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Research on Crime Reporting in Modern China : From the Perspective of Fair Trials
No full textIn recent years, with the hyper-digitization of Chinese society, criminal procedure has increasingly been influenced by crime reporting through self-media and the associated public opinion, surpassing the era of “traditional media.” This phenomenon, often referred to as “media trials,” determines the guilt or innocence of the accused and the severity of penalties more than in the era of traditional media. With the rapid advancement into the digital age and hyper-digitization in Chinese society, this issue is showing signs of becoming even more serious. This paper addresses the concerns related to media trials in the era of digitization and aims to investigate both crime reporting in “traditional media” and “self-media.” It organizes legal systems, judicial precedents, empirical studies, and debates within the academic community related to crime reporting. The paper sheds light on the actual impact on legal proceedings resulting from this phenomenon. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the reasons behind the manifestation of this trend. Lastly the paper discusses the ideal form of crime reporting from the perspective of a “fair trial.
A Study on the Doctrine of Inherency in the United States
No full textNovelty is one of the most fundamental and important registration requirements in patent law. Lack of novelty constitutes anticipation. The doctrine of inherency is used to deny novelty of the claim in patent application or patent litigation in the United States. Claiming of a new use, new function or unknown property which is inherently present in the prior art does not necessarily make the claim patentable. The first U.S. Supreme Court decision pertaining to the doctrine of inherency was made in 1880, but it has been also debated in recent years. One of the reasons for this is that the two criteria of “recognizability” and “necessity” differ among the justices. On the other hand, in Japan, parameter inventions and functional claims are at issue recently, because some elements in the claims are not explicitly disclosed in the prior art. These issues would be closely related to the doctrine of inherency. In this paper, throughout the history of the U.S. judicial decision related to inherency, we investigate what is required for novelty
Zum Maßstab für die Missbrauchlichkeit beim Preismissbrauch des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschrankungen
No full textDas Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschrankungen（GWB）sieht einen Missbrauch einer marktbeherrschenden Stellung vor. Ein Missbrauch wird hauptsächlich einen Behinderungsmissbrauch und einen Ausbeutungsmissbrauch unterteilt. Ein Ausbeutungsmissbrauch kann vorliegen, wenn ein marktbeherrschendes Unternehmen von seinen Abnehmern oder Lieferanten unangemessene Preise oder Konditionen fordert. Eine wichtigste Verhaltensform eines Ausbeutungsmissbrauchs ist nämlich ein Preismissbrauch. Als Maßstab für eine Preismissbrauchsaufsicht kommen auf einem sog. Vergleichsmarkt in Betracht. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass das Vergleichsmarktkonzept, das als bedeutendes Kriterium in die Preismissbrauchsaufsicht angesehen wird, erklärt. Darüber hinaus könne der Maßstab für eine Preismissbrauchsaufsicht neben das Vergleichsmarktkonzept auch auf die Überprüfung der Preisbildungsfaktoren wie die Kostenkontrolle oder das Konzept der Gewinnbegrenzung zurückgegriffen werden. In diesem Papier werden daher auch diese Prüfungsmaßtäbe erläutert. Hinsichtlich des Prüfungsmaßstabs liegt der Schwerpunkt auf § 19 GWB, umfasst aber auch § 29 und 31 GWB
Shutting-out-proofness in object allocation problems with money
No full textWe study the problem of allocating heterogeneous objects to agents with money. Each agent can receive several objects and has a quasi-linear utility function. The owner of the objects is only interested in his revenue from an allocation. An (allocation) rule is shutting-out-proof if no group of agents together with the owner ever benefits from shutting out other groups of agents and arranging payments among themselves. We show that on any domain that includes all the additive valuation functions, a Vickrey rule satisfies shutting-out-proofness if and only if all the valuation functions in the domain satisfy the substitutes condition (Kelso and Crawford, 1982). Our result sheds a new light on the relationship between the desirable properties of a Vickrey rule and the substitutes condition (Ausubel and Milgrom, 2002; Milgrom, 2004).The author gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Japan society for the Promotion of Sciences (23K18777)
Financial Intermediation versus Direct Financing : A Meta-Analytic Comparison of the Growth-Enhancing Effect
No full textThis study is the first meta-analysis to compare financial intermediation and direct financing in terms of their growth-promoting effects. Meta-synthesis of 1693 estimates extracted from 168 previous studies strongly suggest that, in general, financial development has a positive effect on economic growth and the synthesized effect size of the direct financing study exceeding that of the financial intermediation study. The two exceptions are when the average estimation year is limited to 1989 or before and when the target region is restricted to Latin America and the Caribbean. Results from metaregression analysis and tests for publication selection bias show, however, that some synthesis results cannot be reproduced when literature heterogeneity and publication selection bias are taken into consideration
Bureaucratic Reporting and Legal Interpretation in Muromachi Shogunate Courts
No full textDuring the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, the courts of the Muromachi shogunate featured a system in which a group of legal experts reported on draft judgements, expert evidence and sentencing. In the Muromachi period, legal reply was developed as a system in which a group of legal experts supported the decisions of the shogun, in line with the formation of a system that placed the shogun as the chief justice of court cases. The reports had formal requirements, such as being the majority judgment of the legal expert group, and were binding as to the judgmentʼs content. However, there were cases where the reports were not adopted in the shogunʼs decision. As for their content, it was necessary to provide the basis for presenting the draft judgments, etc., such as laws, customs, precedents, and court cases, which were both called “law” at that time. In the reports, the reasons and precedents applicable to each case were sought to support the shogunʼs decision, and the legal thinking was characterized as the purposeful interpretation of the law, rather than the search for legal principles