews with professors, course coordinators, and career office managers from multiple European universities revealed significant variations in the instructors' willingness and ability to provide career education, influenced by their business experience and perceived ownership of the guidance role. The study identifies four distinct instructor profiles and offers tailored recommendations to support each one. Additionally, it outlines key design principles for creating activities that enable instructors to incorporate career education into their teaching practices seamlessly.
Exploring Career and Life Design: Innovation, Resilience, and Personal Growth
Full text linkIn the scientific spirit of CERN, this Special Issue focuses on humanity's biggest experiment: Life Design. It is about transformations and innovations related to the most profound questions of what it means to design your life in your personal and professional context for sustainable flourishing, meaning, happiness, and well-being on individual and societal levels
II.1 — Introduction to radio frequency engineering
Full text linkRF engineering in particle accelerators is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles of electromagnetism, RF technology, control systems, and beam physics to ensure the efficient and reliable acceleration of charged particles for various scientific and industrial applications. The aim of this chapter is to review the electromagnetic field theory behind the practice discussed in the following RF engineering section. Starting from Maxwell’s equation in vacuum and their solution, we discuss the most commonly used boundary conditions. We review the general boundary value problem to show the properties of electromagnetic fields in cylindrical metallic waveguides. We discuss as well examples relevant for particle accelerator technology
II.12 — Accelerator controls
Full text linkAll particle accelerators depend on control systems to integrate different devices and the autonomous controllers that are distributed throughout the facility into one coherent infrastructure. The control system provides an abstraction layer between hardware and the operators, and creates the environment that allows scientists to carry out their experiments. It also enables the technical support groups to compare previous data with current one in order to enhance the performance of their systems. This chapter provides an introduction into the structure and design of such control systems
II.15 — High-power proton linacs
Full text linkHigh-power proton linacs are envisaged as drivers for numerous applications, such as neutron spallation sources for condensed matter study, neutrino factories, muon colliders, hybrid systems for transmutation or energy production, production of rare isotope beams for nuclear physics studies, etc. These linear accelerators are intended to deliver proton beams of up to several MW and tens of MW power and operate with CW or pulsed high-intensity beams. In the rest of this chapter, these accelerator types will be discussed with a focus on one or two projects as examples to demonstrate the building blocks of accelerators and their applications
I.4 — Longitudinal beam dynamics
Full text linkLongitudinal beam dynamics in particle accelerators treats the acceleration as well as the focusing (bunching) of the particles in the longitudinal direction. In this lecture, general aspects of particle acceleration are first exposed before focusing on acceleration with RF systems and the synchrotron design. The concept of synchronous particle and the relevant differential equations for that reference point are demonstrated. Longitudinal equations of motion for non-synchronous particles are derived to analyze the motion of all non-ideal particles in the longitudinal phase space (synchrotron motion). Derivations are done first by solving linearized equations, followed by solutions relying on non-linear terms to put in evidence the concepts of RF bucket and acceptance. A final part is devoted to real life applications and examples of operational aspects. All along, exercises are proposed to guide the reader and provide insights in practical accelerator parameters encountered for CERN synchrotrons