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External Dimension of Constitutionalisation of the Rule of Law and Human Rights
Get PDFThe rule of law and the protection of human rights have emerged as the cornerstone of the European Union's law and policies particularly in the context of East-ward enlargement. This process has not only served as a "laboratory" for the transformation of candidate countries but has also triggered changes significant in the European Union itself, contributing to its "constitutional awakening". Bulgaria's accession to the Council of Europe and the EU brought about a profound structural shift in its constitutional paradigm, fundamentally altering the understanding and implementation of the rule of law and human rights protection. In this context, it is essential to reevaluate the traditional template of Westphalian constitutionalism in Bulgaria and to recognize the external dimension of principles' constitutionalization as an "anchor" that will keep Bulgaria's democracy, rule of law, and human rights stable despite internal and external turmoil
Legal and Historical Overview of LGBTIQ+ Rights in the 19th and 20th Centuries on the Territory of the Republic of Bulgaria
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to challenge the stereotypes that non-heterosexual orientation and various gender identities are not manifestations of either a “decadent West” or a passing trend. On the contrary, heterosexism and homophobia intensified and became dominant doctrines during the 19th and 20th centuries, even in societies where same-sex relationships were not initially criminally persecuted. In my legal-historical analysis, I focus not only on the period after the restoration of Bulgarian statehood following the adoption of the First Constitution in 1879 but also on the time before that, when Bulgarian society existed within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire during the Tanzimat era. An important moment for the analysis is the decriminalisation of same-sex relationships in 1858 in the Ottoman Penal Code. I will also provide examples from the development of Bulgarian criminal law, which often included provisions criminalising sexual contacts between individuals of the same sex
Content of Workers' Representation Under the Labour Code
Get PDFThe paper examines the rights and obligations of the representatives of workers and employees under Article 7, paragraph 2 and Article 7a of the Labour Code. The provisions establishing them have been analyzed in detail, the corresponding conclusions and proposals de lege ferenda have been made
An attempt at one unexpected constitutional reform of the executive power in the Republic of Bulgaria
No full textThe article criticizes the proposal in the Draft Law No. 49-354-01- 83/28.07.2023 on the amendment and supplement to the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, which affects the legal status of the deputies, members of the Council of Ministers and the President of the Republic regarding the possibility for these persons, holding certain highest state positions, to have another citizenship besides Bulgarian during the exercise of their powers. The problem is very serious when the requirement is considered in the context of the functioning of single or collective state authorities, including administrative. The author of this article is firmly opposed to the introduction in the constitutional text of norms concerning the legal status of “independent regulatory and supervisory authorities”
Termination of the Mandate of the National Assembly
No full textThis study is dedicated to the issues of termination of the powers of the representative institution in Bulgaria – the National Assembly. They are explicitly stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria from 1991 and outside of them it is not possible to terminate the powers of the legislative body. According to the Basic Law, the mandate of the Parliament can be terminated with the expiration of the term of its powers, with dissolution of the parliament by the President or with the holding of elections for the Grand National Assembly
Hedges and Boosters in 19th century British Fiction
No full textHedges and boosters are two important sources of linguistic devices to express tentative evaluations and to mitigate solidarity with readers. Men and women have different tendencies of using these linguistic devices. Women are usually considered to follow a personal and polite style whereas men are more competitive and assertive. Hence, gender-preferential features of women and men are one of the prerequisites of understanding the functions of hedges and boosters. One relatively neglected aspect of gender-based studies of these linguistic devices is fiction. In this paper, we explored male and female English writers’ use of hedges and boosters in HUM19UK Corpus, a corpus of 19th century British fiction. We calculated a statistically significant overuse in the deployment of hedges and boosters by female writers in the 19th century, which is an indication of a new writing style adapted by the female writers in that era. However, the most common items of hedges and boosters were identical in both corpora
The Recurring Issue of Aviation English Test Validity: Echoes from Test-takers and Assessors of the English for Aviation Language Testing System in Algeria
No full textThe English for Aviation Language Testing System (EALTS) is one of the international tests for pilots wishing to operate in international airspace. This test presents a wide range of difficulties for Algerian pilots, but little research has been conducted to estimate its validity. This paper seeks to answer two questions: (1) What are test-takers perspectives on the EALTS test construct? and (2) What is the assessors' perception of the testing procedure and test validity? A descriptive study was conducted using qualitative data from a semi-structured questionnaire for ten pilots and a semi-structured interview for three certified assessors and four university researchers. The authors used 'first-hand' data from the targeted sample to cross-check results' validity through triangulation. The results show specific difficulties from an affective dimension, such as stress and anxiety caused by inefficient preparation and unfamiliarity with test tasks. A different interpretation of ICAO descriptions using the rating scale is another issue noted by assessors. Additionally, technical issues with the computer-based listening test and non-compliant features of the test contents with features of the target situation language use are among the main issues noted by both test-takers and assessors
The Significance of Victorian England for the Cottagecore Aesthetic
No full textThis article contemplates the idyllic imagery of Elizabeth Gaskell's rural texts in relation to the key visual motifs of the Internet aesthetic "cottagecore." Meanwhile, the paper also strives to highlight the importance of both the Victorian era, particularly its literature and art, with regard to this popular Internet aesthetic. With some brief references to influential figures of the age, the cultural timeframe surrounding Gaskell's rural fiction is shown to offer significant historical relevance to the romanticisation of the English country-cottage life. The literary and pictorial texts serve as examples of this cultural process. Considering the author's mostly ornamental use of cottages in Wives and Daughters as well as her employment of floral characterisation, the paper also highlights the visual aesthetics of the cottage art of Helen Allingham and Myles Birket Foster as well as rural depictions made by illustrators of Gaskell's provincial works that display the visual after-life of Gaskell's rural texts
Specific rights and needs for protection of the victims of crime in relation to their participation in criminal proceedings
No full textThe article explores procedural remedies and measures for protecting the rights and legitimate interests of victims of crimes based on Bulgarian and international legislation. The possibility of issuing an European protection order has been also analyzed