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Poboljšanje postupka tretiranja pokrivke biofungicidom na bazi Bacillus subtilis Č-13 u suzbijanju prouzrokovača zelene plesni šampinjona
No full textU proizvodnji komercijalno gajenih gljiva, proizvodnja šampinjona zauzima prvo
mesto u svetu i kod nas. Najveće štete koje mogu biti i potpune nanosi prouzrokovač zelene
plesni Trichoderma aggressivum Samuels & W. Gams (Luković et al., 2021). Suzbijanje bolesti
šampinjona u Srbiji se uglavnom zasniva na primeni hemijskih pesticida. Prodaja
prerađenih proizvoda na našem tržištu i izvoz komposta i svežih šampinjona iz Srbije su
često onemogućeni nakon utvrđivanja prisustva ostataka sintetskih pesticida koji nisu
registrovani za primenu u proizvodnji jestivih gljiva u Srbiji ili Evropskoj Uniji (EU).
U prethodno prihvaćenom Novom tehničkom rešenju primene biofungicida na bazi
korisne bakterije Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn soj Č-13 (Rekanović i sar., 2019) određena
je doza primene u suzbijanju prouzrokovača zelene plesni (T. aggressivum) u gajilištima
šampinjona u ukupnoj količini 60 ml/m2, trokratno: 30 ml/m2 u 1 l vode drugog dana od
postavljanja pokrivke + 15 ml/m2 u 1 l vode nakon dve nedelje + 15 ml/m2 u 1 l vode nakon prvog
talasa plodonošenja. U rešenju je preporučeno i tretiranje komposta u kompostarama pre
zasejavanja micelije šampinjona ovim biofungicidom u dozi 150-300 ml u 2 l vode na 1000 kg
komposta.
U Bitno poboljšanom postupku ista je ukupna količina biofungicida koja se koristi
za tretiranje više puta, tj. broj tretmana je povećan sa tri na šest. Korisne bakterije nakon
izvesnog vremena uginjavaju, a novim postupkom se omogućava zadovoljavajuća koncentracija i
veće fungicidno dejstvo korisnog mikroorganizma u svakoj etapi proizvodnje. Novi postupak
primene biofungicida na bazi B. subtilis Č-13, u istoj ukupnoj količini primene 60 ml/m2 se
sastoji od šest podeljenih doza (6×10 ml/m2) u odnosu na prethodn i postupak sa tri primene
(30 + 15 + 15 ml/m2): 10 ml/m2 u 1 l vode drugog dana od postavljanja pokrivke i 5×10 ml/m2 u 1 l
vode u intervalima od sedam dana. Ovaj postupak učestalije primene biofungicida takođe
omogućava prilagođavanje primene biofungicida različitim režimima navodnjavanja ili
berbe koji mogu nastupiti tokom uzgoja u zavisnosti od godišnjih doba, pojava bolesti i
štetočina, primene drugih pesticida ili dezinficijenasa koji mogu da odlože i/ili pomere
talase plodonošenja i berbu. Primenom novog postupka povećava se efikasnost u suzbijanju
prouzrokovača zelene plesni, poboljšava prinos i kvalitet šampinjona, smanjuje utrošak
hemijskih pesticida i omogućava prerada šampinjona i izvoz komposta i šampinjona u skladu
sa strateškim ciljem jačanja konkurentnosti srpske poljoprivrede i proizvodnje zdravstveno
bezbedne i kvalitetne hrane
Assessment of toxigenic properties in black aspergilli for safe enzyme production in food processing
No full textBlack aspergilli (Aspergillus section Nigri) represent a diverse group of species utilized for enzyme
production. While many are beneficial, some produce mycotoxins - low molecular weight secondary
metabolites from filamentous fungi that are acutely or chronically toxic. These mycotoxins pose
significant health hazards to humans and vertebrates when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through
the skin, making them a critical concern for food safety in industrial applications of fungi for enzyme or
bulk metabolite production. Only non-toxigenic strains can be used as source organisms for enzyme
preparations intended for food use. Therefore, discovering new potential enzyme producers from the
environment is as crucial as enhancing enzyme production with known strains. Ensuring the safe use
of enzymes provided by aspergilli in the food industry takes precedence over their enzyme production
capabilities. In this study, we present a comprehensive assessment of the toxigenic potential of black
aspergilli, combining analytical and genetic approaches to screen newly isolated fungal enzyme
producers. We identified and analyzed 39 isolates collected from various substrates in Serbia. The
most common species were Aspergillus tubingensis (51.2%), followed by A. niger (23.1%), A.
welwitschiae (23.1%), and A. uvarum (2.6%). Given that some A. niger and A. welwitschiae can
produce mycotoxins ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins (FB), we assessed the toxigenic potential of
selected enzyme producers both analytically and genetically. Since fungal enzyme producers can be
considered food-safe only after confirming the absence of mycotoxins in the enzyme preparation
(analytically) and the absence of gene clusters responsible for mycotoxin production (genetically), we
selected two promising enzyme producers, isolates of A. welwitschiae. The absence of both OTA and
FB production capability in these isolates was molecularly confirmed by the lack of complete and
critical parts of the biosynthetic gene clusters, respectively, making them suitable candidates for
further enzyme production development. Although this study focused on local isolates, the approach
is applicable globally
Postupak formulacije biocida-rodenticida, namenjenog za primenu u uslovima povišene relativne vlažnosti i temperature
No full textTehničko rešenje „Postupak formulacije biocida-rodenticida, namenjenim za primenu u
uslovima povišene relativne vlažnosti i temperature“ predstavlja nov tehničko-tehnološki
postupak čijom se primenom u procesu proizvodnje rodenticidnih mamaka, biocida, omogućava formulisanje mamaka sa višestruko poboljšanom upotrebnom vrednošću u odnosu na do sada
prisutne mamke, odnosno omogućena je proizvodnja mamaka kojima se efikasno sprovode mere
suzbijanje jedinki sivog pacova na staništima koja se karakterišu povišenom temperaturom i
relativnom vlažnošću.
Nov postupak formulisanja rodenticida-biocida obuhvata smernice, odnosno informacije
neophodne za proces formulacije rodenticida-biocida, a koji se odnose na kombinaciju
komponenti biocidnog preparata, veličinu osnove nosača aktivne supstance rodenticida,
vrstu i količinu konzervansa kao i postupak homogenizacije osnovnih komponenti
rodenticidnih preparata. Krajnji proizvod ovog postupka jeste rodenticid-biocid, mamci koji
u dužem vremenskom periodu zadržavaju upotrebnu vrednost i kojima se unapređuje program
suzbija sivog pacova na staništima koja se karakterišu povišenom temperaturom ili
relativnom vlažnošću. Primenom poboljšanog programa suzbijanja sivog pacova, ostvaruje se
značajan doprinos u ukupnom unapređenju bezbednosti hrane, povećanju konkurentnosti i
tehničko-tehnoloških procesa rada svih činilaca agro-industrije, kao i unapređenju zaštite
javnog zdravlja stanovništva
Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854), nova vrsta štitaste vaši u Srbiji
No full textIn 2016, the species Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854), belonging to the scale
insect family Coccidae, was for the first time found in Serbia, in the location Radmilovac
on Cornus sanguinea L. It reproduces by gamogenesis, develops one generation annually,
and overwinters as a fertilized female on the trunk or branches of its host plant. During this
research, the species was detected on five host plants at six locations in Serbia. It feeds by
sucking sap from leaves, young shoots and branches of infested plants, causing desiccation of
leaves and individual twigs. Four species of its natural enemies were collected and reared from
colonies of N. innumerabilis. Two species of parasitoid wasps, Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker)
(Aphelinidae) and Metaphycus hageni Daane and Caltagirone (Encyrtidae), were found, while
the ladybird Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Coccinellidae) and the fly Leucopomyia silesiaca
(Egger) (Chamaemyiidae) were identified as predators. The most abundant entomophagous
species was L. silesiaca.Tokom 2016. godine u lokalitetu Radmilovac na Cornus sanguinea L., prvi put je utvrđena
vrsta Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854), koja pripada štitastim vašima iz familije
Coccidae. Razmnožava se gamogenezom, razvija jednu generaciju godišnje i prezimljava
u stadijumu oplođene ženke na stablu ili granama domaćina. Tokom istraživanja vrsta je u
Srbiji registrovana na šest lokaliteta i pet biljaka domaćina. Na infestiranim biljkama hrani se
isisavanjem sokova iz lišća, mladih izbojaka i grana, izazivajući sušenje listova i pojedinačnih
grančica. U kolonijama N. innumerabilis sakupljene su i odgajene četiri vrsta prirodnih neprijatelja.
Od parazitoida, Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) i Metaphycus hageni Daane
and Caltagirone (Encyrtidae), a od predatora Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Coccinellidae) i
Leucopomyia silesiaca (Egger) (Chamaemyiidae). Najbrojnija entomofagna vrsta je L. silesiaca
Alelohemikalije kao izvori bioherbicida za održivu poljoprivredu: izazovi i perspektive.
No full textPoslednjih decenija nepoželjni efekti herbicida na životnu sredinu i zdravlje ljudi,
povećanje broja rezistentnih korovskih vrsta, ne otkrivanje/registrovanje aktivnih
supstanci sa novim mehanizmima delovanja, povlačenje iz upotrebe značajnog broja
herbicida i ubrzani razvoj organske poljoprivrede su glavni faktori za stimulisanje razvoja
ekološki prihvatljivijih pristupa u suzbijanju korova. Iako visoka efikasnost herbicida
omogućava njihovu široku upotrebu u poljoprivredi, ujedno čini i nezaobilaznu meru u
zaštiti useva od korova, postoje tendencije ka smanjenju njihove upotrebe što je
inteziviralo istraživanja u oblasti alelopatije. Potpuna zamena sintetički formulisanih
herbicida, bioherbicidima u savremenoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji je teško ostvariva,
uzimajući u obzir veliki broj otpornih, invazivnih vrsta, pojavu rezistentnosti, kao i
klimatske promene. Balansiranje između produktivnosti useva i ekološke održivosti je
jedan od glavnih izazova za poljoprivredu širom sveta. Problemi sa kojima se suočavamo
u kontroli/subijanju korova manifestuju se kroz gubitke u prinosu pojedinih useva, naročito
okopavina zbog širokoredog načina gajenja i oni se na svetskom nivou procenjuju na oko
30%. Ujedno, potrebno je istaći da biopesticidi čine svega 4-5% globalnog tržišta
pesticida, gde je udeo bioherbicida najmanji, a da u Republici Srbiji nema registrovanih
bioherbicida, što za zaštitu useva od korova posebno u organskoj biljnoj proizvodnji
predstavlja najveći problem/izazov. Stoga, potencijalne izvore supstanci koje mogu imati
herbicidno delovanje treba tražiti u prirodi, prvenstveno biljkama, odnosno produktima
njihovog sekundarnog metabolizma (alelohemikalijama). Alelopatski procesi su objašnjeni
kao direktno ili indirektno, štetno ili blagotvorno delovanje jedne biljke (uključujući i
mikroorganizme) na druge kroz sintezu i otpuštanje sekundarnih metabolita u okolinu.
Biljke alelohemikalije koriste kao „sredstvo“ za povećanje njihove konkurentnosti i stope
preživljavanja. Alelohemikalije su hemijska jedinjenja, produkti sekundarnog metabolizma
biljaka, koja nemaju direktnu ulogu u primarnim metaboličkim procesima neophodnim za
njihovo održavanje, rast i razvoj. Biljke mogu sintetisati alelohemikalije u svim organima
(list, stablo, koren, cvet, plod, seme) i emitovati ih u spoljašnju sredinu putem isparavanja,
ispiranja, izlučivanja korenom ili odumiranjem otpalih biljnih delova. Sposobnost
alelohemikalija da inhibiraju ili odlože klijanje i/ili rast biljaka se definiše kao “alelopatski
(ili fitotoksični) potencijal”. Biljke koje proizvode alelohemikalije smatraju se “donorima”,
dok biljke koje ih apsorbuju nazivaju se biljkama “akceptorima”. Veći broj alelohemikalija
biljka-donor izlučuje u aktivnom obliku, dok se pojedine aktiviraju delovanjem
mikroorganizama ili pri određenim uslovima spoljašnje sredine (pH, temperatura,
svetlost). Poznato je da više od 2.000 biljnih vrsta (iz 39 familija) ima značajne
alelopatske efekte i da one poseduju oko 400.000 različitih jedinjenja koja pokazuju
alelopatsku aktivnost, a među njima oko 3% je prepoznato kao izvor potencijalnih
bioherbicida. Alelohemikalije pripadaju brojnim hemijskim grupama, što čini njihovu
klasifikaciju kompleksnom, međutim u dosadašnjim istraživanjima mogu se izdvojiti dve
grupe jedinjenja koje su najviše ispitivane i za koje se potvrdilo da imaju visok alelopatski
potencijal, a to su: fenolna jedinjenja i terpeni (uglavnom monoterpeni i seskviterpeni, tj.
glavne komponente etarskih ulja). Dosadašnja istraživanja su pokazala da pojedine
alelohemikalije značajno utiču na klijanje semena i rani porast biljaka (lakton, artemisin,
eukaliptol), takođe zabeleženi su i poremećaji u procesu fotosinteze (ferulinska kiselina XII KONGRES O KOROVIMA i savetovanje o herbicidima i regulatorima rasta
12th WEED SCIENCE Congress and Symposium on herbicides and growth regulators
16
p-kumarinska, kofeinska), respiracije (juglon, sorgoleon), propustljivosti ćelijskih
membrana (benzoeva, cimetna kiselina), aktivnosti enzima (tanini), kao i pojačane
proizvodnje slobodnih radikala što može dovesti do oksidativnog stresa biljaka.
Alelohemikalije su jedinjenja koja se odlikuju selektivnijim načinom delovanja od
sintetičkih herbicida, lakše i brže se razgrađuju u životnoj sredini. Osim prednosti,
alelohemikalije poseduju i određene nedostatke: teže se uvode u primenu zbog problema
koji se javljaju prilikom formulacije ovih proizvoda, jer su to najčešće lako
isparljivematerije (etarska ulja), imaju kraći rok trajanja u terenskim uslovima i ambalaži,
sporije deluju i imaju uži spektar delovanja. Alelohemikalije da bi se našle u procesu
razvoja novih herbicida moraju se podvrgnuti brojnim skrininzima, a u isto vreme moraju
se zadovoljiti uslovi koji se odnose na efikasnost i fitotoksičnost, perzistentnost i
profitabilnost pri komercijalnoj upotrebi. Postoje mišljenja da bi primena nanotehnologije
mogla doprineti prevazilaženju nedostataka u pogledu formulacije bioherbicida, posebno
u pogledu stabilnosti prilikom skladištenja, brzine oslobađanja aktivne komponente i
efikasnosti, jer dosadašnja iskustva potvrđuju da nanopesticidi imaju kontrolisano
oslobađanje i da se primenjuju u manjim količinama. Mogućnost da se i pored tehnički i
finansijski zahtevnog procesa neko od poznatih jedinjenja sa herbicidnim delovanjem
formuliše u finansijski prihvatljiv komercijalni herbicid je vrlo značajna. Broj takvih
jedinjenja nije veliki, ali u sve težoj potrazi za novim sintetičkim herbicidima,
alelohemikalije mogu da budu značajan izvor osnovnih struktura za dalju hemijsku
modifikaciju i sintezu novih herbicida. Takođe, aktuelno polje istraživanja obuhvata
kombinovana primena alelohemikalija (biljni ekstrakti i etarska ulja) i smanjenih količina
primene herbicida. Dosadašnji rezultati ukazuju da se na taj način može postići veća
efikasnost u suzbijanju korova, a u isto vreme doprineti trendu smanjenja količine
primene sintetičkih herbicida. Shodno tome, jedan od glavnih ciljeva istraživanja
alelopatije, tj. alelopatskog potencijala biljaka jeste mogućnost implementacije ovog
procesa u integralnu zaštitu bilja, koja predstavlja održivu strategiju u borbi protiv korova
In vitro activity of four essential oils from Serbia against tomato pathogen Fusarium sp.
No full textBiopesticides based on plant extracts, essential oils and their components represent an
alternative to synthetic pesticides in the plant protection from pests and diseases. Four essential
oils extracted from plants originated in Serbia: mint (Mentha piperita L.), thyme (Thymus
serpyllum L.), basil (Ocimum basci/icum L.) and yarrow (Achi/eamilefolium L.}, were assayed for
fungi static and fungicidal in vitro activity against the fungal pathogen Fusarium sp. 6/10,
isolated from tomato berry. In vitro activity of essential oils was tested using the microdilution
method, on potato-dextrose-broth (PDB) mediu m in microtiter plates with 96 U wells by
determining the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC). Oil stock solution was prepared by dissolving 5 μI of each essential oil in 15
μI of Tween 20. Stock solution was further diluted with Tween 20 ( 1: 1) to achieve the final range
of concentrations: 1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 μI m1-1• Inhibition of mycelial growth was
estimated seven days after treatment by visual inspection of fungal growth (MIC).
Concentrations of oil which completely inhibited the mycelial growth after seven-day exposure
at 22±1°C were considered to be fungi static and the lowest of these concentrations was
determined as the MIC. MFC was determined by sub- cultivation of 2 μI suspension without
visible growth in 100 μI of PDB medium in microtiter plates and further incubation for three days.
The lowest concentration without any visible growth was defined as the MFC, indicating 99.5%
inhibition of spore germination, compared to the negative control. Six replicates per treatment
were used for all oil concentrations and the experiment was repeated twice. All selected oils
expressed fungi static activity against tomato pathogen Fusarium sp. 6/10. The strongest activity
was recorded for the essential oil of thyme (MIC= 1.56 μg mL-1), while the oils of mint, basil and
yarrow expressed a slightly lower antifungal activity (MIC=6.25 μg mL-1). None of four tested
essential oils exhibited fungicidal effect at the selected concentrations (MFC>25 μg mL-1). Thyme,
mint, basil and yarrow oils could be recommended for further in vivo fungistatic investigation
against tomato pathogen Fusarium sp
Investigation of multi-cycle usage of nanophotocatalysts in degradation of thiophanate-methyl
No full textThe presence of different organic pollutants in water leads to the need to apply different technologies
and processes for their removal. Organic pollutants can cause several negative impacts on
surrounding environment, inducing detrimental effects on living beings. Fungicides represent one of
the biggest groups of crop protective agent with increased yearly consumption, frequently ending up
in non-target organisms. Therefore, aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using two
synthesized nanocatalysts Ag-P25 and Ce-P25 in several consecutive removal cycles of present
pollutant in water. Catalysts were applied in process of photocatalytic degradation of fungicide
thiophanate-methyl at atmospheric conditions. After each irradiation cycle, catalysts were collected,
rinsed, dried, and applied in upcoming operational run. Fabricated catalysts were also likened to
starter TiO2 material. After fifth cycle, FTIR and XRD characterization techniques were used for
proving stability of materials. Obtained results show that Ce-P25 possesses (98%) better stability than
Ag-P25 (96%), but base TiO2 (99%) has the best stability and efficiency after second cycle. Gathered
findings can open a new way of employing photocatalysis as a process for treatment of polluted waters
from various industries
MgAl-layered double hydroxide particles for adsorptive removal of Acid Green 25 from aqueous solutions
No full textWater pollution caused by organic dyes from textile industrial is a global environmental concern.
Organic dyes are used for coloring textile, cosmetics, paper, and other, are non-biodegradable,
carcinogenic and have trend accumulate in the human organisms and environment [1,2]. In recent
years, the adsorption process as cheaper and efficient technology is widely used for water
purification [1]. The development of adsorbents with high binding capacity, and affordable, and
environmentally acceptable the same time is on the rise. Consequently, the new Layered Double
Hydroxides (LDHs) materials due to simple and easy synthesis between two cationic metals, high
surface area, porosity and active site can be used for removal anion dyes from water [2].
This work aims to study the textile dye adsorption efficiency on layered double hydroxide MgAl-
LDH. A molar ratio of Mg to Al of 3:1 and a coprecipitation method were used for the synthesis of
Mg-AL-LDH. The structural and chemical characteristics of MgAl-LDH particles were examined
using the following techniques: pH at the point of zero charge (pHpzc), XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM with
EDS analysis and XPS. The MgAl-LDH adsorbent demonstrated adsorption capabilities of 170.9,
176.1, and 181.2 mg g-1was obtained from Langmuir model fitting at 25, 35, and 45 °C,
respectively, for the Acid Green 25 (AG-25)dye removal.The adsorption of AG-25 was
spontaneous and endothermic, as evidenced by thermodynamic characteristics. The results
showed that, in the case of AG-25, both physisorption and chemisorption was the operative
processes. Intra-particle diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting phase as obtained from kinetic
study. A circular economy has been successfully implemented with little environmental effect
thanks to the development of wastewater treatment technologies that have the potential to be
commercially viable
Analysis of the Effects of Organic and Synthetic Mulching Films on the Weed, Root Yield, Essential Oil Yield, and Chemical Composition of Angelica archangelica L.
No full textAngelica archangelica L. (Garden angelica) is a medicinal and aromatic plant from the
Apiaceae family, originating from North Europe (Iceland, Greenland, and Scandinavian countries).
A. archangelica is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat anxiety, insomnia, stomach and
intestinal disorders, skin conditions, respiratory problems, and arthritis. This plant is generally
cultivated for its root and seed where the essential oil (EO) is concentrated the most. Angelica
archangelica cultivation has a lot of challenges but the main one is weed control; so, the aim of this
study was to investigate the influence of four different mulch types as non-chemical weed control
measures on weediness, fresh root yield, and EO chemical composition and yield from A. archangelica
roots. A field trial was conducted with the following six treatments: two organic mulches, two
synthetic mulches, and two controls (regular hand-weeded and weeded). The results show that
the most present weeds were Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare, and
Polygonum lapathyfolium, but synthetic mulch foils achieved the best weed suppression (100%). These
fields also achieved the highest fresh root yield in both of the experimental seasons. The highest
EO yield was detected with agrotextile mulch foil at season I (0.41%, v/w) and with the weeded
control (0.51%, v/w) at season II, but dominant components at both seasons were α-pinene and
β-phellandrene. The results suggest that the agrotextile black and silver–brown mulch foils achieved
complete weed suppression, but the agrotextile black mulch foil had a better effect on fresh root yield,
EO yield, and its chemical composition
Toxicity and risk assessment of pesticides on the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory conditions
No full textAmblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Para-
sitiformes: Phytoseiidae) is one of the most common
predatory mite species naturally occurring in several
crops including citrus and vegetables in certain areas
of the Mediterranean basin. Despite its abundance, and
importance in sustainable pest management programs,
there has been a notable gap regarding the compatibil-
ity of reduced-risk pesticides with this predatory mite.
Hence, it is crucial to clarify the toxic effects of pesti-
cides to assess the potential risk they pose to this preda-
tor and understand their environmental impact. There-
fore, we evaluated the toxic effects of the six “reduced
risk” pesticides, fosetyl-Al, prothioconazole + spirox-
amine, proquinazid, tebuconazole, spinetoram and spi-
nosad on different developmental stages of A. swirskii.
To construct the possible “worst-case scenario”, the test
units were sprayed at the maximum recommended con-
centrations of the pesticides. The results indicate that
spinetoram, spinosad and proquinazid are highly toxic,
which respectively caused 81.20%, 64.98% and 43.34%
mortality on eggs, 100.00%, 100.00% and 96.66% on
larvae, and 100.00%, 100.00% and 90.00% on adult
females. While fosetyl-Al, prothioconazole + spirox-
amine, and tebuconazole are harmless to eggs, they
are moderately toxic to larvae and adult females with
mortality rates respectively reaching 23.64%, 32.00%
and 26.66% for larvae and 21.66%, 29.16% and 19.16%
for adult females. Although all pesticides signifi-
cantly reduced the egg production, higher effects were
observed with application of spinetoram, spinosad, pro-
thioconazole + spiroxamine and proquinazid. Therefore,
the moderately toxic pesticides fosetyl-Al, prothiocona-
zole + spiroxamine and tebuconazole may be compat-
ible with A. swirskii in IPM programs. However, further
investigations are essential to determine whether the
highly toxic effects of other pesticides are consistent in
semi-field and/or field conditions