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Understanding Active Region Origins and Emergence on the Sun and Other Cool Stars
No full textThe emergence of active regions on the Sun is an integral feature of the solar dynamo mechanism. However, details about the generation of active-region-scale magnetism and the journey of this magnetic flux from the interior to the photosphere are still in question. Shifting paradigms are now developing for the source depth of the Sun's large-scale magnetism, the organization of this magnetism into fibril flux tubes, and the role of convection in shaping active-region observables. Here we review the landscape of flux emergence theories and simulations, highlight the role flux emergence plays in the global dynamo process, and make connections between flux emergence on the Sun and other cool stars. As longer-term and higher fidelity observations of both solar active regions and their associated flows are amassed, it is now possible to place new constraints on models of emerging flux. We discuss the outcomes of statistical studies which provide observational evidence that flux emergence may be a more passive process (at least in the upper convection zone); dominated to a greater extent by the influence of convection and to a lesser extent by buoyancy and the Coriolis force acting on rising magnetic flux tubes than previously thought. We also discuss how the relationship between stellar rotation, fractional convection zone depth, and magnetic activity on other stars can help us better understand the flux emergence processes. Looking forward, we identify open questions regarding magnetic flux emergence that we anticipate can be addressed in the next decade with further observations and simulations.HS is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship Award (project number FT220100330) funded by the Australian Government and her contribution is partially funded by this grant. LJ acknowledges funding by the Institut Universitaire de [FT220100330]; Australian Research Council Future Fellowship Award; Australian Government - Institut Universitaire de France; Australian Research Council [FT220100330] Funding Source: Australian Research CouncilHS is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship Award (project number FT220100330) funded by the Australian Government and her contribution is partially funded by this grant. LJ acknowledges funding by the Institut Universitaire de France. The authors thank the reviewers for their comments, which improved the clarity of this manuscript
The first emphasis on the principle of 'Judicial indepence' in our constitutionalism: The imperial edict justice 1875
No full textFermân-ı Adâlet (1875), anayasacılık tarihimizde yargı bağımsızlığına ilk kez açık vurgu yapılan belgedir. Söz konusu Ferman’dan bir yıl sonra, 1876’da ilk anayasamız olan Kanun-ı Esasi ilân edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Ferman’ın anayasa hukuku açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede öncelikle Ferman’ın tarihsel arka planına değinilmiştir. Ardından Ferman’ın kapsam ve içeriği ile katkısı üzerinde durulmuştur. Ferman’da yer alan ilkeler, vurgular ve ifadeler mercek altına alınırken özellikle yargı bağımsızlığı ve hak ve özgürlüklere ilişkin boyutlarına odaklanılmıştır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında ilk anayasanın ilanından bir yıl önce, Ferman’da bu denli önemli konuların vurgulanması dikkate değerdir. Buna karşın, söz konusu Ferman’ın anayasa hukuku literatürümüzde yeterince incelenmemiş ve hatta ihmâl edilmiş olması da eleştirilmelidir. Bu çalışmanın yazarları, Fermân-ı Adalet’in incelenmesine özgülenen makalenin devamı niteliğinde olmak üzere adı geçen belgenin düzeltilmiş bir transkripsiyonunu ve günümüz Türkçesine aktarılmış metnini de yayıma hazırlamaktadırlar.The Imperial Edict On Justice (1875) is a document that is mostly neglected in our constitutional literature. However, the emphasis on the independence of the judiciary in this document is very important. In fact, one year after the Edict, the Kanun-ı Esasi, our first constitution, was promulgated in 1876. This study aims to analyse the Edict in terms of constitutional law. However, before this, the historical background of the Edict has been analysed comprehensively. After analysing the historical development of the Edict, the scope and content of the Edict and its contribution have been emphasised. The principles, emphases and expressions in the Edict are scrutinised. This examination has been made under the dimension of the Edict related to the independence of the judiciary and the dimension related to rights and freedoms. It is noteworthy that the Edict emphasised the independence of the judiciary and rights one year prior to the Kanun-ı Esasi. The fact that it has not been sufficiently analysed an even has been neglected in the constitutional law literature should be criticised. To complement this study, the authors are also preparing a transcription of the Edict of Justice with corrected inaccuracies and a text translated into modern Turkish
Interpretable predictive modelling of basalt fiber reinforced concrete splitting tensile strength using ensemble machine learning methods and SHAP approach
No full textBasalt fibers are a type of reinforcing fiber that can be added to concrete to improve its strength, durability, resistance to cracking, and overall performance. The addition of basalt fibers with high tensile strength has a particularly favorable impact on the splitting tensile strength of concrete. The current study presents a data set of experimental results of splitting tests curated from the literature. Some of the best-performing ensemble learning techniques such as Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Random Forest, and Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) have been applied to the prediction of the splitting tensile strength of concrete reinforced with basalt fibers. State-of-the-art performance metrics such as the root mean squared error, mean absolute error and the coefficient of determination have been used for measuring the accuracy of the prediction. The impact of each input feature on the model prediction has been visualized using the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) algorithm and individual conditional expectation (ICE) plots. A coefficient of determination greater than 0.9 could be achieved by the XGBoost algorithm in the prediction of the splitting tensile strength
Hava taşıma işlerinin bireysel iş hukuku bağlamında değerlendirilmesi
No full textTürkiye’de sivil havacılık faaliyetleri 1933 yılından itibaren gelişim göstermeye başlamış ve Dünya’daki gelişmelere paralel olarak sivil havacılık ilerleme göstermiştir. Sivil havacılık faaliyetleri, hava taşıma işlerinin uluslararası ilişkisi ve uçuş emniyetinin öncelik olarak belirlenmesinden dolayı uluslararası sözleşmelerle hüküm altına alınmıştır. Ülkemiz, uluslararası gelişmelere öncülük etmekle birlikte bu sözleşmeleri kabul etmiş ve bu hususta iç hukuk düzenlemeleri yapılmaya çalışılmış ve çalışılmaktadır. Hava çalışanlarının iş hukukundan kaynaklı hak ve borçları ise her ülkenin iç hukukuna bırakılmış ve bu hususta hava çalışanlarına özel herhangi bir sözleşme imzalanmamıştır. Hava çalışanlarının, çalışma saatlerine ilişkin düzenlemeler uçuş emniyetini yakından ilgilendirdiği için uluslararası sözleşmelerle düzenlenmiş ve ülkelerin iç hukukunda ayrıca hüküm altına alınmıştır. Türk hukukunda, hava çalışanları ikiye ayrılmış ve hava taşıma işçileri İş Kanunu kapsamında sayılmazken, yer işçileri İş Kanunu kapsamında sayılmıştır. Hava taşıma işçilerinin İş Kanunu kapsamında sayılmaması sebebiyle bu kişiler Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun “Hizmet Sözleşmesi” başlığı altındaki hükümlere tabii olmaktadır. Hava taşıma işçilerinin İş Kanunu kapsamında tutulmamasının temel sebebi farklı çalışma şekilleri olup bu kişiler hakkında Türk hukukunda ayrıca düzenlenmiş bir Hava İş Kanunu bulunmamaktadır. Uygulamada, bu kişilerin İş Kanunu kapsamı dışında tutulmasının sonucu olarak, toplu iş sözleşmeleri imzalanmış ve sendikal faaliyetler yürütülmüştür. İmzalanan bu toplu iş sözleşmeleriyle bir grup işçi İş Kanunu kapsamına alınmış ve iş hukukunun getirdiği haklardan yararlanabilmektedir. Ancak bu durum, bir grup işçiyi kapsadığından sektördeki tüm çalışanların sorunlarını çözmek için yeterli değildir. Hava taşıma işçilerinin, İş Kanunu kapsamı dışında tutulmasının sonucunda, hava çalışanları bakımından bağlı oldukları kanunlara göre farklı sonuçlar oluşmuştur ve bu kişilerin sözleşmesinin sona ermesi sonucunda elde edecekleri tazminat miktarları vb. farklılık göstermektedir. İşbu sebeplerle, çalışmamızda hava çalışanlarının bireysel iş hukuku anlamında değerlendirilmesi yapılmış, hava çalışanlarına özgü olarak çalışma süreleri ve eğitim giderleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş, hava taşıma işçileri ve yer işçilerinin tabii olduğu kanunlar kapsamındaki hakları değerlendirilmiş ve bazı işçilerin toplu iş sözleşmeleriyle iş kanunu kapsamına alınmasının yarattığı farklılıklar gündeme getirilmiştir. Hukukumuzda bir Hava İş Kanunun olmamasının yarattığı olumsuz sonuçlara değinilmiştirCivil aviation in Turkey began in1933 and has since developed in parallel with the rest of the world. Generally, civil aviation activities are governed by international conventions due to the international relationship of air transport and the priority of flight safety. Turkey has been an active part of international developments in the sector, has accepted the international conventions and makes the necessary domestic legal arrangements in order to comply with provisions of said conventions. However, the rights and obligations of the flight crew as stated in labor law have been left up to the domestic law of each country and there have been no special provisions made for them in this regard either internationally or domestically. In Turkish domestic law, workers in the aviation sector are divided into two, and flight crew are not counted under the Labor Law, while ground crew are. Since flight crew are not considered within the scope of the Labor Law, these persons are subject to the provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations under the heading "Service Contract". The main reason why flight crew are not covered by the Labor Law is their non-standard working hours, and there is no domestic Air Labor Law dictating their rights and obligations as a standard. In practice, as a result of the exclusion of flight crew from the scope of the Labor Law, collective bargaining agreements were signed, and union activities carried out. With these signed collective labor agreements, a group of workers has been included in the scope of the Labor Law and can benefit from the rights outlined in the labor law. However, this situation is not enough to solve the problems of all employees in the sector as it covers only union members. As a result of the exclusion of flight crew from the scope of the Labor Law, inequalities have arisen, for example there is great variation in the amount of compensation flight crew employees receive as a result of the termination of their contract, among other things. For these reasons, in our study, flight crew were evaluated in terms of individual labor law. The working hours and training expenses specific to flight crew were examined in detail, the rights of flight crew and ground crew within the scope of the laws to which they were subject were evaluated, and the inequalities created by the inclusion of some workers in the scope of labor law through collective bargaining agreements have been assessed. The negative consequences of the absence of an Air Labor Law in our law have been outlined
Modeling of refrigeration system using different low GWP refrigerants with metal internal heat exchanger
No full textSoğutma hem gıdaların güvenliği hem de pandemi sürecindeki örnekleri ile hayatımızın her alanında kitlesel bir büyüklüktedir. Yaygın olarak kullanılan soğutma sistemlerinde kazanılacak ufak bir verim artışı, soğutma makinelerinin sayısı ile çarpıldığında çok ciddi değerlere ulaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iç ısı değiştiricisinin soğutma sistemine etkisi, bu yolla sistemin performansının artışı, düşük Küresel Isınma Potansiyeli (Gobal Warming Potential, GWP) değeri farklı soğutucu akışkanlar için incelenmiştir. R404A gibi yaygın kullanılan soğutucu akışkanlar düşük GWP değerine sahip soğutucu akışkanların performansları ile kıyaslanmış alternatif düşük GWP’li soğutucu akışkanların performansları araştırılmıştır.Refrigeration has a massive scale in all areas of our lives, with examples of both food safety and the pandemic process. A slight increase in efficiency in widely used cooling systems reaches serious values when multiplied by the number of cooling machines. In this study, the effect of internal heat exchangers on the cooling system, thus increasing the system’s performance, was investigated for different refrigerants with low GWP values. The performances of alternative low GWP refrigerants were investigated compared to the performances of common refrigerants such as R404A with low GWP refrigerants
Opening doors: The role of Erasmus+ youth exchanges in the social cohesion process of migrant and local youth in higher education
Get PDFErasmus+ Gençlik Değişimleri (E+GD) projeleri Avrupa Birliği tarafından gençlerin sosyal katılımının güçlendirilmesi ve çeşitli anahtar yeterlilikler geliştirebilmeleri amacıyla desteklenmektedir. Her yıl Türkiye’den binlerce genç hem yurt içinde hem de yurt dışında E+GD projelerine katılmaktadır. Özellikle son yıllarda hızlı bir artış gösteren göçmen öğrenci nüfusuyla birlikte farklı kültürlerden gençlerin sosyal uyum süreçleri odak konusu olmuştur. Araştırmanın amacı, Harran Üniversitesinde gerçekleşen E+GD projelerinin kazanımlarının imkânı kısıtlı göçmen ve yerel gençlerin sosyal uyum süreçlerine etkisinin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Bu bağlamda gençlerin imkân kısıtlılık algıları, projelere katılma motivasyonları, proje sonrası kazanımları ve gelişimleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılan araştırmada projelere katılan 16 genç ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Yapılan görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, sosyal hayata dâhil olma ve kişisel yeterliliklerini geliştirme noktasında projelerin gençlerin hayatlarında önemli değişimlere yol açtığı ve onlara yeni ufuklar açtığı görülmüştür. Öte yandan projelere katılma motivasyonları ve kazanımları açısından gençlerin deneyimlerinin farklı katmanlarda kesişimsel olduğu çalışmanın önemli bulgularından biridir. Bununla birlikte bu çalışma E+GD projelerinin göçmen ve yerel gençlerin sosyal uyumunun güçlendirilmesi ve birlikte yaşama kültürünün inşasındaki önemini ortaya koymaktadır.Erasmus+ Youth Exchanges (E+YE) projects are supported by the European Union with the aim of strengthening the social participation of young people and enabling them to develop various key competencies. Every year, thousands of young people from Türkiye participate in both national and international E+YE projects. Especially in recent years, with the rapid increase in the population of migrant students, the social cohesion processes experienced by young people from different cultures have become a focal point. The aim of the study is to reveal the impact of E+YE projects held at Harran University on the social cohesion processes of migrant and local young people with limited opportunities. As such, an attempt was made to determine the perception of limited opportunities among young people, their motivations for participating in projects, as well as their individual gains and personal growth thanks to their completion of the projects. Using a qualitative method, interviews were conducted with 16 young people participating in these projects. The data obtained from the interviews were subjected to descriptive analysis. The findings indicate that E+YE projects lead to significant changes in the lives of young people in terms of social inclusion and personal skills development, and open up new horizons for them. Another important finding of the study is that the experiences of young people intersect at various levels in terms of their motivations for participating in projects and the gains they obtain. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of E+YE projects in strengthening the social cohesion of migrant and local young people and in fostering a culture of living together
Tetraiodo nickel phthalocyanine electrocatalyst enables superior Na-Se battery performances by enhancing the utilization of Na2Se
No full textSodium: -Selenium (Na-Se) batteries are regarded as one of the most promising alternative energy storage de-vices compared to their room-temperature sodium-sulfur battery counterparts. Since Selenium cathodes operate well in carbonate-based electrolytes, the solubility issue of polyselenides is no longer an issue. However, the main obstacles of Na-Se batteries remain the precipitation and reoxidation of sodium selenide (Na2Se) owing to the high energy barrier of these reactions and passivation of the electrode during cycling. Herein, we propose a tetraiodo nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) electrocatalyst to improve the electrochemical performance of Na-Se batteries. It is demonstrated that the presence of even a small amount of NiPc improves the electrocatalytic conversion of Na2Se by lowering the decomposition energy barrier of Na2Se. The improved cell performances are verified by the decrease in reaction polarization, Tafel slope values, and the measured internal resistance of Na-Se cells in addition to the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Consequently, the Na-Se cell with the NiPc electrocatalyst exhibited outstanding rate capability (405 mAh & BULL;g- 1 after 250 cycles at 3375 mA g-1 and superior long-term cyclic stability (563 mAh & BULL;g- 1 after 250 cycles at 675 mA g-1), which are among the most promising rate performance characteristics demonstrated in the literature
Intrinsically disordered synthetic polymers in biomedical applications
Get PDFIn biology and medicine, intrinsically disordered synthetic polymers bio-mimicking intrinsically disordered proteins, which lack stable three-dimensional structures, possess high structural/conformational flexibility. They are prone to self-organization and can be extremely useful in various biomedical applications. Among such applications, intrinsically disordered synthetic polymers can have potential usage in drug delivery, organ transplantation, artificial organ design, and immune compatibility. The designing of new syntheses and characterization mechanisms is currently required to provide the lacking intrinsically disordered synthetic polymers for biomedical applications bio-mimicked using intrinsically disordered proteins. Here, we present our strategies for designing intrinsically disordered synthetic polymers for biomedical applications based on bio-mimicking intrinsically disordered proteins
Processing and characterization of polymeric biomaterials
No full textPolymeric biomaterials feature a wide range of medical applications due to their high biological suitability (noncytotoxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility), enhanced mechanical behavior, and good processability. Besides these characteristics, chemical, electrical, and physical properties can be improved by regulating the structural and morphological parameters during processing of polymeric biomaterials. Because of the high clinical expectations, scientists focus on advanced processing techniques. Furthermore, due to the extremely hard-working conditions of polymeric biomaterials, many studies deal with numerous precise characterization techniques, in order to determine how properly polymeric biomaterials were processed, before being used in clinical applications. Therefore, this chapter is focused on gaining a deeper understanding of processing methods and characterization techniques of polymeric biomaterials for providing an extensive overview and a guide for developing polymeric biomaterials within the scope of clinical framework. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
An Application for Aggregating the Criteria Weights Obtained by Different Objective Weighting Methods and Their Use in COPRAS
Get PDFMulti-criteria? decision? making? (MCDM)? refers? to? a? group? of? techniques? for?assessing? a? set? of? alternatives?in?light? of? several,? usually conflicting criteria. Thus,?given?a?set?of?alternatives?(options)?and?a?number of?decision?criteria,?the?purpose of?MCDM?is?to?provide?a?choice,?ranking,? description,? classification,? sorting,? and,? in? most? instances,? an? order? of? alternatives,?from?the?most?preferred?to?the?least?favored option. (Mulliner? et?al.,?2016).?Assigning?weights?to?criteria?is?a?crucial?step?that?needs?to?be? reconsidered?in?the?majority?of?MCDM?models.?However,?one?of?the?main? issues? with? MCDM? is? figuring? out? how? to? weight? the? various? criteria? (Pamu?ar et?al.? 2018;?Vinogradova et? al.,? 2018).?The? assessment? of?the? criteria? weights? can? be subjective,? objective? or? hybrid (Ginevi?ius and Podvezko,?2005).?The?subjective?methods?calculate?weights?in?accordance? with?the? preferences? of? decision?makers? for?the? criteria.?The? opinion? or? intuition? of? the? decision? maker? is? reflected? in? weights? created? using? subjective?methods.?Due?to?lack?of?information?or?experience,?the?decision? maker?may?impact?the?findings?of?analyses?or?the?rankings?of?alternatives? based? on? weights (Ma? et? al.,? 1999).? Furthermore,? determining? the? subjective weights for?the?criteria takes?a?lot? of?time,? particularly?when? there?is? disagreement? among?the? decision?makers? regarding?the?issue? at? hand? (Odu,? 2019). On? the? contrary, the? objective? methods? calculate? weights?on?the?basis?of?objective?data?(e.g.?decision?matrix).?However,?by? using? mathematical? models? to? generate? weights,? objective? methods? frequently? ignore? the? decision? maker's? subjective? judgment (Ma? et? al.,? 1999). The?question?of?how?completely?and?objectively?the?small?sample? of?alternative?traits?conveys?the?value?of?the?criteria?is?also?left?unanswered? for? these? methodologies.? Obviously,? the? decision matrix? entirely? determines? the? outcome (Mukhametzyanov,? 2021). In? hybrid? methods,? subjective?and?objective?weighting?methods?are?combined.?The?decision? matrix?data?and?the?preferences?of?the?decision?makers?can?both?be?used?in? the?hybrid?methods?(Keshavarz-Ghorabaee?et?al