ASEAN Natural Disaster Mitigation and Education Journal
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Analyzing the impact of land use change on flood risk and social vulnerability using SCS-CN method and GIS
No full textBackground: Urban flooding has emerged as a chronic environmental challenge in Malang City, contradicting its geomorphological advantage as a highland region. This persistent phenomenon is fundamentally driven by rapid urbanization within the Bango Sub-watershed, where the massive conversion of permeable landscapes into impervious surfaces has severely disrupted the local hydrological balance. Understanding the complex interplay between physical landscape alterations and social demographic pressures is essential for formulating effective disaster mitigation strategies. Methods: This study employs a comprehensive quantitative spatial approach, integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method to model surface runoff volumes and map flood hazards. Land use classification was conducted using Support Vector Machine algorithms on high-resolution satellite imagery to ensure precision. Uniquely, this research incorporates a social dimension through the calculation of the Settlement Carrying Capacity (DDPm) index to assess the sustainability of population density relative to the availability of safe land. Findings: The analysis demonstrates a significant positive correlation between the expansion of built-up areas and the magnitude of flood hazards. Areas dominated by commercial buildings and dense settlements exhibit extreme Curve Number values, identifying Blimbing and Lowokwaru Districts as critical runoff generators. The study reveals a severe carrying capacity deficit in the city center, where population pressure forces settlements to expand into disaster-prone river border zones, creating "hotspots" that combine high physical hazard with acute social vulnerability. Conclusion: It is concluded that the escalation of flood risk in the Bango Sub-watershed is an anthropogenic consequence of spatial planning mismanagement, rather than mere natural meteorological variability. Sustainable mitigation demands a paradigm shift from purely structural engineering to rigorous land use management, emphasizing the enforcement of river regulations and runoff retention policies. Novelty/Originality of Article: This article offers a novel methodological framework by synthesizing hydrological modeling with settlement carrying capacity assessment. Unlike traditional studies that isolate physical risks, this research explicitly links runoff dynamics with demographic pressures, providing a holistic perspective on how social demand for housing drives land conversion and amplifies disaster vulnerability in rapidly developing urban watersheds
Breastfeeding practice during disasters: Challenges and barriers for public health
No full textBackground: Breastfeeding is essential for protecting infant and maternal health and fosters public health benefits, especially in disaster scenarios where health services are compromised. It crucially helps prevent infection, malnutrition, and infant mortality, yet rates remain low among vulnerable populations in emergencies. The aim of this study is to explore the enabling and inhibiting factors influencing breastfeeding practices during disasters while also assessing how structural, socio-economic, and cultural determinants shape these practices. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in this study. A systematic search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus for full-text articles published between 2019 and 2025. Keywords such as “breastfeeding and mitigation” and “breastfeeding and disasters” were used. We selected ten studies using either qualitative or quantitative methods for analysis after removing duplicate and ineligible articles (including reviews and opinion articles). Findings: Successful breastfeeding during disasters relies on understanding its benefits, community support, adherence to cultural practices, and mental health services for mothers. Barriers include a lack of awareness about breastfeeding support, unclear protocols for formula distribution, economic pressures, disrupted healthcare, and psychological stress. Quantitative studies indicate a decrease in exclusive breastfeeding rates, while qualitative research highlights the importance of coordinated support from multiple stakeholders. Conclusion: To protect and promote breastfeeding during emergencies, it is crucial to establish clear institutional guidelines and regulations on formula donations, enhance mental health support for mothers, and strengthen nutrition education and community outreach. Novelty/Originality of this article: This review uniquely integrates global evidence from 2019 to 2025 across various disaster contexts, offering practical insights for developing an effective and cost-efficient emergency response framework for breastfeeding support
From environmental threat to psychological distress: eco-anxiety as an emerging mental health issue in climate-vulnerable societies
No full textBackground: Climate change has increasingly been recognized not only as an environmental crisis but also as a significant threat to human mental health. One emerging psychological response to this condition is eco-anxiety, which reflects persistent worry, fear, and emotional distress related to environmental degradation and climate uncertainty. In Indonesia, where climate-related disasters and ecological vulnerability are highly prevalent, discussions on eco-anxiety remain fragmented and underexplored within mental health discourse. This study aims to critically review existing literature on eco-anxiety and examine how the climate crisis affects mental health from both global and Indonesian perspectives. Methods: This study employed a qualitative literature review approach by systematically collecting and analyzing scientific publications from national and international databases, including SINTA, Scopus, and PubMed Central. Relevant peer-reviewed journal articles and selected disaster reports were reviewed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns, relationships, and research gaps related to eco-anxiety and mental health. Findings: The review indicates that eco-anxiety is closely associated with psychological distress such as anxiety, stress, and reduced mental well-being, particularly among younger populations and communities exposed to climate risks. Social context, media exposure, and collective experiences were found to intensify eco-anxiety, while adaptive coping mechanisms and social support play important roles in mental resilience. However, empirical research in Indonesia remains limited, with a lack of culturally adaptive measurement tools and integrated policy responses. Conclusion: Eco-anxiety represents a multidimensional mental health challenge that requires greater attention within climate adaptation and public health strategies. Integrating environmental perspectives into mental health services is essential to strengthen psychological resilience amid ongoing climate change. Novelty/Originality of this article: This article contributes a comprehensive and contextualized synthesis of eco-anxiety literature by highlighting research gaps, social dimensions, and policy implications within the Indonesian context, offering an integrative perspective that connects environmental psychology, mental health, and climate change
Time and cost efficiency analysis of shotcrete and retaining wall methods for landslide disaster mitigation
No full textBackground: The construction industry in Indonesia, particularly in the city of Yogyakarta, is experiencing rapid development along with the increasing demand for educational infrastructure. In projects that involve challenging topographical conditions, the selection of an appropriate earth retaining structure method becomes a critical technical and managerial decision. This study aims to compare the cost and time efficiency between two widely used methods in retaining wall construction, namely the conventional masonry retaining wall method and the shotcrete method, in the Universitas AMIKOM Yogyakarta development project. Methods: The analysis focuses on direct and indirect costs, project duration, productivity, and critical path determination using the Critical Path Method (CPM). Data were obtained from project planning documents, detailed engineering drawings, Bill of Quantities (BoQ), and scheduling data developed using Microsoft Project. Findings: The results of the analysis indicate that the shotcrete method provides significant advantages in terms of time efficiency, with a project duration of approximately 358 working days, which is 42 days faster than the retaining wall method requiring around 400 working days. However, from the cost perspective, the shotcrete method results in higher total expenses, amounting to Rp15.526 billion compared to Rp15.187 billion for the retaining wall method, or approximately 2.24 percent more expensive. Additional analysis of indirect costs shows that the longer duration of the retaining wall method increases monthly overhead expenses, while the shotcrete method requires higher technical and equipment costs. Conclusion: Therefore, the retaining wall method is considered more economical, whereas the shotcrete method is superior when project acceleration is prioritized. The findings of this study provide practical guidance for project managers and decision makers in selecting the most appropriate method based on project objectives, budget limitations, and time constraints. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study uniquely combines cost, time, productivity, and CPM analysis to provide an integrated evaluation of masonry and shotcrete retaining wall methods, offering practical decision-making guidance for complex construction projects
Digital innovation and social adaptation in urban flood risk reduction: A study on community-based coping strategies
Get PDFBackground: Flooding in the capital city of DKI Jakarta is still a serious problem that has a broad impact on society. Rapid urbanization, suboptimal drainage systems, and climate change contribute to the increasing frequency and impact of flooding. Flooding not only causes economic losses, but also impacts on health, loss of livelihoods, agriculture and livestock sectors, disruption to education, and damage to public and private infrastructure, effective strategies are needed to increase community resilience in the face of these disasters. Methods: This study used a methodological approach related to coping strategies in the face of flooding. The theory of coping strategies developed by Lazarus & Folkman (1984) is used as the basis of analysis to understand how communities can adapt and respond to floods. In addition, a study of digital platforms such as petabencana.id was conducted to see the role of technology in improving community preparedness. Findings: The results show that communities use various copingstrategies in dealing with floods, both those that focus on problem-focused coping and those that focus on emotion-focused coping. Technology-based approaches, such as the use of petabencana.id, allow communities to share information in real-time, improve coordination in emergency response, and speed up decision-making in disaster situations. This research also highlights the importance of a combination of proactive and reactive coping strategies in dealing with floods. In addition, utilizing digital technology in disaster mitigation can increase the effectiveness of emergency response efforts and strengthen community engagement. Conclusion: This study confirms that the application of appropriate coping strategies, supported by technology and multi-stakeholder collaboration, can help communities deal more effectively with the impacts of flooding. Novelty/Originality of this article: Increasing education on coping strategies, optimizing the use of information technology, and strengthening social networks are important steps in flood mitigation and management in Jakarta
Natural disasters and teachers’ well-being: An intervention model for improving the occupational well-being of teachers in a post-disaster situation
Get PDFBackground: In disaster situations the hardships and adversities for teachers are amplified because their work is drastically deviated from their normal routine and are expected to take the additional role of socio-psychological guide for the communities, exerting mounting pressure on their professional responsibilities and their well-being. Methods: Therefore, a small-scale intervention was carried out to help the teachers to improve their well-being in a post-disaster situation for two years. Alongside this intervention, a longitudinal qualitative study was carried out to measure the changes in the well-being of the targeted five teachers over a period of two years in a remote, isolated context. The data was collected in three rounds. Round one was carried out at the start, followed by round two in the middle of the intervention, and the final round of data collection was carried out at the end of the study. This study employed the OECD’s tool for measuring the occupational well-being of the teachers. Findings: The study found a gradual and consistent improvement in the cognitive, subjective and social well-being of the teachers. However, satisfaction with profession reflects a stable level of discontent about their career choice and the data suggests that there is a certain level of regret for career choice. In the dimension of physical and mental well-being, the data suggests that participants are facing a variety of physical and emotional symptoms like headache, back pain, stomach pain, feeling nervous, irritability, and sleep deprivation. Conclusions: Teachers must be trained and prepared for an expanded role of leadership in remote contexts not only for education in emergencies but also for community cohesion and well-being in post-disaster situations. Therefore, aid organizations must prioritize the well-being of teachers in post-disaster situations. Novelty/Originality of this article: A small-scale longitudinal qualitative study over two years measuring cognitive, subjective, social, physical, and mental well-being changes of teachers in a remote, isolated post-disaster context using the OECD’s occupational well-being tool
Forest fire disasters and ecological crisis: Impacts on women
Get PDFBackground: Forest and land fires in Riau Province are a recurring issue with significant consequences for the economy, society, and environment. This research examines the impacts of these fires and explores the role of women in disaster mitigation efforts. Method: The research used a Desk Study method, collecting secondary data from government reports, scientific journals, and previous studies to conduct a descriptive analysis. Findings: The fires result in substantial material losses, including damage to natural habitats, loss of commercial timber, extinction of local wildlife, and health issues for local communities, with women experiencing disproportionate impacts. However, women also have considerable potential as agents of change in disaster mitigation. Their involvement in sustainable natural resource management and policy-making processes can enhance community resilience to forest and land fires. Conclusion: Involving women in disaster mitigation efforts, particularly in sustainable resource management and policy-making, can lead to more effective and holistic strategies for managing forest and land fires. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study provides new insights into the importance of gender inclusion in disaster risk reduction, emphasizing the potential for women's active participation in mitigating the impacts of forest and land fires in Riau Province
Facing climate change and potential disaster: Lessons from Jakarta slums and the impact of modern-day individualism
Get PDFBackground: Jakarta faces significant climate change risks due to rapid urbanization and insufficient infrastructure. These challenges are compounded by increasing population pressures and environmental degradation, especially in urban slums. Leveraging social capital, particularly community cooperation, can enhance resilience to climate-related impacts by promoting collective action and resource mobilization. Method: This study employed a dual-phase strategy, starting with an extensive literature review to understand the context and theoretical frameworks. It also utilized comparative analysis and systems thinking to assess the roles of social capital and community resilience in mitigating climate risks. The research incorporated a variety of credible sources and opposing viewpoints for a balanced approach. Findings: The study highlights the importance of social capital, particularly the collectivist culture of mutual cooperation (gotong royong) in Jakarta, which aids in overcoming resource limitations and fosters community cooperation. This social capital is crucial for enhancing resilience, particularly in slum and disaster-prone areas. However, urban planning issues and rising individualism present challenges to fully harnessing these resources. Conclusion: Integrating the communal practices and cultural values of gotong royong into urban planning, along with promoting social engagement, is essential for building a climate-resilient city in Jakarta. Strengthening social networks and addressing governance and infrastructure issues are key steps toward mitigating climate change impacts. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study provides a unique perspective on the role of social capital in climate resilience, specifically in Jakarta's slums, and highlights the importance of integrating cultural practices like gotong royong into urban planning to build a more resilient city. It combines insights from environmental science, sociology, and psychology to develop a comprehensive approach to climate adaptation
Greenhouse gas emission calculation and energy impact of TPS3R flamboyan using waste reduction model (WARM) V.15: Implications for disaster risk reduction
Get PDFBackground: Human activities contribute to increased greenhouse gas concentrations, such as CO₂ and CH₄, which intensify the greenhouse effect and elevate Earth's temperature. TPS3R Flamboyan aims to reduce plastic waste through recycling, composting, and landfilling at TPA Cipeucang. While these processes help reduce waste, they can also produce CO₂ emissions. This study evaluates the CO₂ emissions from the baseline waste management scenario and compares it with an alternative scenario using the Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to assess GHG emissions and energy use. Methods: Data was collected in June 2020 from TPS3R Flamboyan and TPA Cipeucang in South Tangerang, analyzing waste types and GHG emissions using the WARM software. The study utilized baseline and alternative waste management scenarios to assess CO2 emissions and energy use, with input data on various waste types such as food waste and plastics. WARM compared the emissions and energy use for each scenario, providing insights on GHG reductions and energy efficiency in waste management practices. Findings: Total GHG emissions from baseline MSW generation and management (MTCO2E) is -2.23 and total GHG emissions from alternative MSW Generation ad management (MTCO2E) is -4,46. Total Energy use from baseline MSW Generation and Management (million BTU) is -33.98 and total Energy use from alternative MSW generation and Management (million BTU) is -92.22. Conclusion: Both scenarios indicate that the alternative scenario results in a higher reduction of emissions compared to the baseline management. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the alternative waste management practices in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research provides a novel approach by using the Waste Reduction Model (WARM) application, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and energy use in municipal solid waste management scenarios. This application offers high-level estimates for emissions reduction and energy efficiency, providing valuable insights for waste management practices
Effectiveness of global warming disaster mitigation e-module in increasing students' creative thinking
Get PDFBackground: Global warming is an environmental problem that has a broad impact on human life and ecosystems. Disaster mitigation due to global warming is a crucial step that needs to be implemented in various aspects, including education. The Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes project-based learning and innovation, so that the development of e-modules based on disaster mitigation with a guided inquiry approach is a relevant solution for improving students' creative thinking skills. Methods: This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the Van den Akker model in developing e-modules, as well as a quasi-experimental approach with a pretest-posttest control group design to test its effectiveness. The research subjects were class X students at MAN 3 Mandailing Natal who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument is a creative thinking test which is validated by experts and tested for reliability. Data analysis was carried out using the N-Gain test and the Mann-Whitney test. Findings: The research results showed that the experimental class that used guided inquiry-based e-modules experienced a higher increase in creative thinking skills than the control class. The average N-Gain score for the experimental class was 0.66 (high category) while the control class was only 0.33 (low category). The Mann-Whitney test showed a significant difference between the two groups (Asymp. Sig. < 0.05), indicating the effectiveness of the e-module in improving creative thinking skills. Conclusion: This research confirms that e-modules based on disaster mitigation with a guided inquiry approach are effective in improving students' creative thinking skills. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this research lies in the integration of e-modules in disaster mitigation learning in the Merdeka Curriculum, which has not been studied much before. The authenticity of this research is supported by an experimental approach and measurement based on structured creative thinking indicators