Journal of Earth Kingdom
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Potential of local Trichoderma in bioremediation of degraded soil
No full textBackground: Soil degradation in Indonesia is a serious challenge, impacting agricultural productivity and environmental quality. One potential ecological solution is bioremediation using soil microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp. This study aims to identify local Trichoderma isolates from various regions in Indonesia along with their biological and functional characteristics in the bioremediation process. Method: This study uses a narrative literature review to synthesize conceptual and empirical evidence from academic journals, scientific articles, and policy reports. This review focuses on assessing the biological and functional characteristics of local Trichoderma isolates and their effectiveness in addressing unsustainable soil management and environmental degradation. Finding: The results of the literature study indicate that species such as Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma asperellum, and Trichoderma koningiopsis can degrade organic and inorganic pollutants, suppressing pathogens, and improving soil fertility. The potential of each isolate is strongly influenced by its environmental origin and type of pollutant, with high effectiveness recorded in ex-mining soil, agricultural land, and pesticide-contaminated areas. Further research and policy support from research institutions or relevant parties are needed so that local Trichoderma can be developed as a bioremediation agent in sustainable agricultural systems in Indonesia. Conclusion: Local Trichoderma species offer a significant and sustainable solution for restoring soil health in Indonesia, provided that challenges related to technology adoption and isolate data can be overcome. Future success depends on cross-sector collaboration to bridge the gap between laboratory research and field application, ensuring that these biological agents are optimized through farmer education and regulatory support. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study presents a comprehensive synthesis of native Indonesian Trichoderma isolates, identifying a direct relationship between their geographic origin and their specific multifunctional effectiveness
Evaluating fishing techniques and sustainability status of spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.) under an ecosystem-based fisheries management framework
No full textBackground: Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.) is one of the high-value fishery commodities that is widely harvested in the Terubuk Fishery Reserve Area, Buruk Bakul Village. The increasing demand and market price of Spanish mackerel have led to high fishing intensity, which may exert pressure on the resource stock. The fishing techniques employed in the mackerel fishery play a critical role in ensuring the sustainability of this resource. This study aims to evaluate the status of Spanish mackerel fishing techniques within the framework of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). Methods: Data collection was carried out through surveys and interviews with fishers during the period of November–December 2024 in Buruk Bakul Village, Bengkalis Regency. The analysis applied a multi-criteria method using a flag model, which assessed indicators such as destructive fishing practices, gear modification and auxiliary devices, fishing capacity and effort, selectivity of gear, and the compliance of vessel function and size with legal documentation. Findings: The findings indicate that Spanish mackerel fishing techniques in this area fall under the “good” category, with a score of 220. These results indicate that the management of Spanish mackerel in the Terubuk Sanctuary Area, in terms of fishing techniques, remains in good condition and applies the principles of sustainable fisheries. However, several indicators require improvement. Conclusion: The study concludes that Spanish mackerel fishing practices in the Terubuk Sanctuary Area are generally sustainable and categorized as good, but improvements are still needed in fishing capacity and effort, gear selectivity, and vessel compliance. Optimizing these aspects will help ensure the long-term sustainability of the resource while maintaining fishery efficiency
Pet ownership: Their interactions towards pets and perceptions of animal welfare in zoos
No full textBackground: Pets play an important role in human life. Many studies have shown that the presence of pets can improve the physical and mental health of their owners. The relationship between owners and pets tends to result in more positive behavior from owners towards other animals. Zoos are one of the locations where humans interact with various animals. The presence of humans (visitors) in zoos harms animal welfare in that location. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of pet ownership on perceptions of animal welfare in zoos. Methods: This study uses a quantitative method that examines the impact of pet ownership on perceptions of animal welfare in zoos. Through quantitative methods, a survey was conducted to collect data on public perceptions, both pet owners and non-owners, to see their perceptions of animal welfare in zoos. Findings: The study's results revealed that pet owners had higher HAIS values than those who did not have pets. Then the perception of animal welfare in general showed that pet owners tended to have lower perceptions of animal welfare than non-pet owners. The relationship between the level of relationship closeness between humans and pets and the perception of animal welfare showed a low negative correlation, which means that the higher the HAIS value, the lower the perception of welfare towards zoo animals. Pet owners tend to be more sensitive to the conditions of animals that are less than ideal. The following research reveals that positive human interactions with pets will encourage positive behavior toward other animals. Conclusion: This study concludes that pet owners have a more critical perception of animal welfare in zoos than visitors who do not have pets. The level of closeness of interaction also influences the critical behavior of pet owners towards animal welfare conditions in zoos. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this study lies in identifying the perceptions of zoo visitors through their level of interaction with pets. This study is unique because it uses the closeness level of interaction with pets to see the zoo visitor's perceptions of animal welfare in zoos
Innovation of feed additive for broiler chickens: A combination of ground corn and ginger (Zingiber officinale) as an immunostimulator and antivirus agent for avian influenza
No full textBackground: Indonesia, with the fourth largest population globally, faces increasing demand for animal protein, particularly from broiler chicken production. However, this industry is challenged by the avian influenza virus, which causes high mortality in both poultry and humans. The virus’s hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins are key to its infectivity. Innovative feed formulations that reduce viral titers while maintaining nutritional value are critical. This study aims to develop an innovative broiler chicken feed combining corn and bioactive compounds from ginger (Zingiber officinale) to inhibit avian influenza virus activity and sustain poultry health. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-experimental approach to develop an innovative broiler feed made from ground corn and ginger (JAZI) and to evaluate its effects on physiology, immunity, and growth. The work included research trend related, research manufacturing stage, and implementation stage to assess its practical effectiveness in enhancing broiler productivity and resilience against avian influenza. Findings: Ginger bioactives demonstrated the ability to inactivate viral particles by penetrating the lipid membrane, reducing HA activity, and preventing hemagglutination. Additionally, ginger supplementation was shown to enhance immune responses through activation of T-helper cells and antibody production, improving broiler performance indicators such as feed conversion ratio (FCR) and overall health. The integration of JAZI feed contributes to reduced antibiotic dependence and promotes sustainable poultry farming practices. Conclusion: The JAZI feed innovation provides a natural, safe, and sustainable solution for enhancing broiler immunity against avian influenza through synergistic nutritional and antiviral mechanisms. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study introduces JAZI as a dual-function feed innovation that not only supplies essential nutrition but also acts as an immunostimulant and antiviral agent against avian influenza, aligning with the One Health and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 15) frameworks
Strengthening rural food security and community welfare through ICLS 5.0: A socio-biological approach to circular agriculture
No full textBackground: Nutritional disparities remain a major challenge in Indonesia’s human resource development, as the prevalence of stunting and wasting continues to vary widely across regions despite measurable national progress. These inequalities highlight the need for integrated and sustainable agricultural innovations that improve both food quality and availability while maintaining ecological balance. This study aims to analyze the potential of the Integrated Crop–Livestock System (ICLS) 5.0 as an innovation that strengthens food security and enhances nutritional value through sustainable resource management. Method: A quantitative descriptive approach based on a comprehensive literature review was conducted using secondary data from scientific journals and national databases. The ICLS 5.0 framework emphasizes circular resource use, converting agricultural residues such as rice straw, corn stalks, and dry leaves into fermented forage, while livestock manure is processed into organic fertilizer through bioactivation and composting. Data were analyzed to assess improvements in productivity, soil fertility, and resource efficiency. Finding: Implementation of the ICLS 5.0 model can increase agricultural and livestock productivity by 30–40%, enhance soil carbon and nitrogen content, and reduce production costs by 30–50% through the substitution of chemical fertilizers and industrial feed. The system also reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves food self-sufficiency in rural areas by promoting local feed and fertilizer production. Conclusion: The ICLS 5.0 approach provides a low-cost, scalable, and knowledge-based innovation that aligns with national efforts to strengthen food and nutrition security. By integrating crops and livestock within a circular economy framework, this model supports sustainable agricultural intensification and contributes directly to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2 Zero Hunger, SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 13 Climate Action), while enhancing the resilience and welfare of rural farming communities. Novelty/Originality of this article: This innovation introduces an adaptive crop–livestock integration model suitable for various land scales, complemented by a localized ICLS framework. It also provides simple technical guidelines for converting organic waste into fertilizer, feed, or energy, along with the development of micro-scale circular economy systems for farmer and livestock groups
In silico development and evaluation of pyruvic acid derivatives as potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents
Full text linkBackground: Drug development is a process aimed at creating new drugs with enhanced biological activity through various approaches. One such approach is the rational design of new compound candidates using computer-based or in silico modeling technologies, such as molecular docking. Pyruvic acid is known to possess various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Derivatives of pyruvic acid have the potential to be developed as candidate analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. This study explores the in silico development and evaluation of pyruvic acid derivatives as potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug candidates. Methods: Drug-likeness was evaluated using Lipinski's Rule of Five via pkCSM, while pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles were predicted using the same platform. Molecular docking was performed on the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme (PDB ID: 5IKR) using Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0. Findings: All test compounds met drug-likeness criteria. Compounds H6, H8, H9, H11, H17, and H18 exhibited superior binding affinities compared to paracetamol. Several compounds, including H8 and H10, demonstrated lower predicted toxicity compared to paracetamol. All test compound exhibits favorable pharmacokinetics properties based on the pkCSM preditive model. Conclusion: From this results, compound H6 and H8 emerged as the most promising candidate, exhibiting optimal characteristics across all evaluated parameters. These findings support further development of H6 and H8 as potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent targeting COX-2 Inhibition. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study developed and evaluated pyruvic acid derivative compounds as novel analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents based on in silico studies
Innovation of edible coating based on sugarcane bagasse and avocado seeds with integrated moringa leaf fortification and QR code technology as fruit protection
No full textBackground: Fruits are one of the leading agricultural commodities in Indonesia, with abundant availability and high consumption rates. Improper fruit storage can cause fruits to spoil quickly and increase organic waste. Sugarcane bagasse waste is one of the largest contributors to organic waste in Indonesia's agricultural sector. On the other hand, avocado seeds are often considered waste because people generally only consume the fruit flesh and discard the seeds without utilizing them. Both types of waste have the potential to be used as biodegradable and environmentally friendly edible coatings for fruits. This scientific study aims to explain the edible coating made from sugarcane bagasse and avocado seeds fortified with moringa leaves as an innovation in addressing issues in the food industry, particularly regarding the quality of fruit flesh that easily spoils due to improper packaging. Methods: The edible coating was produced through the extraction of sugarcane bagasse, avocado seeds, and moringa leaves, followed by homogenization for coating preparation. The edible coating can then be applied to the fruit. The writing method used in this scientific work is based on literature studies from data and information obtained through books, scientific journals, and several relevant sources. Findings: The results indicate that edible coating based on sugarcane bagasse waste has the potential to maintain fruit quality because it contains approximately 40-50% cellulose, which can be used as a base material for natural biopolymers in edible coating. The addition of avocado seeds acts as an antibacterial, antioxidant, starch, and lipid to form a strong, flexible, and water-resistant edible coating structure. The addition of moringa leaves acts as a fortifier for the fruit. Conclusion: The development of edible coatings based on sugarcane bagasse waste and avocado seeds will create an innovative fruit wrapper that preserves fruit quality and is environmentally friendly. Novelty/Originality of this article: Edible coatings on the market generally focus only on the wrapping layer to protect the fruit, without considering the nutritional content of the fruit, which decreases over time. Fortifying edible coatings with moringa leaves can help maintain and enhance fruit nutrients while preventing nutrient loss due to oxidation. This innovation is integrated with barcode technology to provide information about the advantages of edible coatings based on sugarcane bagasse and avocado seeds fortified with moringa leaves
Analysis of primary productivity and phytoplankton abundance across coastal ecosystems: Implications for sustainable aquaculture and ecosystem management
No full textBackground: The coastal waters of Maros, encompassing ponds, estuaries, and open seas, exhibit diverse environmental conditions influencing primary productivity and phytoplankton abundance. Understanding these variations is crucial for sustainable management of coastal ecosystems and the optimization of aquaculture activities. This study analyzed primary productivity and phytoplankton abundance across three distinct Methods: ecosystems: ponds, estuaries, and seas in the coastal waters of Maros. Sampling was conducted using a stratified approach, measuring key environmental parameters such as nutrient concentrations, salinity, and temperature. Phytoplankton abundance was quantified using microscopy, while primary productivity was assessed through light-dark bottle techniques. Results: The findings revealed significant differences in primary productivity and phytoplankton abundance among the ecosystems. Ponds exhibited the highest primary productivity due to elevated nutrient input from anthropogenic activities, while estuaries displayed moderate productivity influenced by fluctuating salinity and nutrient mixing. The sea, despite having lower productivity, showed higher phytoplankton diversity due to stable environmental conditions. Each ecosystem was dominated by distinct phytoplankton species adapted to their specific environmental characteristics. Conclusion: This study highlights the substantial impact of environmental factors on primary productivity and phytoplankton distribution in the coastal waters of Maros. The findings provide insights into the ecological dynamics of these ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of tailored management strategies to balance aquaculture practices and ecosystem sustainability. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of primary productivity and phytoplankton abundance across three interconnected ecosystems in Maros, offering novel insights into their ecological interactions and implications for sustainable aquaculture and coastal management
A spatial and temporal assessment of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) nesting behavior and habitat preferences through integrated field and modeling approaches
Full text linkBackground: The Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is a Sulawesi-endemic bird with high conservation concern due to habitat degradation and population decline. The Panua Nature Reserve is a key Maleo habitat in Gorontalo Province, yet lacks updated data on habitat use and distribution patterns. This study aims to analyze Maleo presence in nesting grounds, evaluate habitat utilization, predict its distribution, and provide conservation recommendations. Methods: The research used direct surveys via camera traps and spatial modeling using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. Data were collected over five months, and analysis included the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) and occupancy modeling to assess habitat suitability and species detection. Finding: Maleo nesting pairs increased by 68.52% from 2022 to 2023. The species exhibited bimodal daily activity (peaks at 06:00–09:00 and 16:00–18:00), with habitat preference for geothermal zones and coastal forests. The RAI was 9.33%, and occupancy rate was estimated at 55%. MaxEnt modeling revealed 7,544.78 ha of highly suitable habitat, concentrated in grids N10, J13, K14, and M09, with an AUC of 0.826, indicating high predictive accuracy. Conclusion: Maleo birds in Panua Nature Reserve are showing a positive nesting trend. However, habitat fragmentation and human activities continue to threaten their sustainability. Strategic management is needed to maintain habitat integrity and support species conservation. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study integrates field-based camera trap data with predictive spatial modeling to provide a comprehensive habitat suitability analysis for the endangered Maleo in Panua Nature Reserve—an approach not yet applied in this location. The findings offer actionable conservation insights and prioritize critical zones for protection
The relationship between nitrate and phosphate nutrients and phytoplankton abundance in coastal waters: Implications for ecosystem dynamics
No full textBackground: The presence and abundance of phytoplankton are closely related to the physical and chemical parameters of water. Phytoplankton play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers and nutrient absorbers. This study aims to analyze the relationship between nitrate and phosphate nutrient content and the abundance of phytoplankton in the Arungkeke Waters, Jeneponto Regency. Methods: This research utilized a combination of field measurements and laboratory analysis. Direct measurements in the Arungkeke waters were conducted to assess surface water parameters, including temperature, salinity, current velocity, transparency, and ph. Water samples were collected for laboratory analysis of phytoplankton composition and abundance, as well as nitrate and phosphate concentrations. Regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton abundance. Findings: The study identified two classes of phytoplankton present in the Arungkeke waters: Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae. Oceanographic parameters were measured, with temperature ranging from 28.3°C to 29.7°C, current velocity from 0.039 m/s to 0.073 m/s, salinity from 29.3 ppt to 32 ppt, transparency from 1.9 m to 2.3 m, and ph from 7.3 to 7.4. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.042 mg/L to 0.076 mg/L, while phosphate concentrations ranged from 0.046 mg/L to 0.056 mg/L. The regression analysis revealed a moderate relationship between phytoplankton abundance and nutrient concentrations, with an R² value of 0.44. Conclusions: The study concludes that phytoplankton abundance in the Arungkeke Waters is influenced by nitrate and phosphate concentrations, with a moderate correlation observed. The presence of Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae classes indicates the ecological significance of these waters as a primary production area. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study provides valuable insights into the interaction between nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton abundance in the Arungkeke Waters, which is a relatively understudied area. By identifying the classes of phytoplankton present and quantifying their relationship with key nutrients, this research contributes to a better understanding of the ecological processes in coastal waters