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Nationalities without nationalism? The cultural consequences of metternich's nationality policy
No full textThe Austrian statesman Metternich is widely recognized as a leading actor in European affairs in the first half of the nineteenth century. What has been surprisingly neglected is the long-lasting impact of his nationality policy, which he devised and partly implemented within the context of restoring order after the upheavals of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The devastation and dislocations caused by two decades of warfare gave rise to a critical historical juncture in which Metternich took the lead to form a counterrevolutionary regime and to pursue what can be termed his empire project. A state modernizer, he devised an intellectually elaborate conservative response to the French Revolution that rested on his distinction between supposedly natural nationalities and artificial nationalism. The resulting idiosyncratic governance of empire fostered a vertical integration of societies-in-the-making through the expansion of state infrastructures, while at the same time determining horizontal fragmentation along provincial and linguistic lines. Metternich's nationality policy helped to create the ideational and institutional foundations of modern nation-building across Central and Southeastern Europe. Its legacy outlasted the monarchy and is reflected in the distinctive culturalist tradition of nationhood in post-Habsburg Central Europe
The right to die with dignity how far do human rights extend?
Get PDFThroughout time, the law has adapted itself to society’s and individual’s needs, aiming to achieve a balance for harmony. A need to recalibrate this balance most often occurs after introducing an innovation that affects the lives of all humankind. The Internet, one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century, presented several new aspects of social life that required the attention of the legislatures, such as data protection and cyber-security. It has also introduced new dimensions of human rights, especially in freedom of expression and the right to privacy. It has been for the law to reconcile the conflicting interests of individuals with each other and with society. Another area in need of recalibration has emerged due to medical advancements
Cassation in criminal procedure and relevant discussions
Get PDF5271 sayılı Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu’nun temyize ilişkin hükümlerinin yürürlüğe girmesi ile birlikte temyiz kanun yolunun nitelik ve özelliklerine ilişkin tartışma ve kararlarda artış görülmektedir. CMK’da kanun yolu aşaması olarak istinafın kabul edilmesiyle birlikte özellikle bu alanda birçok çalışmanın yapıldığı görülmesine rağmen, temyiz kanun yolunda oldukça önemli değişiklikler bulunsa da gerekli ilgiyi henüz görmemiştir. Bu kapsamda yeni içtihatlarla birlikte temyiz kanun yolunun bütüncül bir incelemesinin yapılması gerektiği kanaatiyle söz konusu çalışma hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak temyiz kanun yolunun başvurunun konusu, özellikle istisnai başvuru usulleri ve temyiz başvurusunun kapalı olduğu hükümler bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, ifade özgürlüğü kapsamında değerlendirilen suçlar bakımından getirilen istisna başvuru koşulu olan cezanın miktarı ve suç niteliğinin değişmesinin temyiz başvurusuna etkisi de değerlendirilecektir. İkinci olarak temyiz başvuru süresine ilişkin tartışmalar, usulü, hükmü veren mahkeme tarafından yapılan denetimin sınırları ve temyiz başvurusunun etkileri ile birlikte ele alınacaktır. Takiben Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığının tebliğnamesinin niteliği ile duruşmalı temyiz incelemesinde ortaya çıkan sanıkların bir bölümü bakımından duruşmalı bir bölümü bakımından duruşmasız kararların niteliği tartışılacaktır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde temyiz aşamasında verilebilen kararlara yer verilerek, bozma kararı sonrası hükmün ne zaman ortadan kalktığı, temyiz aşamasında zamanaşımının durdurulması gerekip gerekmediği, sıçramalı temyiz kurumunun mevcut olup olmadığı ve temyiz sonrası verilen karara karşı ilk hükmü temyiz etmeyen sanıkların temyiz başvurusunda bulunup bulunamayacağı sorunlarına ilişkin açıklamalara yer verilecektir.With the entry into force of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law No. 5271 concerning regional courts and the Court of Cassation, there has been an increase in the discussions and decisions regarding the qualifications and characteristics of the appeal remedy. While the studies on regional courts increased significantly, the subject of the Court of Cassation has not yet received the necessary attention even though there have been significant changes in the cassation. In this context, this study was prepared with the belief that a holistic examination of the cassation should be made together with the current case law. In this study, firstly, the subject of the cassation was evaluated within the scope of exceptional application procedures and the unappealable sentences. In that respect, the amount of the penalty - except the crimes concerning freedom of expression - and the change in the nature of the offense was evaluated. Secondly, the period for appeal is discussed together with its procedure, the limits of the review by the regional court, and its effects. Subsequently, the characteristics of the notification of the Office of the Chief Public Prosecutor of the Court of Cassation and the qualifications of the decisions which have been given with a hearing for some of the defendants and without a hearing for the others are discussed. In the last part of the study; the information on the types of decisions of the Court of Cassation, the effects of the reversal decision, the statute of repose during the cassation and the participation in the proceedings after the reversal decision are indicated
The effect of preceramic soldering on fracture resistance of 4-unit zirconia fixed dental prostheses
Get PDFPurpose Preceramic soldering of zirconia may deliver better fitting restorations. However, there is not sufficient evidence regarding the influence of preceramic soldering of zirconia restorations on mechanical strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preceramic soldering on the fracture load of 4-unit zirconia fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Materials and methods Eighty samples of 4-unit FDPs between maxillary right first premolar and maxillary right second molar were prepared and two restorative materials were used as a framework (Z) and monolithic restoration (M). The samples were divided into two subgroups as control (C) and study (S). The restorations of study groups (S) were divided into two pieces and soldered with a bonding material (DCM HotBond Zirkon). The groups were divided into two subgroups for thermal cycle (T) application. After soldering and thermal cycling application, 4-point bending test was applied to the samples at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min in a universal testing machine and the fracture load was recorded. The data was analyzed statistically, and the level of significance was set at alpha = 0.001. Results Statistically significant differences were found among the groups, based on the results of maximum failure loads (p 0.001). Thermal aging application caused lower fracture resistance in control and soldering groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions The preceramic soldering applications affected zirconia group negatively. However, the values were above the clinically acceptable static load bearing capacity for posterior teeth. Soldering did not cause a statistically significant difference for the fracture strengths of monolithic zirconia groups. Thermal cycling affected the fracture strength of zirconia and monolithic zirconia restorations negatively
The EU and global climate justice. Normative power caught in normative battles
No full textHumanity faces one of the greatest challenges in its existence because of the impacts of climate change. Scientific research has already proven that it is human activities, mainly industrialization, that were the main reason for the rising temperatures. Increasing wildfires, rising sea levels, and natural disasters remind us that it is the very time to act before it becomes too late..
An analysis of Us foreign policy towards Kurds in Iraq (1945-2022)
No full textThis study aims to scrutinize post-1945 US foreign policy towards Kurds in Iraq.The study analyzed post World War 2 US foreign policy under three categories (Cold War, Post-Cold War and Post-Invasion) by taking changes in US foreign policy structure and in relation to that, transforming international system into consideration. The main assumption of the study is that throughout that period activeness of state-like entities, along with their participation in decision-making process and its role in international politics considerably, thus contrary to state-centric approach adopted by both neo classical realism and neoliberalism when analyzing international relations, state-like entities have the potential of being actors in international politics without meeting all criteria like “sovereignty” and “recognition” for statehood. For being a nation far from having a homogenous structure, defining Kurds in Iraq, and conducting their historical analysis is of great importance. In this regard, in addition to inquiry of state-like entities and conceptual analysis of Kurds in Iraq, the study examined the US foreign policy towards Kurds in Iraq within the framework of IR theories.Bu çalışma, 1945 sonrası ABD’nin Irak Kürtleri’ne yönelik dış politikasını irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, değişen uluslararası sistem de göz önünde bulundurularak, 2. Dünta Savaşı sonrası ABD dış politikası Soğuk Savaş Dönemi, Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönem ve İşgal Sonrası Dönem olmak üzere üç kategoride incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel varsayımı, sözkonusu dönemde devlet benzeri oluşumların uluslararası karar verme sürecindeki rolünün ve öneminin artmış olması, buyüzden devletleri merkeze alan neoklasik realizm ve neoliberalizm gibi yaklaşımlarla taban tabana zıt olarak, devlet olabilmek için önkoşul olan “egemenlik” ve “tanınma” kriterlerini karşılamaksızın uluslararası siyasette aktör haline gelmiş olmalarıdır. Homojen bir yapıya sahip olmaktan uzak olmaları ve içinde bulundukları değişken siyasi dinamikler sebebiyle Irak Kürtleri’nin tanımlanması ve tarihsel analizinin yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu bakımda çalışma, devlet-benzeri yapılar ile birlikte Irak’taki Kürtler’in de kavramsal analizinin akabinde, ABD’nin Irak’taki Kürtlere yönelik dış politikasını uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri çerçevesinde incelemiştir
Ion-imprinted polymer-on-a-sensor for copper detection
Get PDFThe accumulation of metal ions in the body is caused by human activities and industrial uses. Among these metal ions, copper is the third most abundant ion found in the human body and is indispensable for health because it works as a catalyst in the iron absorption processes. However, high doses of copper ions have been reported to generate various diseases. Different types of sensors are used to detect metal ions for several applications. To design selective and specific recognition sites on the sensor surfaces, molecular imprinting is one of the most used alteration methods to detect targets by mimicking natural recognition molecules. In this study, an ion-imprinted polymer-integrated plasmonic sensor was prepared to selectively detect copper (Cu(II)) ions in real-time. Following different characterization experiments, the Cu(II)-imprinted plasmonic sensor was employed for kinetic, selectivity, and reusability studies. According to the results, it was observed that this sensor can measure with 96% accuracy in the Cu(II) concentration range of 0.04-5 mu M in buffer solution. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values were computed as 0.027 mu M and 0.089 mu M. The results also showed that this plasmonic sensor works successfully not only in a buffer solution but also in complex media such as plasma and urine
Structures of the Wild-Type and S59L Mutant CHCHD10 ProteinsImportant in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-FrontotemporalDementia
No full textThe S59L genetic mutation of the mitochondrial coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helixdomain-containing protein 10 (CHCHD10) is involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateralsclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The wild-type and mutant forms of this proteincontain intrinsically disordered regions, and their structural characterization has been facing challenges.Here, for thefirst time in the literature, we present the structural ensemble properties of the wild-type andS59L mutant form of CHCHD10 in an aqueous solution environment at the atomic level with dynamics.Even though available experiments suggested that the S59L mutation may not change the structure of theCHCHD10 protein, our structural analysis clearly shows that the structure of this protein is significantlyaffected by the S59L mutation. We present here the secondary structure components with theirabundances per residue, the tertiary structure properties, the free energy surfaces based on the radius ofgyration and end-to-end distance values, the Ramachandran plots, the quantity of intramolecularhydrogen bonds, and the principal component analysis results. These results may be crucial in designingmore efficient treatment for ALS and FTD diseases
Conflict and Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific: New Geopolitical Realities
No full text[No abstract available