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In utroque profecerimus: kaip filosofinė kalba tampa iškalbinga?
No full textIn his rhetorical treatises, Cicero establishes a clear distinction between sermo and oratio (Or. 12–13, 63–64; De Or. II. 159). The former, among other meanings, refers to a philosophical discourse, whereas the latter refers to rhetorical speech. He treats sermo as a poorer sort of oration on the grounds of lacking a rhetorical value. According to Cicero, philosophical modus dicendi, on the one hand, lacks the power of contention and strife, which is necessary for court and forum disputes, and, on the other hand, is not suitable for public speaking. Instead, it is rather welcome in close circles, friendly gatherings, and dinner parties. However, in the preface to the First Book of De Officiis, Cicero asserts that his own philosophical works (sc. sermones) are worth reading no less than his orations, because both types of writing can help to enrich Latin. Even more strikingly, he adds that he succeeded in developing to perfection both genres (Off. I. 3). This claim stands in contrast with his earlier philosophical treatises in which Cicero stood on the defensive against his critics and felt it necessary to explain his motives in writing philosophy in Latin. So, the question is: How and when did this shift occur from defending and viewing sermo as an inferior form of discourse to evaluating and recommending it to readers? In this paper, I briefly examine the meanings and different usage of the terms sermo and oratio in Cicero’s treatises, secondly, I undertake to show a certain development or change in Cicero’s approach to his philosophical writings, and, finally, I shall give some insights into the question raised above.Ciceronas savo retorikos traktatuose daro aiškią skirtį tarp sermo ir oratio (Or. 12–13, 63–64; De Or. II. 159). Pirmasis terminas, be kitų reikšmių, specifiškai vartojamas filosofinio diskurso prasme, o antrasis reiškia viešą oratoriaus kalbą. Ciceronas sermo laiko retoriškai neišpildyta, todėl menkesne kalbėsenos rūšimi. Teigiama, kad filosofinis kalbėjimo būdas (modus dicendi) stokoja jėgos ir įtampos, būtinos teismų bei forumo iškalbai; be to, jis netinkamas viešajam kalbėjimui, nes labiau pritaikytas siauram klausytojų ratui, draugų pokalbiams, ypač puotose. Vis dėlto traktate Apie pareigas (De officiis) Cicerono požiūris pasikeičia. Pirmosios knygos įžangoje autorius tvirtina, kad jo filosofinius veikalus, t. y. sermones, verta skaityti ne mažiau negu jo kalbas (orationes), nes abi veikalų rūšys padės jaunuomenei praturtinti savo lotynų kalbą ir ją ugdyti. Dar daugiau ‒ Ciceronas teigia pasiekęs abiejų žanrų aukštumų, o to nėra pavykę nė vienam graikų ar romėnų autoriui (Off. I. 3). Šis teiginys ryškiai kontrastuoja su ankstesnių Cicerono filosofinių traktatų įžangomis, kuriose jis tarsi užima gynybinę poziciją prieš galimus kritikus (kažkokius eruditi), jausdamas būtinybę pasiteisinti, kodėl ėmėsi rašyti filosofiją lotyniškai. Kaip ir kada iš gynybinės pozicijos pereinama nuo sermo, anksčiau laikytos menkesne kalbėsenos rūšimi, prie jos įvertinimo ir net rekomendavimo skaitytojams? Šiame straipsnyje pirmiausia trumpai aptariami terminai sermo ir oratio bei jų ekvivalentų vartojimas Cicerono traktatuose, parodoma abiejų kalbėsenos rūšių priešprieša. Antra, atskleidžiamas požiūrio į filosofinį diskursą pokytis veikale Apie pareigas. Galiausiai, pateikiama įžvalgų iškeltais klausimais
Būtis kaip spektras: prisikėlimo sampratos permąstymas Traktate apie prisikėlimą
No full textThis article reexamines the concept of resurrection in the Valentinian “Treatise on the Resurrection” (or “Letter to Rheginos”, NHC I,4) by employing the framework of ‘modes of being’, a hermeneutical tool adapted from Platonic and Gnostic thought. Rather than viewing reality in terms of strict binaries, the article argues that Valentinian cosmology is best understood as a continuum: beginning with absolute non-existence, progressing through the material world, then to the state of the believer who has received gnosis, and culminating in the transcendent realm of the Father. Within this spectrum, resurrection emerges not as a singular or discontinuous event, but as a graded and continuous process that unfolds across different levels of existence. By drawing on both the “Treatise on the Resurrection” and related Valentinian texts, the study demonstrates how this spectrum of being provides a new interpretive key for understanding Valentinian soteriology and the ontological grounding of resurrection.Straipsnyje, pasitelkiant „būties lygmenų“ sampratą – hermeneutinį įrankį, perimtą iš platoniškos ir gnostinės minties, nagrinėjama prisikėlimo sąvoka valentinizmui priskiriamame tekste Traktatas apie prisikėlimą (arba Laiškas Reginui, NHC I,4). Užuot apibūdinus tikrovę per griežtas prieštaras, teigiama, kad valentiniškoji kosmologija geriausiai suprantama kaip kontinuumas. Viename šio kontinuumo ekstremume yra absoliuti nebūtis, einanti per materialųjį pasaulį; toliau seka tikinčiojo, įgijusio pažinimą, būsena. Kitoje kontinuumo pusėje pasiekiamas transcendentinis lygmuo. Šiame kontinuume prisikėlimas atsiskleidžia ne kaip vienkartinis įvykis, o kaip laipsniškas ir tęstinis procesas, išsiskleidžiantis per skirtingus būties lygmenis. Remiantis tiek Traktatu apie prisikėlimą, tiek giminingais valentininiais tekstais, straipsnyje parodoma, kaip šis būties kontinuumas naujai paaiškina valentininę soteriologiją ir prisikėlimo ontologiją
An Overview of Current Projects of Polish Cognitive Ethnolinguistics in Cooperation with Lithuanian Colleagues
No full textThe overview of current projects of Polish cognitive ethnolinguistics in cooperation with Lithuanian colleagues was presented at “The 9th International Scientific Conference on Linguistic, Educational, and Intercultural Research”, which took place at Vilnius University on 7th -8th November 2024. It reviews the most significant projects of Polish cognitive ethnolinguistics carried out in Lublin, primarily at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (UMCS). The Lublin Ethnolinguistic School has been developing since the 1980s. Since the beginning of the 21st century, it has closely cooperated with the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The review describes the main works of the Institute of Slavic Studies, the UMCS in Lublin, and other Polish research teams, that were carried out in the mainstream of cognitive ethnolinguistics. Some ideas of the Lublin Ethnolinguistic School are being realized in cooperation with colleagues from Lithuania: Vilnius University, and the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The Polish and Lithuanian researchers implement some projects as joint ventures– they are also presented in the overview
Media Representations of Jesus Christ: The Dichotomy between the Sacred and the Profane
No full textToday, images of Christ are used in visual media to create new meanings. This article aims to determine the relationship between the sacred and the profane as reflected in the images of Jesus on the front covers of popular magazines. In 2023, a study of around 12,000 magazine covers from 2001 to 2023 was conducted, focusing on 80 of the most popular periodical publications globally. Forty-two covers were found to include visual references to Jesus Christ and were examined using the social semiotic approach and rhetorical discourse analysis. The research confirmed that the publishing industry follows a relatively consistent policy of exploiting the image of Jesus. It can be concluded that sacral elements in the studied images tended to dominate over secular aspects. Also, the analysis confirmed that the cover images of Jesus reflect current historical, religious, and cultural contexts and accommodate the diversity of viewpoints
Idololatria Vilnensis: Jėzuitų ir protestantų konfesiniai debatai apie sakralinius atvaizdus XVI a. Lietuvoje
No full textDespite the abundance of theological treatises in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late 16th century, only five of the eighty-six known titles deal with the use of sacred images and reveal the opposing sides of Catholics and Protestants in such confessional debates. The Protestant perspective is represented by Andrzej Wolan’s 1583 treatise ‘An Attack on the Idolatry of the Loyolites of Vilnius’, which relies primarily on theological arguments to criticise the Catholic practice of using sacred images. Wolan’s critique, while rooted in theology, also touched on the Renaissance humanist perspective on aesthetics to question the sensual appeal of Catholic sacred art. In response, the Catholic theologian Andrzej Jurgiewicz defended the use of sacred images, emphasising their role as visual witnesses of Catholic tradition in a post-Tridentine aesthetic paradigm. This article analyses these theological and aesthetic arguments of Wolan and Jurgiewicz found in treatises representing Catholic and Protestant positions in the polemical debates on the use of sacred images in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 16th century.Nors XVI a. pabaigoje Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje buvo išleista gausybė teologinių traktatų įvairiais konfesiniais klausimais, tik penki iš aštuoniasdešimt šešių žinomų veikalų skirti sakralinių atvaizdų naudojimo katalikų praktikoje kritikai ir iliustratyviai atskleidžia katalikų ir protestantų priešpriešą šiuo klausimu. Protestantų poziciją perteikiama Andriejaus Volano 1583 m. traktate „Vilniaus lojolininkų stabmeldystės atmetimas“, kuriame daugiausia teologiniais argumentais kritikuojamas sakralinių atvaizdų naudojimas katalikų praktikoje. Nors Volano kritika iš esmės buvo teologinė, jis taip pat rėmėsi humanistine Renesanso estetikos patirtimi, kvestionuodamas juslinę katalikiško sakralinio meno orientaciją. Atsakydamas į tai katalikų teologas Andriejus Jurgevičius (Andrzej Jurgiewicz) gynė šventųjų atvaizdų naudojimą, pabrėždamas jų, kaip vizualių katalikiškosios tradicijos liudytojų, vaidmenį potridentinėje estetinėje pasaulėžiūroje. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojami Volano ir Jurgevičiaus teologiniai ir estetiniai argumentai, aptinkami traktatuose, atspindinčiuose katalikų ir protestantų pozicijas konfesinėje polemikoje dėl sakralinių atvaizdų naudojimo Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje XVI a. pabaigoje
Navigating the Enigma of Parathyroid Adenoma ‒ a Tale of Diagnosis, Surgery, and Skeletal Symphony
No full textParathyroid adenomas, though uncommon, can pose significant challenges in diagnosis and management due to their elusive nature. We present a case report of a 47-years old female who presented with a constellation of symptoms indicative of hyperparathyroidism. Initial laboratory investigations revealed elevated serum calcium levels, corroborated by an increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. Further imaging studies, including neck ultrasonography and technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy, identified a solitary parathyroid adenoma. The patient’s clinical history, coupled with imaging findings, guided surgical approach towards a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy.
Histopathological examination of the excised adenoma confirmed the diagnosis, displaying characteristic features of parathyroid tissue hyperplasia. Postoperatively, the patient experienced a rapid normalization of serum calcium and PTH levels, accompanied by a resolution of symptoms. This case underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and management of parathyroid adenomas, emphasizing the pivotal role of advanced imaging techniques in localizing these elusive lesions.
Additionally, it highlights the efficacy of minimally invasive surgical interventions in achieving successful outcomes with reduced morbidity. The presented case contributes to the existing body of knowledge on parathyroid adenomas, providing insights into their clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and the significance of timely intervention. Improved awareness and understanding of such cases are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and refining diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this rare endocrine disorder
Keturi dažniausiai taikomi krūties spenelio rekonstrukcijos metodai: literatūros apžvalga
No full textVarious techniques are used for nipple reconstruction. Based on recent publications, this paper reviews the four most used local flap reconstruction methods: C–V, Star, Arrow, and Skate flaps. All these techniques are relatively simple to perform, associated with few complications, and significantly contribute to patient well-being. They can be performed as a separate procedure or during the same surgery as breast reconstruction. The main challenge common to all these flaps is the gradual loss of nipple projection over time. Therefore, these methods are continually being refined to address emerging issues and improve their applicability in various clinical situations.Krūties speneliui rekonstruoti taikomi įvairūs metodai. Straipsnyje, remiantis naujausiomis mokslinėmis publikacijomis, apžvelgiami keturi dažniausiai naudojami rekonstrukcijos vietiniais audinių lopais metodai: C–V, „Star“, „Arrow“ ir „Skate“. Šios operacijos nesudėtingos, sukelia nedaug komplikacijų, tačiau yra itin reikšmingos pacienčių gerovei. Krūties spenelio rekonstrukcija gali būti atliekama atskirai arba krūties rekonstrukcijos operacijos metu. Svarbiausias visų minėtų metodų iššūkis – ilgainiui mažėjanti spenelio projekcija. Šiandien visi keturi krūties spenelio rekonstrukcijos metodai nuolat tobulinami, siekiant išvengti kylančių komplikacijų ir didinant pritaikomumą kitose klinikinėse situacijose
Cylindroma of the Breast: A Systematic Review of a Rare Disorder
No full textIntroduction. Cylindroma of the breast is a rare disorder, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. Due to its rarity, this article was drafted to study the cases published over the last decade and thereby try to explain the current patterns in clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted through electronic databases applying the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Results. There were 9 case reports with 10 female patients, ranging in age from 55 to 80 years. Local excision was the most common modality of treatment. The outcome was excellent with no recurrence. Conclusion. Cylindroma of the breast is rare with an excellent prognosis. It needs to be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis of triple-negative breast tumours or the solid basaloid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma to avoid unnecessary overtreatment with associated morbidity
Computations of local nonsimilar solutions for MHD flow of Reiner–Rivlin fluid
No full textHere local nonsimilar solution for hydromagnetic stretched flow of Reiner–Rivlin material is constructed. Heat generation, radiation, and dissipation in thermal expression are studied. Joule heating and chemical reaction of first order are under consideration. Entropy generation is computed. Nonlinear system is derived by adequate transformations. Optimal homotopy analysis technique computes the analysis. Attention is focused to achieve the results of concentration, fluid flow, entropy rate, and temperature. In addition, the skin friction, solutal transport rate and Nusselt number have been explained. Outcomes of magnetic field on velocity and entropy rate are found opposite. Large approximation of fluid parameter improves the fluid flow. Larger estimation of Brinkman number yields same results of entropy generation and temperature. Reduction in concentration is noted through Schmidt number. Higher reaction variable correspond to reduce concentration. Temperature and entropy generation through radiation variable has similar trend. Material variable has similar results for rate of mass transport and coefficient of skin friction. Radiation amplifies the thermal transport rate. Reverse effect for entropy rate and Bejan number is detected for magnetic field