Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
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A Review on Orchard Management and Cultivation Practices
No full textAn orchard is a space where fruit trees are grown. It includes a variety of resources, including land, water, trees, and several outside inputs. It is important for us to comprehend the proper management of orchards in order to maximize yield while preventing loss of food, fertilizers, manure, and other plant protection agents. As a result, it is important to comprehend how to regulate these output and resource characteristics. For the effective and sustainable production of fruit crops like mango, citrus, pomegranate, banana, guava, ber papaya, sapota, grapes, and others, orchard management is the most crucial cultural instrument. Effective orchard management systems impact fruit quality, output, and development by using best practices in orchard culture, which also preserve moisture, reduce weed competition, and increase nutrient availability. Effective orchard management techniques include clean cultivation, mulching, intercropping, cover crops, clean strips, tillage, clean basin management, green manuring, and the use of herbicides. The following are the orchard floor management strategies for preserving moisture: ridge basin + grass mulch 9.31% > clean basin; black polythene mulch 13.51% > grass mulch 12.38% > ridge basin
Influence of Iron and Zinc Biofortification on Growth and Yield of Drilled Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
No full textA field experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 and 2023 to study the effect of iron and zinc biofortification on the growth and yield of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Dediapada, Gujarat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments. Based on pooled analysis, almost all the growth attributes (periodical plant height, number of tillers plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation plant-1), yield attributes (productive tillers m-2, number of filled grains panicle-1, panicle length, weight of panicle and 1000 grain weight), grain yield (3035 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5336 kg ha-1) were recorded significantly higher under treatment T10 (soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS). Based on the results, it concluded that for achieving higher growth and yield in drilled rice, the crop should be fertilized with soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS along with RDF and soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 along with RDF
Effect of Balance and Imbalanced Fertilization on Soil Physical Properties, Growth and Yield of Rice in Chhattisgarh, India
No full textEffect of balance and imbalanced fertilization on soil physical Properties, nutrient uptake, growth and yield of rice in Chhattisgarh was studied under long-term fertilizer experiment during kharif 2019-20 at research farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.). The experiment comprised of different levels or doses of NPK fertilizers alone and in combination with zinc sulphate, farmyard manure (FYM), blue green algae (BGA) and green manuring (GM) was laid out in randomized block design with four replications and ten treatments viz. Control, 50% NPK, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK+ZnSO4@ 10kgha-1,100% NP, 100% N, 100% NPK + FYM @5t ha-1, 50% NPK+BGA@ 10kg ha-1 and 50% NPK + GM @40kg ha-1. The results showed that the physical properties like total porosity, gravimetric and volumetric moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, water stable aggregates and mean weight diameter of the soil were increased, while the bulk density was reduced significantly with the 100% NPK FYM treatment over all other treatments. However, the use of imbalanced (100% N and 100% NP) fertilizer, super optimal (150% NPK) and sub optimal (50% NPK) rate of inorganic fertilizer as compared to the unfertilized control showed significant effect on the physical properties of soil. Integrated nutrient management practice including FYM and recommended dose of NPK showed as best treatment with respect to growth and yield parameters like plant height, no. of tillers and no. of grains as compare to other treatments. The grain (5065 kg ha-1) and straw (7075 kg ha-1) yield of rice was registered higher in 150% NPK treatment followed by 100% NPK FYM treatment (4855 kg ha-1 and 6565 kg ha-1) and lowest in control treatment (2350 kg ha-1 and 2680 kg ha-1)
Morphological Characterization of Elite Indian Bean Genotypes of Bundelkhand Region
No full textThe morphological characterization of Indian bean genotypes of Bundelkand region was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, RLBCAU, Jhansi during kharif season 2020-21. A total of 21 genotypes of Indian bean were collected from various districts of Uttar Pradesh. The randomized block design with two replications was used and morphological characterization was conducted. Observations were recorded on ten morphological characters selected from DUS. Dolichos bean germplasm exhibits significant diversity in various qualitative traits, including plant growth habit (ranging from pole to bush), stem colour variations (green, dark green, and purple), diverse flower colours (purple, white, and dark purple), leaf vein colours (light green, green, and purple), distinct leaf densities (sparse, intermediate, and dense), pod colours encompassing green, light green, white, purple, and dark purple, as well as pod characteristics such as curvature (straight, curved, and highly curved) and shape (straight, intermediate, and curved)
Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Real-time Monitoring and Assessment of Soil Health and Quality: A Review
No full textSoil health and quality are critical factors in maintaining sustainable agriculture, ecosystem stability, and global food security. Conventional methods for assessing soil properties are often time-consuming, labour-intensive, and lack real-time monitoring capabilities. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to develop advanced sensors for rapid, in-situ, and continuous monitoring of soil health parameters. This comprehensive review discusses the recent advancements in nanotechnology-based sensors for soil health assessment, their working principles, applications, challenges, and future prospects. We highlight the potential of various nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots, in fabricating highly sensitive, selective, and robust soil sensors. The integration of these nanosensors with wireless communication technologies and data analytics enables real-time monitoring and precision agriculture practices. Furthermore, we discuss the environmental and ecological implications of deploying nanosensors in soil and the need for standardized protocols and regulations. This review provides valuable insights into the current state-of-the-art and future directions of nanotechnology-based sensors for soil health monitoring, promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental management
Effect of Soil and Foliar Applications on Growth and Productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)
No full textThe field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season (Nov - Jan) of 2023-2024 in the experimental farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. To study “Effect of soil and foliar applications on growth and productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L).” Factorial Randomized Block Design was used with two factors and 3 replications. The treatment combination consists of 10 treatments viz., T1- 100 percent RDF+ Nano-DAP, T2 - 100 percent RDF + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T3 – 100 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T4 – 100 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T5 – 100 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T6 - 100 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T7 – 75 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T8 - 75 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T9 - 75 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T10- 75 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS.The results indicated that the application of 75 percent RDF + Vermicompost at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea increased the growth parameters (plant height and Leaf Area Index), physiological parameters (Crop Growth Rate and Chlorophyll Index) and yield (grain and stover yield) of pearl millet
Assessing the Impact of Coated and Prilled Urea Fertilizers on Nitrogen Dynamics and Fodder Maize Yield in Alfisols
No full textThe study investigates the impact of different urea fertilizers on nitrogen mineralization, leaching losses, and growth, yield of fodder maize in Alfisols. Nitrogen is vital for plant growth but deficient in soils. Urea, a widespread nitrogen fertilizer, suffers from significant losses, prompting the development of controlled-release urea (CRU) fertilizers. This study assesses various urea formulations with coated urea and prilled urea. Laboratory incubation studies show that coated urea exhibits slower NH4+-N release, reducing losses and improving efficiency compared to uncoated urea. Nitrate content increases steadily periodically with coated urea, potentially enhancing nitrogen availability to plants. Greenhouse experiments reveal significant differences in plant height, leaf number, and leaf area among treatments. Coated urea formulations, chiefly CSPC @3%, demonstrate superior growth parameters (plant height-169.56cm, number of leaves-10.33 and leaf area-1850.59), yield (green fodder-328.25 gplant-1, dry fodder-198.61 gplant-1 and dry matter percentage-54.52) and quality parameters (crude protein-4.03, total ash content-3.82%) compared to prilled urea growth parameters (plant height-113.38cm, number of leaves-8.07 and leaf area-1670.98), yield (green fodder-246.26 gplant-1, dry fodder-116.35 gplant-1 and dry matter percentage-44.32) and quality parameters (crude protein-2.88, total ash content-2.75%), likely due to sustained nitrogen release. Higher nitrogen availability from coated urea leads to increased forage yield and quality. The findings suggest that coated urea fertilizers, specially CSPC @3% advocate improved nitrogen management, enhancing fodder maize productivity and sustainability
Effect of Planting Density and Nitrogen Levels on the Yield Attributing Characters of Fodder Maize (Shalimar Fodder Maize-1)
No full textMaize (Zea mays L.) is widely known as a ready-made fodder crop. Maize is the third major cereal crop in the world, and in India, it ranks third. Maize has been an important cereal crop owing to its highest production potential and wider adaptability to varied agroclimatic conditions, hence being called the ‘Queen of Cereals’. The production potential of forage maize can be altered with changes in agronomic practices. The present study was undertaken with the objective of improving the yield attributes and quality traits of forage maize (Shalimar Fodder Maize-1). The experiment consisted of two factors, viz., three planting densities (viz., D1= 30cm x 10cm, D2= 40cm x 10cm, and D3= 50cm x 10cm) as main plots and five nitrogen levels (viz., N1= Control, N2= 75% RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen), N3= 100% RDN, N4= 125% RDN, and N5= 150% RDN) as subplot treatments with three replications, laid out in split plot design (SPD). The parameters such as yield attributes, and quality parameters were significantly higher when plants were grown at a density of 30 cm x 10 cm with a nitrogen level of 150 % RDN
Early Stage Responses of Jute, Kenaf and Mesta in Arsenic Contamination Soil
No full textA pot experiment conducted at BJRI (Bangladesh Jute Research Institute) in Dhaka from September to December 2023 assessed the responses of Jute, Kenaf, and Mesta to arsenic-contaminated soil. Arsenic (As) poses environmental hazards and toxicity. BJRI Deshi Pat 7, BJRI Kenaf-2 (HC-95) and BJRI Mesta-2 (VM-1) were grown for 42 days in 36 pots with four treatment levels of As (0 ml/L, 10 ml/L, 20 ml/L, and 30 ml/L) with four replications each. Results indicate Kenaf and Mesta demonstrated high potential to tolerate As toxicity with no significant effects on survivability. However, root length, shoot length, dry weight, fresh weight and bio-concentration factor decreased with increasing As treatment levels. The translocation factor indicated slow translocation from root to shoot, increasing with As concentration. BJRI Kenaf-2 (HC-95) accumulated the highest As (16.5 ml/L) at 30 ml/L As. BJRI Deshi Pat 7 and BJRI Mesta-2 (VM-1) showed good biomass production and low phytotoxicity to As making them suitable for cultivation in As-prone areas. BJRI Kenaf-2 (HC-95) exhibited the highest response to As at early growth stages, with the order of As absorption and tolerance potentiality being BJRI Kenaf-2 (HC-95) > BJRI Mesta-2 (VM-1) >BJRI Deshi Pat 7. These varieties are recommended for cultivation in As-contaminated soil
Domestic Greywater Irrigation on Soil Properties and Enzymatic Activities
No full textA field investigation was undertaken during the Rabi season of 2019-20 in a selected farmer\u27s field at Yelavatti village, near Shivamogga City, Karnataka, India to evaluate the effect of domestic greywater irrigation on soil properties and enzymatic activity. Four types of irrigation water were used for this investigation: greywater, treated greywater, structured greywater, and bore well water (as a control). The results revealed that treatments that received irrigation with domestic greywater significantly improved soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil available nutrient status at all growth stages of the Okra vegetable grown soil. The plots which received domestic greywater irrigation alone recorded significantly higher soil organic carbon with 5.92 g/kg, 6.67 g/kg, 6.57 g/kg, available nitrogen with 240.58kg/ha, 281.29 kg/ha, 325.29 kg/ha, available phosphorous with 78.15 kg/ha, 89.54kg/ha, 105.67 kg/ha and available potassium with 317.56 kg/ha, 421.84 kg/ha and 449.53 kg/ha at 30DAS, 60DAS and 90DAS respectively. Domestic greywater irrigation alone treatment recorded significantly higher dehydrogenase activities with 28.72µg TPF g-1 of soil day-1. 32.59 µg TPF g-1 of soil day-1, 35.87 µg TPF g-1 of soil day-1, phosphatase activity with 31.73 PNP g-1 soil hr-1, 35.89 PNP g-1 soil hr-1, 39.47 PNP g-1 soil hr-1 and urease activities with 321.39,355.61 and 359.07 µg NH4+ g-1 soil hr-1 at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, and 90 DAS respectively. A similar trend of results was also observed in exchangeable Ca, Mg, and available S as well as DTPA-extracted Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in the soil at all growth stages. Irrigation with bore well water alone recorded significantly lower levels of soil pH, EC, SOC, soil available nutrients status, and enzyme activities at all stages of the crop growth. Safe with minimum treatment in the use of domestic greywater irrigation is the best option to mitigate the water crises in future days agriculture.