Journal of Earth Kingdom
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Socio-ecological perspectives on the carbon absorption process of tea plants (Camellia sinensis): Age-based estimates at Tambi plantation
No full textBackground: As an effort to reduce current climate change, conservation measures such as carbon stock measurements are needed. Tea plants are a suitable commodity for transforming towards low carbon production because perennial plants such as can absorb and store more carbon than seasonal agricultural crops. Methods: Sampling was carried out using a random sampling method that was taken randomly to represent a population for each block number. Data collection for the study was carried out by taking 3 soil and plant samples at each age of the tea plant with an age of 10 years, 30 years, 40 years, and 100 years. The plant samples taken were leaves, stems, roots, and litter. The soil samples taken were soil with a depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm with disturbed and undisturbed soil sampling. Findings: The total carbon stock value of tea plants stored in the Pemandangan Block UP Tambi is 63.17 tons/ha in 10-year-old tea plants; 67.26 tons/ha in 30-year-old tea plants; 67.87 tons/ha in 40-year-old tea plants; and 69.40 tons/ha in 100-year-old tea plants. The NDVI value obtained has a range of 0.384 - 0.557 which does not really reflect the actual age of the plant because of the process of pruning tea plant shoots which is carried out every four years. This results in the spectral radiation of tea plant vegetation even though the age of the plant is very different. Conclusion: The Pemandangan Block of the Tambi Plantation Unit contains tea plants aged 10, 30, 40, and 100 years with an NDVI range of 0.384 to 0.557, where satellite-derived vegetation indices do not represent actual plant age due to replanting and pruning, making them unsuitable for soil carbon stock estimation. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study offers novelty by integrating field-based carbon stock measurements of tea plants with variations in plant age and Sentinel-2A remote sensing analysis, providing a unique contribution to understanding the relationship between soil properties, biomass, and carbon storage capacity in tea plantations, which has not been extensively explored in previous research
Utilization of POME waste as a renewable energy source in the life cycle concept of palm oil biodiesel
No full textBackground: In 2024, Indonesia, an importer of crude oil and fuel, is shifting focus to renewable energy as fossil fuel production declines. This research aims to develop a life cycle concept for biodiesel production from palm oil, addressing environmental concerns related to emissions from FFB, CPO, and biodiesel production processes. Methods: The method used in this research is a combination of quantitative LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) along with qualitative methods. Findings: This research identifies and evaluates the alternative utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) waste with certain priority weights. The results showed that biodiesel production from palm oil requires various significant inputs, such as NPK fertilizer, herbicides, water, diesel, and Crude Palm Oil (CPO), resulting in environmental emissions in the form of CO2 of 1489 Kg CO2 (eq) per ton of biodiesel, as well as contributions to eutrophication and acidification. The LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) analysis also identified that the largest CO2 emissions came from POME waste (53%), followed by NPK fertilizer (23%), methanol (18%), and diesel oil (7%), while eutrophication and acidification indicated significant contributions from NPK fertilizer, methanol, diesel oil, and POME waste. These findings confirm the importance of utilizing POME waste as an optimal step to reduce CO2 emissions with a potential reduction of up to 667.2 Kg CO2 through a more sustainable biodiesel production life cycle concept. Conclusion: From this result, researchers recommend that palm oil companies start replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers to reduce environmental impacts, and encourage the utilization of POME waste at Palm Oil Mills as a source of biogas for renewable energy. At the biodiesel industry level, increasing the methanol recycling rate is proposed to improve efficiency and reduce emissions at the downstream stage of biodiesel production. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study identifies and evaluates alternatives for utilizing Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) waste with certain priority weights
Exploring the environmental and social impacts of shrimp farming: A literature review in the Southern Coastal Region of Java
No full textBackground: Shrimp farming in the southern coastal areas of Java has expanded rapidly due to increasing global demand, contributing significantly to local economic growth. However, this development has generated ecological degradation and social inequality, including water pollution, mangrove loss, and uneven resource distribution. Addressing these challenges requires balancing economic benefits with environmental and social sustainability. Methods: This study employed a qualitative literature review, analyzing five scientific sources on the impacts of shrimp farming on ecotourism, water quality, mangrove ecosystems, and socioeconomic conditions in Bantul, Kulon Progo, and Kebumen Regencies. Results: The analysis reveals that while shrimp farming enhances local incomes and can support ecotourism, unmanaged practices lead to ecosystem damage, water pollution, and heightened social disparities. Integrated management combining eco-friendly technologies, mangrove rehabilitation, waste treatment, and community empowerment is essential for sustainable development. Conclusion: Sustainable shrimp farming in Java’s coastal regions requires strict zoning, continuous monitoring, and policies that integrate environmental protection with community participation. Long-term development must prioritize economic productivity without sacrificing coastal ecosystem integrity. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study uniquely combines ecological and social perspectives, highlighting shrimp farming’s dual role
Community structure of Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda): Response to vegetation variation and environmental parameters in mangrove ecosystems
No full textBackground: Mangrove ecosystems are crucial for maintaining biodiversity, including crab communities, which are vital to the stability of these ecosystems. Crabs contribute to nutrient cycling and the food web, reinforcing the overall ecological health of coastal habitats. This study focuses on the crab communities in the mangrove area of Tabongo Village, Dulupi District, Boalemo Regency, examining how environmental conditions affect their distribution and diversity. Methods: The research involved surveys at three stations representing different mangrove vegetation conditions. Crab species were identified and their diversity and abundance recorded. Environmental parameters, such as temperature, salinity, and pH, were measured, and the diversity index (H') was calculated to assess species diversity and the relationship between crab communities and environmental factors. Findings: A total of 11 crab species from 4 families were identified, including Uca (Paraleptuca) annulipes and Ocypode ceratophthalmus. The diversity index ranged from 1.3 to 1.6, indicating moderate diversity. Environmental conditions, with temperatures between 32–34 °C, salinity from 13–19 ppt, and pH from 6.5 to 7, were conducive to crab survival. Station III, with healthier mangrove vegetation, supported greater crab diversity and abundance compared to degraded stations. Conclusion: The study highlights the crucial role of healthy mangrove ecosystems in sustaining crab biodiversity and ecosystem stability. It underscores the importance of mangrove conservation for maintaining biodiversity and protecting coastal ecosystems from degradation. Novelty/Originality of this article: By linking the health of mangrove ecosystems to crab diversity and abundance, it emphasizes the direct impact of environmental factors on crab populations. The findings highlight the importance of mangrove conservation not only for species richness but also for maintaining the ecological balance in coastal ecosystems, offering valuable data for future biodiversity management and conservation efforts
Ecosystem-based mangrove conservation strategies and the role of communities for sustainable management
No full textBackground: Mangrove ecosystems provide essential ecological, economic, and social benefits but face significant degradation from human and natural pressures. This study analyzes ecosystem-based conservation strategies in Muara Gembong District, focusing on integrating conservation with sustainable economic activities. Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach was employed through literature reviews and field observations, examining ecotourism and silvofishery systems, community involvement, and institutional capacity. Findings: Results highlight the importance of community participation in mangrove conservation through ecotourism and silvofishery systems. Key challenges include economic pressures, sectoral conflicts, weak institutional capacity, and limited technology. Collaboration among stakeholders, supported by education and policy reinforcement, is essential for success. Conclusion: A holistic approach combining ecological, social, and economic aspects is vital for sustainable mangrove conservation in Muara Gembong. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study integrates ecological, social, and economic dimensions into a cohesive conservation strategy, emphasizing community participation and collaborative governance. 
Kajian pemanfaatan limbah ampas tahu dan sekam padi dengan perekat tapioka menjadi briket biomassa
No full textEnergy is a crucial requirement for the survival of humans. The increasing demand for energy necessitates the exploration of alternative, renewable energy options. One potential avenue is the utilization of biomass energy from waste tofu residue to produce briquettes. Rice husk is chosen as an additive to enhance the calorific value of the briquettes. The objective of this research is to identify the properties of briquettes made from tofu residue and rice husk, including moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and calorific value, in accordance with the standard (SNI–01-6235–2000). Briquettes are produced by combining tofu residue, rice husk, and tapioca flour in three variations: 30:20:17:33, 25:25:17:33, and 20:30:17:33, respectively. The research results, using ANOVA analysis, indicate that the composition of the mixture variations significantly affects the parameters of moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and calorific value in laboratory tests. Furthermore, t-Test analysis reveals that the parameters that significantly meet the briquette standard according to SNI–01-6235–2000 are moisture content and calorific value. In conclusion, the composition of briquette mixture variations influences the test results, and the moisture content parameter significantly complies with the briquette standard according to SNI–01-6235–2000. However, ash content, volatile matter, and calorific value parameters do not yet meet the briquette standard according to SNI–01-6235–2000. Therefore, utilizing tofu residue as a renewable energy source in the form of briquettes could be considered, with some aspects requiring further refinement to meet the standard
Analisa pemanfaatan sumber daya alam perikanan tangkap di provinsi Sulawesi Barat
No full textThe utilization of capture fisheries resources in West Sulawesi Province is currently at its lowest level compared to five other provinces in the Sulawesi region, although overall utilization conditions have reached fully exploited and over-exploited status. The low utilization is caused by the lack of fishing facilities and infrastructure as well as the lack of empowerment of fishermen in the province. This study aims to analyze the level of utilization of capture fisheries resources and the factors influencing them in West Sulawesi Province. The data collection method used was a survey and interviews with 50 fishermen in 5 districts/cities. The results show that the average productivity of fishermen's fishing is still very low compared to other provinces in Sulawesi. In addition to the lack of capital and infrastructure, the low level of education and skills of fishermen is also a major cause. Therefore, various efforts are needed to empower fishermen through training and capital assistance so that the utilization of capture fisheries resources can be optimal and sustainable
Peatland wetness as an indicator of fire occurrence in Forest and Land Fires (FLFs)
No full textBackground: Peatland ecosystems play an important role in the hydrological cycle and carbon cycling. In Indonesia, peatlands store about 28.6 gigatonnes of carbon which is equivalent to 10 years of global fossil fuel emissions. Peatlands act as a water storage during wet seasons and slowly release water during dry seasons to maintain river discharges and hydrological balance. However, climate change induced prolonged drought has increased peatland dryness in recent decades which elevate the risks of unwanted peatland fires. During El Nino-induced drought in 2015, over 2.6 million hectares of forest and land burned, emitting 0.81–1.4 gigatonnes of greenhouse gasses. The extreme fires damaged biodiversity, degraded water quality and displaced thousands of locals. This study aimed to analyze peatland wetness as an indicator of fire occurrences in forest and land fires (FLFs) in Riau, Indonesia by examining the relationship between degree of peatland wetness derived from satellite imagery and hotspots data. Methods: Peatland wetness was estimated from microwave backscattering coefficients at several RadarSat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) wavelengths and cross validated with water table depth measurements from 120 monitoring wells. Hotspots data between 2015-2020 were obtained from NASA's MODIS active fire product. Findings: Preliminary results showed significant negative correlations between peatland wetness and numbers of hotspots in peatlands, with more hotspots occurring in drier peatlands compared to wetter ones. This implies that maintaining peatland hydrological functions through continuous saturation is pivotal to prevent severe peatland wildfires under future climate change. Conclusion: Conservation efforts to restore hydrological balance in degraded peatlands through re-wetting strategies are recommended. Further research utilizing machine learning algorithms to produce high-resolution peatland wetness maps can improve fire risk monitoring in peatlands. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study introduces the novel concept of utilizing peatland wetness as a key indicator for predicting and mitigating forest and land fires in Indonesia, particularly in Riau Province. By combining peatland moisture and temperature data, the research establishes threshold values to better predict fire risks and guide timely mitigation efforts, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of FLF response activities
Hatching success rate of sea turtle in the north coast of Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi
No full textBackground: Turtles are endangered marine reptile species due to various factors, including hunting, habitat loss, and predation. Therefore, practical conservation efforts are essential to protect turtle populations. One effective conservation strategy is to transfer turtle eggs to safe semi-natural nests. Method: This study was conducted in Turtle Village, Pinrang Regency. Leatherback and Green Turtle eggs were collected from natural nests along the coast and transferred to semi-natural nests. Observations were made to measure the hatching success rate of the eggs, and factors such as temperature, incubation period, predators, microorganism development, and changes in egg position were also recorded and analyzed. Findings: The results showed that the hatching success rate of eggs in semi-natural nests reached 80.23%. The highest hatching percentage was 86.36%, and the lowest was 68.33%. Factors that influenced hatching success included temperature and incubation period while hatching failure was caused by predators, microorganism development, and changes in egg position. Conclusion: This study shows that semi-natural nests in Turtle Village have a high hatching success rate with supportive environmental conditions and proper egg transmission. This indicates that conservation efforts through egg transfer to semi-natural nests can effectively increase turtle populations. Novelty/Originality of this study: It contributes to turtle conservation by demonstrating the effectiveness of semi-natural nests in increasing the hatching success rate of Leatherback and Green Turtle eggs. This approach can serve as a model for turtle conservation programs in other areas facing similar challenges
Representasi etnis Tionghoa dalam media: Analisis perbandingan di media berita daring tirto.id, republika.co.id, dan tempo.co
No full textEthnic representation in media is one the most powerful factor in forming people’s perception towards certain ethnic. In Indonesia, Chinese-Indonesian is the ethnic minority who often receive inequal representation in media, especially in online news site. This research aims to analyze representation of Chinese-Indonesian ethnic in three different online news media. The objective of the research is to compare the representation trend of Chinese-Indonesian in these three online news site during sensitive and neutral situation as well as the factors influencing the trend