JHIA Africa Thesis Bank
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Determinants of Home Birth among Women Attending Health Facilities in Wondo Genet, Sidama Region, Ethiopia, 2021: A Case-Control Study
No full textIntroduction: In developing countries, home delivery increases the risk of maternal and perinatal mortality. Measures needed to reverse these situations require evidence on factors that affect homebirth. Hence, this study aimed to identify determinants of homebirth in
Wondo Genet, Sidama Region.
Methods: Unmatched case-control study was conducted from 19 May to 11 June, 2021. Two consecutive controls were selected after each case from randomly selected health centers. Structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was
entered using Epidata software Version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 20 for analysis. The association between independent variables and homebirth was assessed by simple and multivariable binary logistic regression model.
Result: All women (102 cases and 206 controls) were interviewed with response rate of 100%. Rural residence (AOR = 3.41, 95%CI: [1.58, 7.39]); ever experience of physical IPV (AOR = 2.35, 95%CI: [1.06, 5.17]); grand-multiparity (AOR = 5.36, 95%CI: [1.68, 17.08]); non-use of family planning before recent pregnancy (AOR = 5.82, 95%CI: [2.49, 13.60]); >30 min to reach health facility (AOR = 2.14, 95%CI: [1.02, 4.51]); and lack of face mask (AOR = 2.69, 95%CI: [1.25, 5.77]) were statistically significant predictors of homebirth.
Conclusion and Recommendation: A wide gap in access to maternity services should be narrowed between rural and urban women. Healthcare policies and programs concerning women empowerment could help reduce persistent intimate partner violence. Family planning need to be promoted as an important intervention to minimize home delivery and maternal mortality. Multiparous women should be counseled on adverse obstetric consequences of home delivery. The strategies that adapt to emerging public health threats like corona virus disease 2019 pandemic should be laid to prevent their devastating effect on maternity services
Instructional Supervision in the Private Schools of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Awareness and Practices
No full textIntroduction: Instructional supervision may be defined as the
activity of assisting, directing, advising, and fostering growth in
teachers to increase teaching quality. Therefore, the study's main
goal is to assess the awareness and practices of instructional
supervision at the four private schools in Addis Ababa's Gulele
sub-city. Three basic research questions were formulated to guide
the study.
Methods: This quantitative study used descriptive method.
Available and simple random sampling approaches were used for
selecting 100 participants. Data was gathered through the use of a
survey questionnaire. From the pilot test, Cronbach's alpha
reliability value for all categories of questions in the questionnaire
was 0.925 which is valid and reliable. Frequency, percentage,
mean, standard deviation, correlations, t-test, statistical
significance(P-value) and effect size was analyzed using both
descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 25. Significant level
was 0.05 and 0.01 alpha.
Contribution: This mini research contributes not only to filling
the existing empirical study gap in the area at private school
context but also it could aid a variety of parties in developing and
implementing instructional supervision to help students and
teachers deal with educational issues.
Findings: The study's findings resulted that most of the respondents were aware of the basic aims
and practices of instructional supervision. And while practicing instructional supervision, they
necessitate high stakeholder’s participation.1.03 was the study’s Cohens d effect size which is in the
magnitude of large. There was no statistically significant difference between the male’s and the
female’s responses about awareness and practices of instructional supervision. In terms of the
correlations between instructional supervision awareness and practices at the four private schools
chosen, the Pearson correlation value with the significant level of 0.01 alpha was 0.785, which falls
into the high category, indicates that there is a strong and positive link between the two.
Conclusion: The majority of respondents were well aware of the benefits of instructional supervision
for continuing professional growth. It may also be inferred that instructional supervision was being
highly practiced in the aforementioned four private schools
Preservation and Conservation Practices at Kenya National Archives and Documentation Service
No full textKenya National Archives and Documentation Service as the official custodian of
public archives has a responsibility to acquire and preserve public archives and make
them accessible to users.The public archives form a valuable part of Kenya’s
documentary heritage and preservation which involves conservation is the means by
which their survival is ensured for enduring access.However, it has been observed
that some of the archives when acquired are already old and in poor condition while
most of the archives which are acquired in good condition deteriorate when in the
custody of KNADS due to ineffective preservation and conservation practices. The
aim of this study was to assess the preservation and conservation practices at KNADS
with a view to developing a strategy for promoting a systematic approach to
preservation and conservation of archival materials for long-term usability.The
specific objectives of the study were to: establish the diversity of archival materials
and their formats at KNADS; establish the effectiveness of preservation and
conservation practices at KNADS; determine appropriateness of methods and tools
for preservation and conservation at KNADS; identify challenges encountered in
preservation and conservation of archival materials at KNADS andPropose a strategy
for promoting a systematic approach to preservation and conservation at KNADS.
The study was informed by the delta plan model of preventive conservation and the
simple property-oriented threat model for risk assessment.The study employed
descriptive research design and adopted a qualitative approach with purposive
sampling technique being used to identify respondents. Data was collected from a
sample size of 45 respondents using interview method and observation as data
collection methods.Data analysis was done and presented descriptively using
descriptions and explanations in form of text. The findings of the study were that:
KNADS collection comprised of a diversity of archival materials in various formats;
preservation and conservation practices were insufficient and inadequate leading to
deterioration of archival materials; preservation and conservation infrastructure was
inadequate and inappropriate. This was mainly attributed to inadequate funding which
contributed significantly to lack of important and crucial resources.The study
concluded that preservation and conservation practices at KNADS were not effective
in protecting archival materials for enduring access. The study recommends that
KNADS should: seek for adequate funding; modernize the conservation section;
establish best practice standards; undertake annual stocktaking and preservation
surveys. The study has also developed a strategy, which if adopted by KNADS
should improve preservation and conservation of archival materials
Rites of Transition: Death and Burial as a Basis for Inculturation in Tiv Culture, Benue, Nigeria
No full textThe preliminary question is, how far are Tiv traditional rites of death and burial compatible with Christian, specifically Catholic, rites? Is it possible for a baptized Catholic who is a polygamist or a baptized woman who is traditionally married but whose marriage is not blessed in the Catholic Church to be accorded a Catholic burial by the Catholic clergy? By Catholic burial, we mean the celebration of the Holy Mass, which prepares the departed soul to meet God, and the farewell prayers that are a source of consolation to the grieved members of the family; rather than a Catholic service conducted by a catechist or another lay minister as it is happening in Tiv Christian
communities today. Thus, this thesis will discuss the theological-philosophical beliefs about life, death, and the hereafter in Tiv culture as a starting point for religious inculturation between Christianity and Tiv culture. Both Christian and Tiv rites believe in a Supreme Being who is the Creator of the universe, the author and finisher of life. The rites from Tiv and Christianity affirmed that death does not end life; rather, death extends life. The dead person returns to God and continues to dwell with God forever. The burial rites in both Tiv and Christianity support this claim. Thus, we will argue that based on the similarities of burial rites between Christianity and Tiv culture, inculturation of burial rites is possible. Put differently, inculturation of burial rites between Christianity and Tiv culture must wear the garment of marriage. In marriage, there must be mutual agreement, understanding, tolerance and acceptance of one's behaviour and cultural values, such as language, food, dressing, etc. If one party is dominating the marriage, there will be tension, conflict, misunderstanding and sometimes disappointingly, violence. If Western Christian values are imposed on Africans at the expense of African values and traditions, the conflict between Christianity and African cultures will be inevitable just as it is in some mixed marriages. Therefore, we will recommend that Christianity should accommodate some of the burial rites in Tiv culture that are fused with Christian rites of transition, particularly Catholicism, for effective evangelization in Tiv land that is largely polygamous. These actions will demonstrate a sign of
respect for the Tiv culture and a true spirit of inculturation between Christianity and the Tiv culture. In this way, the Tiv people will be true Christians and truly Tiv, by embracing Christian values and still practising their Tiv culture. If not, many Tiv will continue to practice Christianity on Sundays and Tiv religious practices on weekdays as is happening amongst many Tiv Christians today. Inculturation of burial rites in Tiv culture by Christian agents, that is the clergy and the laity, should not be undermined, taken for granted, or swept under the carpet. In failing to adhere to our recommendation of inculturation of rites of transition in Tiv culture by Christian agents, Christianity will sooner or later decline massively in Tiv land
Women Economic Strategies in Patriarchal Bargains in Informal Mining Sector: A Case of Migori County, Kenya.
No full textWomen are key participants in Informal mining globally and their contribution continues to be under recognized and opportunities accorded to them are unequal to those available to men. However, despite the challenges women face within informal mining, they are
looking for ways to bargain with patriarchy within the mining work and increase their economic gains. For women in ASM in Migori, the kind of strategies they apply to achieve this is important. 86 sample units were selected from Nyatike, Rongo and Masara mining areas in Migori County to understand the situation of female informal miners and economic strategies they were employing. Respondents in the study comprised both male and female miners, local government officials and key stakeholders including mining association officials and officials from non-governmental organizations. The study made use of
purposive and snowball sampling in reaching the respondents. Data was collected using mixed research methodology where 65 questionnaires were distributed; and 9 key informant interviews and 2 focused group discussions conducted. The findings revealed
that women were indeed looking for economic strategies to employ so as to negotiate with existing male domination and benefit more from Artisanal and Small scale mining. The women in their bargains had to build cordial relationships with male miners to get access to the ore and also get work opportunities in processing tasks. The women additionally formed saving groups to allow them access to more funds to use to buy ore and make other investments within the mining work. Some of the women also were involved in risky
behavior like prostitution as a strategy to bargain and gain more from mining. In few cases some women were also investing in purchase of equipment like crushers that allowed them better returns than the other processing roles. It was evident from the study that the financial, training and agency support women were receiving from the government and nongovernmental organizations was minimal
Liturgical Music as an Invitation to Transformation
No full textAccording to Vatican II, liturgical music is a kind of music that is written for the
celebration of divine worship. It is the kind of music appropriate for liturgy. Such music is
supposedly endowed with qualities that are proper to liturgy, such as, sanctity, goodness of
form, universality and holiness. This has the aim of sharing in the overall goal of the liturgy,
which is, the glorification of God, and the sanctification and edification of the faithful.
Liturgical music clothes with suitable melody and harmony the liturgical text proposed for
the understanding of the faithful. Henceforth, it adds greater efficacy to that text making it
more inspiring, captivating, and well understood. Consequently, the faithful will supposedly
get inspired and better disposed to receive the benefits of the grace proper to the celebration
of the holy mysteries. This will presumably result to a transformed liturgical subject.
However, this has not been the case since experience shows that beautifully sung
liturgies have not produced transformed liturgical subjects. This is to say that liturgical music
seem to have failed in its auxiliary role in bringing about the anticipated transformation. On
the contrary, in this research paper, we argue that liturgical music is capable bringing about
transformation to the faithful. This means that the liturgical music endowed with the right
lyrical content, structure and form, representation and imitation, has the power to bring about
transformation to the liturgical subject. In addition, proper aids, such as, a well-executed and
captivating homily, openness of the liturgical subject to receive the transformative power of
liturgical music, among others, is crucial. Finally the Holy Spirit, the principal initiator of
transformation, will complete the transformative effect on the liturgical subject, and,
collectively and communally, will bring about a transformed society
The Son of Man Film as a Cry for Justice: A Cross-Cultural Convergence of Film and the African Theological Struggle for Liberation
No full textThis thesis studies the 2006 South African film Son of Man as a cry for justice in the African context. Existing at the confluence of art, film, and theological reflection, this thesis develops new insights into concrete problems which Africans face like anthropological poverty. My central argument is that the film Son of Man is a cry for justice in a context of gross corruption, indiscriminate apportionment of resources, and a failure to address the real plight of the poor people living in slum areas.
Following the art and theology of Engelbert Mveng, I open the Christological discussion with the idea that Jesus in the film, has an African face. Grounded in Mveng’s artistic language and the inculturation of African masks, this thesis unmasks anthropological poverty. It proposes that a Christology grounded in the image of Jesus as liberator best suits the African context. This discussion culminates in the role of Mary in the film and how her story inspires the fight for justice and liberation. From a Marian Art perspective, it looks at how Mary’s portrayal in the movie gives a voice to the African experience, where mothers of faith help communities transform through protest. Using a dialogical approach between Mary in the film and paintings by social justice activists, the thesis shows how women’s work can have transformative and life-changing impacts on communities.
In this thesis, I use A. E. Orobator’s Generative Contextualized method to discuss the problem of injustice and poverty in slum areas in the light of Son of Man. Under the moment of encounter, I discuss the film, the Director, and the fictional context of the film. I also argue that this film is part of Third Cinema. Under the interpretive moment, I use Mveng’s Hekima Christus as a lens through which to discuss the life and death struggle of poverty. Under the synthesizing moment, I bring in the implications of this film for theology. Under the generative moment, I look at how films can offer viewers and theologians inspiration to build on their faith, beliefs, and actions in the face of the reality of oppression, injustices, and poverty
The Impct of Fiscal Policy on Inflation in Ethiopia; A Time Series Analysis
No full textThe The basic aim of this study was to conduct the effect of fiscal policy on inflation; Inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money that is a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The research employed both descriptive statistics analysis and time series econometric analysis techniques. Specifically, the study sets out to assess the trend of inflation and government expenditure and to examine if there exist long-run and the short-run relationships of government expenditure and government budget deficit with inflation in Ethiopia with annually time series data spanning from 1975 to 2019. For this study, the researcher uses government capital expenditure (GKE), government current expenditure (GCE), and government budget deficit (GBD) as the main explanatory variables while broad money supply (LM2) and exchange rate (EXR) were added as check variables. The vector error correction model (VECM) was used to analyze the relationship between government expenditure and inflation in Ethiopia. The result show government current expenditure and government budget deficit have a positive and significant effect on inflation in the long run but government current expenditure has positive insignificant while one year lagged government budget deficit has a positive and significant effect on inflation in the short run, on the other hand, government capital expenditure has a negative and significant effect on inflation both in the long run as well as in the short run in Ethiopia. Based on the result this research strongly recommends the government of Ethiopia keep enhancing its capital expenditure by narrowing its budget deficit by cutting its current expenditure
Virtual Grace: Online Mass, Real Presence and the Christian Community
No full textIn the age of the Internet, and particularly in times of crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, the Catholic Church has increased its use of the new digital technology to reach its scattered members through various ministries, including broadcasting the Mass. The current investigation is a product of a reflection on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Church's struggle to give hope to Christians in this difficult time. Indeed, there is no possibility of physical reception of the sacraments online.
To provide more clarification on Christians' online liturgical experience, this research asks the question: Can grace be found online, especially during online Masses? Going beyond straightforward sacramental theology and the classical debate on what makes the Eucharist valid, it looks at the spiritual experience of the Eucharist and Christians'
experience of grace. The investigation makes explicit the complexity of the virtual Masses although online participants' presence could be seen as telepresence. In a way, Eucharistic 'real presence' and telepresence are united in a kind of 'presence in absence.'Besides the possibility of Spiritual Communion, one can say that grace, as God's self-gift, is to be found online because internet users express its effect in their daily self-transcending activities like generosity, commitment to justice, increase in faith, hope, and love. Furthermore, the online Christian communities exist only because of the transmission of tradition from the offline communities and the former cannot exist separately from the latter. Both members are part of the one universal church that forms the Body of Christ. From the analyses, it is suggested that, albeit the online Mass is celebrated at a spatial and even temporal distance, online grace is at least possible because of Christ's presence in both the online and offline Christian communities. In some circumstances, believers cannot come physically to church and cannot have physical touch with the sacrament. In these cases, online grace may fill their spiritual hunger. While the physical reception of the Eucharist remains the 'ideal,' some circumstances make online Mass desirable. Whilst temporary, it is better than nothing because there is still the possibility of grace. Although in many ways, this research poses more questions than answers, it can help students in the same field to explore the possibility of a new way of experiencing grace in the era of the internet. It also invites, not only the theologians but also the Christian community, to reflect on the real values of the online Masse which can help those who cannot attend the physical Mass. For instance, if the conclusions are somehow tentative, they open the door to discuss the challenge of time like in a pre-recorded Mass that divides opinions, although it is already practised
The Contribution of NGOs in the Prevention of Human Trafficking: The Case of HAART’s Preventive Strategies in Nairobi
No full textAlthough human trafficking continues to increase as inequality and poverty increase in the
world, many developing countries do not prioritize its prevention, leaving it to many Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as Awareness Against Human Trafficking
(HAART) that engage in different strategies of prevention. Many conflicts from family to
international level result in vulnerability of members or citizens who want to migrate away
from the poor human conditions and instead end up in the hands of human traffickers. It has
been argued that small initiatives tend to produce better results than grand government
initiatives, but such studies have not been examined in Kenya. Thus, the purpose of this
research was to find out the contribution of NGOs, taking HAART as a case study, in the
prevention of human trafficking. The study findings established that prevention remains the
best sustainable strategy in anti-trafficking and that NGOs play a significant contribution in
this fight. Nairobi was chosen because it is but a transit and exit for many persons trafficked as
well as a regional destination where many people are exploited for labor and sex. Taking
HAART as a case study made use of multiple research methods, including a survey with
Nairobi residents, in-depth interviews with HAART members and key informant interviews
with HAART partners. Such a micro-level empirical research as has been argued, tends to
shade light on what works well in the prevention of human trafficking rather than general or
extensive studies. The study findings show that the current situation of human trafficking is a
little bit complicated since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is on high end. The
findings show that majority of the respondents at HAART Kenya (59.6%) confirmed that there
are cases of human trafficking in Kenya. It was also established through the study findings that
NGOs in Kenya, especially HAART, utilize a guideline to sensitize or create awareness and
capacity building about human trafficking in the communities. It was established that one of
the main challenges faced by HAART is limited resources, and the fact being that HAART is
one of the first NGOs in Kenya that focus on human trafficking, there is limited information
on what has been done before. The findings further suggest that NGOs can strategize antihuman
trafficking by creating networks with the government and other stakeholders, also collaborate
to create awareness and advocate for speedy prosecution of perpetrators of human trafficking.
The study recommends that the government should provide monetary assistance or channel
resources to the NGOs or humanitarian organizations against human trafficking so that they
may have enough resources to support their work of preventing human trafficking in Kenya.
The study further established that the three elements from the Situational Prevention theory
formed the lens for closely examining the activities of HAART, as the theory focuses on
modification of the environment in order to expose and hence prevent a crime such as human
trafficking