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東アジアにおける将来の障害に対する事前意思決定―高齢者の終末期医療ケアの課題への取り組み―
Get PDFInstitute of Science TokyoThis study examines the challenges of an aging population and rising dementia rates in East Asia, focusing on Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. With increasing single-living older adults and declining birth rates, legal and policy frameworks must address the need for meaningful end-of-life medical care. To this end, the study proposes a ‘Project for Advance Decision-Making for Future Disability in East Asia,’ inspired by the European Law Institute. A comparative analysis is conducted across East Asian countries and conceptual models from the United States and Europe. The study explores advance directives (ADs) and advance care planning (ACP), highlighting legal differences and family involvement. It identifies key characteristics of the East Asian model, emphasizing the balance between autonomy and familial roles in decision-making. Grounded in human rights, diversity, and mutual benefit, this research examines legal and cultural influences on AD and ACP adoption. While autonomy is fundamental, relational autonomy—considering family dynamics—offers a culturally sensitive approach. A socio-legal perspective is adopted to establish systems that integrate individual choice with societal values. Five guiding principles and draft provisions are proposed to inform legislation and policy. Public education and governmental initiatives are emphasized as crucial in addressing cultural taboos surrounding end-of-life care. This study contributes to understanding end-of-life decision-making in East Asia but is limited by its reliance on literature analysis. As discussions on advance decision-making remain in early stages, further research is needed to develop a suitable framework for the region.【目的】日本、韓国、台湾、シンガポール（東アジア）では、人口の高齢化、認知症の蔓延、身寄りのない高齢単身世帯の増加など共通の社会現象がみられる。本現象に起因する社会的課題を踏まえ、高齢者の終末期医療ケアに関する法と政策の在り方を明らかにする。【背景】従来、人の生死は本人や家族の死生観に関係する私的自治の出来事であり、国はこれに直接関与しないとされてきた。しかし、2040年に向けて年間死者数が増加する中、高齢者の終末期医療ケアの在り方は、本人とその家族のみならず、医療・介護従事者、地方自治体、地域社会を含めた社会的課題となっている。【方法】日本と社会・文化的な親和性があり、終末期医療ケアの法制を有する韓国、台湾、シンガポールを研究対象に据え、法と政策の東アジア域内比較及び東アジアと欧州・米国との域外間比較を通じ、東アジアモデルの特徴を整理した。域内外の研究者から質問票により情報収集し、相互の対話を通じて多角的な検討を行った。【結果】東アジアの終末期医療の法と政策は各国で微妙に異なるが、死の話題をタブー視すること、意思決定に家族が関与することは共通している。このため、個人の自律に基づく欧米モデルは東アジアでは機能し難く、人権、多様性、相互利益の原則に基づく配慮、及び「個人の自律にもとづく法制」と「関係性の自律・伝統的価値にもとづく家族関与」の調和が必要である。【考察】上記の調和を実現するため、法社会学的アプローチによる事前指示、ACPの在り方を検討し、多数の実践事例を踏まえた域内の共同研究、及び政府主導による終末期の準備に資する公教育や医療・介護従事者への研修の必要性が導き出された。終末期に備えた医療、財産、信条などの包括的な「事前意思決定」の法概念、原則、法案を提案し、今後の検討に供した。本研究には実証分析が不足するなどの限界があるが、これは今後の研究課題である
NMR-Based Rational Drug Design of G:G Mismatch DNA Binding Ligand Trapping Transient Complex via Disruption of a Key Allosteric Interaction
No full textSmall molecules that bind to mismatched DNA have been applied in various fields, including nanotechnology, bioimaging, and therapeutics. However, the intrinsic dynamic nature of mismatched DNA complicates the prediction of structural changes upon ligand binding, hindering rational ligand design. In this study, NMR was used for structure-based drug design, with a focus on the G:G mismatch binder ND and the structural dynamics of the DNA-ND complex. Through comprehensive NMR analysis with isotope labeling, two complex structures, the transient and stable complexes, were successfully determined. The nucleobase flip-outs and the distortion of the phosphate backbone of the complex structures were characterized by residual dipolar coupling (RDC) and 31P NMR, respectively. The RDC-refined stable complex structure suggested that the ligand linker–nucleobase interaction allosterically regulates a structural transition. This interaction was experimentally validated by 1H–15N HSQC spectra using a 15N-labeled ligand. Disruption of this key allosteric interaction facilitated the design of a new ligand, sND, that traps the transient complex structure. In conclusion, comprehensive NMR analysis using a weak binder aids in designing nucleic acid-binding ligands based on transient complex structures
Direct Physical Vapor Deposition of Liquid Metal on Treated Metal Surface
Get PDFLiquid metal has garnered significant interest as a potential stretchable wiring material for next-generation stretchable electronics. The operation of substrates within these electronics necessitates adherence to three primary criteria for the wiring of electronic substrates to facilitate the integration of stretchable circuits in society. First, the wiring’s top surface must remain exposed to allow for the straightforward attachment of electronic components following the wiring fabrication. Second, the design of the wiring pattern should not be subject to significant constraints. Third, the substrate’s top surface needs to be clean and devoid of excess conductive material to mitigate the risk of unintended short-circuits. Previous studies have not introduced a liquid metal patterning method that meets all of these criteria. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is commonly employed for depositing hard metals on nonstretchable substrates such as silicon and glass. However, when subjected to direct PVD, liquid metal forms independent nanoparticles, losing conductivity due to its exceptionally high surface tension and the presence of surface oxide films. Consequently, the direct deposition of liquid metals without subsequent physical stimulation, such as the application of pressure, has been deemed challenging. In our study, we enhanced the substrate surface’s wettability by treating it with copper chloride, thereby facilitating the direct deposition of liquid metals onto the substrate surface. The oxide film on the liquid metal’s surface is disrupted upon contact with the copper chloride-treated substrate, enabling the nanoparticles to coalesce and establish electrical connectivity, thereby preserving conductivity even when stretched. The resultant stretchable wiring exhibited a fine line width of approximately 50 μm and a thin film thickness of approximately 1 μm, ensuring a robust bond with the substrate surface. Consequently, this wiring technique supports diverse patterning designs when combined with processing methods such as photolithography
Study of magnetohydrodynamic simulation scheme and aerodynamic analysis for reusable space transportation system
Get PDF横浜国立大学博士（工学）この学位論文の全文は、中央図書館で平日17時までに申請することで閲覧が可能です。The full text of this thesis is available for viewing at the Central Library upon request by 5:00 p.m. on weekdays
Design of kinesthetic haptic technology for supporting post-stroke upper limb rehabilitation
Get PDF横浜国立大学博士（工学
<Articles>Mechanisms of Platform Competition and Market Coexistence: A Case Study of QR Code Payment Diffusion in Japan
No full text本稿は，既に強固なプラットフォームが存在する市場において，技術的・信頼性の面で劣る新規プラットフォームが競争と協調を通じて成長するメカニズムを明らかにすることを目的とする．日本のQRコード決済市場の事例分析から，大規模キャンペーンや政策的支援が，消費者と店舗の初期基盤の形成を促したことを示した．また，低コストで導入可能な技術革新により，既存決済手段との補完的共存が実現し，市場全体が拡大したことを明らかにした
<Articles>Marketers and Creativity in the Age of Generative AI: The Structural Paradox of Performance Evaluation
No full text生成AIの質的進化により，マーケターに求められる創造性は，既存の枠組み内での最適化（Pro-c）から，枠組みを超えて新たな価値を創出する高次の創造性（Big-C）へと移行しつつある．しかし現行の業績評価は，依然としてAIでも達成可能な短期的・定量的成果を中心に据えており，求める創造性と評価システムの間に深刻な乖離を生じさせている．本稿ではこの乖離を「構造的矛盾」と定義する．そして，4Cモデルをはじめとする諸理論を土台に，この構造的矛盾がもたらす未来を展望し，その矛盾を乗り越える方策を探る．分析では，現在の評価システムが，AI時代に求められる創造性の発現，とりわけ内発的動機づけや生成･探索のプロセスを抑制するメカニズムを明らかにする．その分析を踏まえ，AI時代において創造性を最大化するためには，結果管理に依拠する評価から，創造性が発現するプロセスや環境を重視する行動管理および文化管理へと，マネジメントの重心を移す必要があると提言する
Selection of Noda Usage by Chinese-Speaking Learners of Japanese‐An Examination of Learning Environment and Proficiency Factors through Decision Tree Analysis-
Get PDF日本語学習者にとってノダの適切な使用は難しく、近年ではその使用規則の理解に課題があると指摘されている。本研究では、中国語母語日本語学習者のノダの使用規則の理解について、ノダの用法、学習環境、および習熟度の3要因による影響を検討した。調査は「ノダを使用するかどうか」の二者択一の質問紙調査を行い、分析には決定木分析を用いた。分析の結果、学習環境による違いが見られたノダの分類、習熟度による違いが見られたノダの分類、学習環境と習熟度に関係なく学習者全体の習得が進まないノダの分類を特定した。これらの結果を踏まえ、ノダの指導に関するいくつかの提言を行った。具体的には、体験談の終結部のノダに注目を促すこと、一部の分類に関するインプットとアウトプットの機会を増やすこと、非使用条件について明示的指導をすること、例文の言語形式のバリエーションを増やす必要があることを指摘した。The appropriate use of noda is challenging for learners of Japanese, particularly in understanding the rules that govern its use. This study examines how native Chinese learners of Japanese comprehend noda usage, focusing on three factors: its function, the learning environment, and proficiency level. A forced-choice questionnaire was used, and responses were analyzed with decision tree analysis. The results revealed categories of noda influenced by the learning environment, by proficiency, and those difficult to acquire regardless of either. Based on these findings, several instructional suggestions are proposed: drawing attention to noda used at the end of personal narratives, increasing input/output opportunities for certain categories, providing explicit instruction for specific non-usage conditions, and diversifying the linguistic forms in example sentences