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Freihandelsabkommen der Europäischen Union mit drittstaaten und die rechtlichen konsequenzen für die Türkei
Get PDFIn dieser Dissertation werden die Inhalte der Freihandelsabkommen, die die Europäische Union (EU) mit Drittstaaten, die Nichtmitgliedsstaaten sind (Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika und Kanada), geschlossen hat oder schließen wird im Hinblick auf mögliche rechtliche und wirtschaftliche Folgen dieser Freihandelsabkommen für die Republik Türkei untersucht und diskutiert. Hierfür werden zunächst der Entstehungsprozess der EU, die Zollunion, die die Grundlage der EU bildet, und die Umsetzung und Festlegung der gemeinsamen Handelspolitik sowie der Umfang der EU-Befugnisse analysiert und bewertet. Anschließend wird geprüft, ob die EU befugt ist, Freihandelsabkommen mit Drittstaaten abzuschließen. Des Weiteren werden das Freihandelsabkommen TTIP, das die EU mit den USA zu abschließen beabsichtigt und das Freihandelsabkommen CETA, welches die EU mit Kanada abgeschlossen hat, geprüft. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Rechtswirkungen und Folgen der von der EU mit Drittstaaten abgeschlossenen Freihandelsabkommen für die Republik Türkei erörtert. Da die Türkei zwar Vertragspartei der Zollunion der EU, jedoch kein Mitglied der EU ist, kann sie von den von der EU abgeschlossenen Freihandelsabkommen keine Vorteile genießen und diese Abkommen nicht zu ihren Gunsten anwenden. Die Drittländer hingegen, die das Freihandelsabkommen unterzeichnet haben, können diese Abkommen bezüglich der Türkei anwenden und somit von der Zollunion profitieren. Aus diesem Grund werden die Folgen einer Inanspruchnahme davon im Hinblick auf das türkische Recht geprüft. In diesem Zusammenhang wird analysiert und beurteilt, ob die Türkei durch die Freihandelsabkommen der EU mit Drittstaaten durch die Zollunion beeinträchtigt wird, wie die gegebenenfalls negativen Auswirkungen beseitigt und etwaige notwendige Vorkehrungen und Maßnahmen getroffen werden können.Doktora tezimizde Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) üye ülkeler dışındaki ülkeler olan 3. ülkelerle (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Kanada) imzaladığı veya imzalayacağı serbest ticaret sözleşmelerinin içeriği hakkında inceleme yapılarak, bu serbest ticaret sözleşmelerinin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti açısından olası hukuki ve ekonomik sonuçları ele alınacaktır. Tezimizde ilk olarak AB’nin oluşum süreci ile AB’nin temelini oluşturan gümrük birliği ve ortak ticaret politikasının uygulanması ve belirlenmesi ile AB`nin bu konulardaki yetki kapsamı hakkında inceleme ve değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır. Daha sonra AB’nin 3. ülkelerle serbest ticaret anlaşmaları imzalama yetkisinin olup olmadığı araştırılacaktır. Bunun devamında AB’nin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile imzalanmasını planladığı TTIP isimli serbest ticaret anlaşması ve Kanada ile imzalanan CETA isimli serbest ticaret anlaşması incelenecektir. Bununla bağlantılı olarak AB’nin 3. ülkelerle imzalamış olduğu serbest ticaret anlaşmalarının Türkiye Cumhuriyeti açısından hukuki etkileri ve sonuçları ele alınacaktır. Ülkemizin, AB’nin gümrük birliğine taraf olmasının yanında, AB üyesi olmamasından dolayı, AB’nin akdettiği serbest ticaret sözleşmelerinden faydalanamamasına ve bu sözleşmeleri kendi lehine uygulayamamasına rağmen, serbest ticaret sözleşmesini imzalayan 3. ülkelerin, gümrük birliğinden faydalanarak, işbu sözleşmeleri ülkemiz açısından uygulayabilmeleri ve bundan faydalanmalarının, Türk hukuku açısından sonuçları incelenecektir. Bu kapsamda ülkemizin, AB’nin 3. ülkelerle imzaladığı serbest ticaret anlaşmaları neticesinde gümrük birliğinden dolayı olumsuz etkilenip etkilenmediği ve varsa olumsuz etkilerin nasıl giderilebileceği, bu kapsamda gerekli önlem ve tedbirlerin ne şekilde alınabileceği konusunda inceleme ve değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır
Das Rücknahmeermessen der Verwaltung bei rechtswidrigen Verwaltungsakten im deutschen Recht
No full textHukuka aykırı idari işlemlerin geri alınması, Alman hukukunda geri alma, iptal veya usulün yeniden görülmesi şeklinde eş zamanlı uygulama bulabilen müesseseleri gündeme getirir. Bu müesseselerin ayrımı idari işlemin doğurduğu hukuki neticeler noktasında gerçekleşmiştir. Bu bağlamda geri alma, öncelikle yükümlendirici ve yararlandırıcı idari işlemler bakımından bir ayrıma konu olur. Hukuka aykırı yararlandırıcı bir idari işlemin geri alınması genel olarak hukuki güvenlik ilkesinin ve kazanılmış hakların korunması noktasında idarenin takdir yetkisini sınırlandırır. Hukuka aykırı yükümlendirici bir idari işlemin geri alınmasında ise idarenin takdir yetkisi, bu işlemin korunmasındaki hukuki değer veyahut yararın ne olduğu sorusu bağlamında tartışmalıdır. Bu çalışmada da özellikle Alman hukukunda hukuka aykırı yükümlendirici idari işlemlerin geri alınması ve idarenin takdir yetkisinin sınırları değerlendirilecektir.The revocation of unlawful administrative acts in German law simultaneously involves legal procedures such as revocation, withdrawal, and the reopening of proceedings. Thes differentiation between these procedures layswith the legal consequences that they entail. In particular, the consequences regarding revocation are divided into two based on whether the administrative act foresees a burden or a benefit to the recipient. The revocation of an unlawful beneficial administrative act is generally limited by the principles of the rule of law and the protection of legitimate expectations, thereby restricting the discretion of the administration. In contrast, the revocation of an unlawful burdensome administrative act raises questions about which legal values and interests justify the revoking the administrative act. This paper specifically discusses the revocation of unlawful burdensome administrative acts and the scope of discretion of the administration under German law
Identification of deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mRNA decay activator ZFP36L2
Get PDFMore than 4,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) variants have been identified in the human ZFP36L2 gene, however only a few have been studied in the context of protein function. The tandem zinc finger domain of ZFP36L2, an RNA binding protein, is the functional domain that binds to its target mRNAs. This protein/RNA interaction triggers mRNA degradation, controlling gene expression. We identified 32 non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in the tandem zinc finger domain of ZFP36L2 that could have possible deleterious impacts in humans. Using different bioinformatic strategies, we prioritized five among these 32 nsSNPs, namely rs375096815, rs1183688047, rs1214015428, rs1215671792 and rs920398592 to be validated. When we experimentally tested the functionality of these protein variants using gel shift assays, all five (Y154H, R160W, R184C, G204D, and C206F) resulted in a dramatic reduction in RNA binding compared to the WT protein. To understand the mechanistic effect of these variants on the protein/RNA interaction, we employed DUET, DynaMut and PyMOL to investigate structural changes in the protein. Additionally, we conducted Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to fine tune the active behaviour of this biomolecular system at an atomic level. Our results propose atomic explanations for the impact of each of these five genetic variants identified
Pay devrinin enerji piyasası düzenleme kurulu’nun İznine tabi olduğu anonim şirketlerde iznin hukukî niteliği ve kurul’un izni olmadan yapılan devrin sonuçları
No full textAnonim şirketlerde kural olarak pay serbestçe devredilebilir. Ancak bazı alanlarda faaliyet gösteren anonim şirketlerin tâbi oldukları kanunlar ve ikincil mevzuatta, pay devrine ilişkin Türk Ticaret Kanunu’ndan farklı sınırlamalar öngörülmektedir. Enerji piyasası mevzuatında da lisans sahibi anonim şirketlerdeki pay devrine ilişkin bazı sınırlamalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada enerji piyasası mevzuatında anonim şirketler bakımından öngörülen pay devri sınırlamalarına ilişkin düzenlemeler irdelenmiş, bu düzenlemeler doğrultusunda pay devrinin Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurulu’nun iznine tâbi kılınmasının hukukî niteliği ile Kurul’un izni gerektiği hâlde söz konusu izin alınmadan yapılan pay devrinin hukukî sonuçları incelenmiştir.As a general rule, shares in joint stock companies can be freely transferred. However, in some fields, laws and secondary legislation applicable to joint stock companies operating in certain sectors introduce restrictions on share transfers different from those in the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102. There are also certain limitations on share transfers in joint stock companies holding licenses within the energy market legislation. This article examines the regulations concerning share transfer restrictions envisaged for joint stock companies under the energy market legislation. It analyzes the legal nature of requiring permission from the Energy
Literarische Reflexionen von Schuld und Erinnerung: Katharina Hackers Eine Dorfgeschichte im Kontext ricœurscher Schuldsymbolik
No full textThis research paper focuses on Katharina Hacker’s novel Eine Dorfgeschichte (2011) within the framework of memory literature, particularly the memories of the witness generation of World War II. To analyze the sophisticated narrative style, the study employs an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on Aleida Assmann’s theoretical works on memory and remembrance as well as Paul Ricœur’s phenomenology of guilt. The aim of this investigation is to highlight the use, analysis, and interpretation of symbols as a means of seeking forgiveness or forgetting the unspeakable horrors of the Nazi past. The interaction between memory and metaphor, especially in symbolic language, gains significance and incorporates insights from Assmann and Ricœur. The novel addresses themes of guilt and responsibility, revealing the complex dynamic between individual guilt and collective reflection. Katharina Hacker employs a vivid and animated narrative style and uses metaphors primarily to illustrate the lasting impact of a traumatic Nazi past. The narrative reflects on guilt within a significant political-historical context, namely that of the displaced Sudeten Germans, and aligns with Ricœur’s perspective that an engaged confrontation with guilt fosters ethical insights. The novel unfolds as an animated memory of the granddaughter, who attempts to understand the unspoken and concealed past of her grandparents and their war trauma. Through the method of phenomenological hermeneutics, supported by Paul Ricœur’s working hypotheses in his works Fallible Man – Phenomenology of Guilt I (1972) and The Symbolism of Evil – Phenomenology of Guilt II (2002), an embedded oneiric symbolism can be discerned within the narrative, which in turn reflects a deep-seated trauma of the war witnesses.Diese Forschungsarbeit widmet sich Katharina Hackers Roman Eine Dorfgeschichte (2011) im Rahmen der Erinnerungsliteratur, insbesondere den Erinnerungen der Zeugengeneration des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Zur Analyse des anspruchsvollen Erzählstils greift die Studie auf einen interdisziplinären Ansatz zurück, der auf Aleida Assmanns theoretischen Arbeiten zu Gedächtnis und Erinnerung sowie Paul Ricœurs Phänomenologie der Schuld basiert. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die Verwendung, Analyse und Interpretation von Symbolen als Mittel zur Suche nach Vergebung oder zum Vergessen des unaussprechlichen Grauens der Nazi-Vergangenheit herauszustellen. Die Interaktion von Erinnerung und Metapher, insbesondere in der Symbolsprache, gewinnt dabei an Bedeutung und bezieht Erkenntnisse von Assmann und Ricœur ein. Der Roman behandelt die Themen Schuld und Verantwortung und offenbart die komplexe Dynamik zwischen individueller Schuld und kollektiver Reflexion. Katharina Hacker bedient sich eines bildhaft-animatorischen Erzählstils und nutzt Metaphern, vor allem, um die nachhaltigen Auswirkungen einer traumatischen Nazi-Vergangenheit zu verdeutlichen. Die Erzählung reflektiert über Schuld in einem bedeutenden politisch-historischen Kontext, nämlich dem der vertriebenen Sudetendeutschen, und stimmt mit Ricœurs Perspektive überein, dass eine engagierte Auseinandersetzung mit Schuld ethische Einsichten fördert. Der Roman entfaltet sich als animierte Erinnerung der Enkeltochter, die versucht, die unausgesprochene und verheimlichte Vergangenheit der Großeltern und deren Kriegs-Trauma zu verstehen. Anhand der Methode der phänomenologischen Hermeneutik, die durch Paul Ricœurs Arbeitshypothesen in seinen Werken Die Fehlbarkeit des Menschen – Phänomenologie der Schuld I (1972) und Symbolik des Bösen – Phänomenologie der Schuld II (2002) gestützt wird, lässt sich eine in die Erzählung eingeflochtene onirische Symbolik erkennen, die wiederum ein tief liegendes Trauma der Kriegszeugen widerspiegelt.Diese Forschungsarbeit widmet sich Katharina Hackers Roman Eine Dorfgeschichte (2011) im Rahmen der Erinnerungsliteratur, insbesondere den Erinnerungen der Zeugengeneration des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Zur Analyse des anspruchsvollen Erzählstils greift die Studie auf einen interdisziplinären Ansatz zurück, der auf Aleida Assmanns theoretischen Arbeiten zu Gedächtnis und Erinnerung sowie Paul Ricœurs Phänomenologie der Schuld basiert. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die Verwendung, Analyse und Interpretation von Symbolen als Mittel zur Suche nach Vergebung oder zum Vergessen des unaussprechlichen Grauens der Nazi-Vergangenheit herauszustellen. Die Interaktion von Erinnerung und Metapher, insbesondere in der Symbolsprache, gewinnt dabei an Bedeutung und bezieht Erkenntnisse von Assmann und Ricœur ein. Der Roman behandelt die Themen Schuld und Verantwortung und offenbart die komplexe Dynamik zwischen individueller Schuld und kollektiver Reflexion. Katharina Hacker bedient sich eines bildhaft-animatorischen Erzählstils und nutzt Metaphern, vor allem, um die nachhaltigen Auswirkungen einer traumatischen Nazi-Vergangenheit zu verdeutlichen. Die Erzählung reflektiert über Schuld in einem bedeutenden politisch-historischen Kontext, nämlich dem der vertriebenen Sudetendeutschen, und stimmt mit Ricœurs Perspektive überein, dass eine engagierte Auseinandersetzung mit Schuld ethische Einsichten fördert. Der Roman entfaltet sich als animierte Erinnerung der Enkeltochter, die versucht, die unausgesprochene und verheimlichte Vergangenheit der Großeltern und deren Kriegs-Trauma zu verstehen. Anhand der Methode der phänomenologischen Hermeneutik, die durch Paul Ricœurs Arbeitshypothesen in seinen Werken Die Fehlbarkeit des Menschen – Phänomenologie der Schuld I (1972) und Symbolik des Bösen – Phänomenologie der Schuld II (2002) gestützt wird, lässt sich eine in die Erzählung eingeflochtene onirische Symbolik erkennen, die wiederum ein tief liegendes Trauma der Kriegszeugen widerspiegelt
Sustainable markets and abnormal weather: Exploring the impact of climate risks on sustainable investing in Turkey
No full textGlobal warming, as a result of climate change, has important economic and financial effects on society. But these effects are not fully explored yet. The risks related to climate change are categorized into physical and transition risks. Since Turkey is one of the countries currently impacted by the physical dangers of climate change, the study's objective is to advance awareness of the financial effects of those risks. Specifically, this study explores how investor preferences and attitudes toward sustainable investments are affected by physical climate risks in the context of the Salience Theory. Physical climate risks are measured using temperature anomalies and precipitation anomalies. The trading volume of the BIST Sustainability Index is used as a proxy for sustainable investing. The results indicate that there is no relationship between abnormal weather and the trading volume of the BIST Sustainability Index, implying that abnormal weather does not lead to a change in investors' decisions. © 2023 Peter Lang Group AG, Lausanne. All rights reserved
Vibration analysis of 3D printed PLA beam with honeycomb cell structure for renewable energy applications and sustainable solutions
No full text7th International Conference on Renewable Energy: Generation and Application, ICREGA 2024 -- 21 April 2024 through 24 April 2024 -- Al Khobar -- 321559Research shows a lack of vibration analyses of structures produced by 3D printing. This study, therefore, investigates the vibration behavior of honeycomb structures made of polylactic acid (PLA) using the additive manufacturing process fused deposition modeling (FDM) in a beam element. Based on an experimental modal analysis and the determination of the damping rate, a FEM reference simulation model is created, and the results are validated with the data from the experiment. The original honeycomb structure was numerically varied in its density, i.e., in the thickness (t) of the cell wall, in the length (L) of the regular hexagons, and in its degree of filling. The results showed that the density of the honeycombs at a filling level of 19% has a marginal influence on the vibration behavior. The vibration behavior was reduced only when the filling level was increased to 30%. This study has implications for many areas of research in which vibrations play a significant role in technical applications. These findings highlight the potential for integrating renewable energy applications with sustainable solutions, emphasizing the importance of vibration dynamics in advancing environmentally friendly technologies. © 2024, Association of American Publishers. All rights reserved
The right to be represented by a lawyer as one of the minimum rights of the person charged with a crime within the framework of the decisions of European Court of Human Rights and the individual application decisions of the constitutional court
Get PDFThe right to legal representation is protected by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This right may arise in both criminal law and private law disputes. In this study, this right is examined in detail in the context of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Limitations on this right, the problems concerning this right at the investigation and prosecution stages are explained. Case law of the ECtHR and the Constitutional Court of Turkey is presented.Avukatla temsil hakkı İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi’nin (İHAS) altıncı maddesi koruması altındadır. Bu hak gerek ceza hukuku gerek özel hukuk uyuşmazlıklarında gündeme gelebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada avukatla temsil hakkı İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesi (İHAM) içtihatlarındaki görünümleri ile detaylı bir biçimde incelenmiştir. Avukatla temsil hakkı çeşitli sınırlamalara tâbi tutulabilir. Bu sınırlamalar çalışmada incelenmiştir. Çalışmada soruşturma ve kovuşturma aşamalarında avukatla temsil hakkını ilgilendiren sorunlar açıklanmıştır. Her alt başlık altında İHAM içtihadı ortaya konduktan sonra Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin (AYM) konu hakkındaki içtihadı açıklanmıştır
Intrinsically disordered proteins by homology modeling and replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations: A case study of amyloid-?42
Get PDFHomology modeling emerges as a potent tool unveiling the structural enigma of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), with recent advancements such as AlphaFold2 enhancing the precision of these analyses. The process usually involves identifying homologous proteins with known structures and utilizing their templates to predict the three-dimensional architecture of the target IDP. However, IDPs lack a welldefined three-dimensional structure, and their flexibility makes it difficult to predict their conformations accurately. On the other hand, special sampling molecular dynamics simulations have been shown to be useful in defining the distinct structural properties of IDPs. Here, the structural properties of the disordered amyloid-?42 peptide were predicted using various homology modeling tools, including C-I-TASSER, ITASSER, Phyre2, SwissModel, and AlphaFold2. In parallel, extensive replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of A?42 were conducted. Results from homology modeling were compared to our replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and experiments to gain insights into the accuracy of homology modeling tools for IDPs used in this work. Based on our findings, none of the homology modeling tools used in this work can fully capture the structural properties of A?42. However, C-I-TASSER yields a radius of gyration and tertiary structure properties that are more in accord with the simulations and experimental data rather than I-TASSER, Phyre2, SwissModel, and AlphaFold2
Comparative Analysis of Financial Inclusion by Genders in Turkey and the European Union
No full textVarious factors, including demographic change, globalization, and cultural practices based on race, age, ethnicity, religion, or gender, emphasize their impact on societies and businesses. This has heightened the importance of diversity, equality, and inclusion in the workplace. Organizations striving to support diverse groups view these values as interconnected, leading to better-equipped companies that can face challenges, attract top talent, and meet diverse customer needs. Implementing a strategy for workplace diversity yields benefits such as improved business performance, productivity, customer understanding, recruitment from a broader candidate pool, team innovation, and effective problem-solving. Additionally, diversity, equality, and inclusion significantly impact talent retention, decision-making quality, and employee motivation. Businesses aiming for diverse and inclusive environments must integrate these principles into their corporate strategy. In parallel, the Turkish-German University, in collaboration with Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, hosted a conference on "Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion" in Istanbul, supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). The conference provided a platform for academics and practitioners to discuss current issues related to the topic from various perspectives, with the presented academic papers forming the chapters of this book