RIPEST - Repository of the Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection
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Kontaktno i fumigantno delovanje etarskih ulja na prouzrokovača crne pegavosti paradajza (Alternaria solani)
No full textEtarska ulja se sintetišu u različitim delovima biljke, a sakupljaju u sekretornim ćelijama, šupljinama,
kanalima i ćelijama epiderma odakle se ekstrahuju najčešće metodom destilacije vodenom
parom. Predstavljaju smešu aromatičnih i lako isparljivih jedinjenja za koja je utvrđeno postojanje
antimikrobnog delovanja.
Antifungalno delovanje, kontaktno i fumigantno, komercijalnih etarskih ulja biljaka Cynnamomum
zeylanicum, Cynnamomum cassia i Eugenia caryophyllata na prouzrokovača crne pegavosti paradajza
(Alternaria solani) ispitivano je u laboratorijskim uslovima. U cilju utvrđivanja kontaktnog delovanja
etarskih ulja, diskovi micelije gljive prečnika 5 mm zasejavani su u petri kutije sa KDA (krompir-dekstrozni
agar) podlogom (15 ml podloge/petri kutiji) u koju su dodata etarska ulja rastvorena u 0,1%
Tween-u 20 do finalnih koncentracija 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 i 1000 μl/L. Nakon
inkubacije na temperaturi 28ºC, u mraku, u trajanju od sedam dana određeni su procenti inhibicije merenjem porasta gljive na različitim koncentracijama etarskih ulja i njihovim poređenjem sa kontrolom.
Delovanje isparljive faze etarskih ulja određeno je u petri kutijama sa 15 ml KDA podloge koje
su najpre zasejane diskovima micelije prečnika 5 mm, a potom su na sredinu poklopca na sterilan
filter papir prečnika 5 mm dodavane različite količine etarskih ulja (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 i 10 μl). Petri
kutije su umotane parafilmom i inkubirane u invertnom položaju u mraku na temperaturi 28ºC. Nakon
sedam dana određen je procenat inhibicije kao što je opisano kod prethodne metode. Kao kontrola
korišćene su petri kutije u koje nije dodavano etarsko ulje. Ogledi su urađeni u četiri ponavljanja.
Najjače kontaktno delovanje ispoljilo je etarsko ulje biljke C. cassia koje je već pri koncentraciji od
300 μl/L potpuno inhibiralo porast micelije gljive. Pri istoj koncentraciji ulja C. zeylanicum i E. caryophyllata
ispoljila su visok stepen inhibicije koji je iznosio 98,7, odnosno 94,5%. Ova dva ulja potpuno su
zaustavila porast gljive na koncentraciji od 400 μl/L. Etarsko ulje C. cassia je ispoljilo i najjače fumigantno
delovanje, pa je već pri količini od 1 μl potpuno inhibiralo porast gljive. Ulje E. caryophyllata je
pri ovoj količini imalo procenat inhibicije 98%, dok je pri 2 μl porast gljive bio zaustavljen 100%. Jako
inhibitorno delovanje, ali najslabije od testirana tri, pokazalo je ulje C. zeylanicum koje je potpuno
inhibiralo porast A. solani pri količini 3 μl.
Sva tri ispitivana etarska ulja (C. zeylanicum, C. cassia i E. caryophyllata) pokazala su jako antifungalno
delovanje na prouzrokovača crne pegavosti paradajza. Isparljiva faza etarskih ulja ipak je ispoljila
jači inhibitorni efekat na A. solani u odnosu na njihovo kontaktno delovanje
Selektivnost biopesticida NeemAzal-T/S za komercijalizovanu i lokalne populacije parazitoida Encarsia formosa
No full textPreparati na bazi prirodnog insckt}wcwda azadirahtina koji se kariste u organskoj i integralngj zastiti bilja imajukratko
rezidualno delovanje, ali je njihova kompatisilnost sa korisnim organizmima razlicita. Gc: ov Jr :‘:
kvantifikovanje subletalnih efekata preparata NeemAzal-T/5 (sadrs 1% azadirahtina) na o&(asle>zeno$<§e -a;j(;
Fncarsia form(?sa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae; Coccophaginae), komercijalizovane populacije (the Dutch
strain) | lokalnih populacija iz Bujanovca i Negotina
Ogledi su \zve.dem u Cetiri ponayUame u laboratorijskim uslovima (t °C = 26+2; RH = 60+10%; svetlo : mrak
= 16:8h). Preparat je apliciran pomocu aparata Poter spray tower (2 ml tetnosti, pritisak 100 kPa, depozit 2,7+
02mg/cm?) u 4konrenrracuama na nivou prethodno utvrdenih LCy; vrednosti za adulte i pupe parazitoida za sve
ripopulacije. Zenke £. formosa, starosti do 24h, unosene su u petri-posude ¢iji su poklopac | dno sa listom duvanaprethodno
tretirani biopesticidom. PreZivele jedinke su nakon 48h prebacivane na netretirane listove duvena
infestirane larvama domacina Trialeurodes vaporariorum i ostavljane da polazu jeja tokom agh; pastupak je ponavljan
sve do smrti i poslednje jedinke. Pupe parazitoida tretirane su direktno i ostavljane do pojave adulta. U obe
varijante utvrdivana je duzina Zivota preZivelih jedinki, dnevnii ukupni parazitizam i pojava adulta u F, generacij
Eksperimentom je utwrdeno da su Zerke £ formosa koje su prezivele tretiranje biopesticidom NeemAzal-
T/5 (na nivou LCy,) statisticki znacajno krace Zivele u odnosu na one u kontroli. Takode, dnevni i ukupni paraziti-
2zam prezivelih Zenki bio je statisticki znacajno manji, kao i pojava adulta iz pupa u F, generaciji. Zenke koje su se
pojavile iz tretiranih pupa sve tii ispitivane populacije su Zivele krace u odnosu na netretirane, ali ne | statisticki
2nacajno krace. Zenke iz tretiranih pupa su ostvarile manji dnevni i ukupni parazitizam, ali ne i statisticki znaZajno
manji u odnosu na netretirane varijante (osim populacije iz Negotina). Takode, pojava adulta u F- generadiji
njle se znacajno razlikovala od pojave adulta iz netretiranih pupa.
Na osnovu ostvarenih rezultata, preparat NeemAzal T/S se ne preporucuje za primenu u plastenicima i sta-
Kenicima u vieme kada su u njima aktivni adulti parazitoida £. formosa. Optimalno vreme za primeny pome-
Nutog preparata je tokom razvoja parazitoida u larvama domacina. lzneti rezultati pvgdstavuaiu polaznu xagku
2 procenu bezbedne upotrebe ovog biopreparata u cilju njegove uspesne integracie sa £ formosa u suzbija-
Nju bele leptiraste vasi.93-26. novembar 2015. godine, Zlatibo
In vitro sensitivity of Alternaria solani to conventional fungicides and a biofungicide based on tea tree essential oil
No full textIspitivana je osetljivost pet izolata Alternaria solani u in vitro uslovima na bakar-oksihlorid, hlorotalonil, difenokonazol, piraklostrobin, kao i etarsko ulje čajnog drveta. Izolati su dobijeni iz zaraženih listova paradajza sakupljenih sa pet lokaliteta na teritoriji Republike Srbije. Ispitivani izolati su pokazali najveću osetljivost na piraklostrobin, sa EC50 vrednostima u intervalu od 0,0014 do 0,0041 μg/ml. Vrednosti EC50 za difenokonazol su bile od 0,018 do 0,037 μg/ml, hlorotalonil 2,99-4,54 μg/ml i bakar-oksihlorid 13,27-15,63 μg/ml. Svi ispitivani izolati A. solani su ispoljili najmanju osetljivost na etarsko ulje čajnog drveta (1323,97-3307,08 μg/ml).A study of in vitro sensitivity of five Alternaria solani isolates to cooper-oxychloride, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin and a biofungicide based on tea tree essential oil was carried out. The isolates were obtained from infected tomato leaves collected from five different locations in Serbia. The tested isolates showed the highest sensitivity to pyraclostrobin with EC50 values ranging from 0.0014 to 0.0041 μg ml-1. The EC50 values of difenoconazole were 0.018-0.037 μg ml-1, chlorothalonil 2.99-4.54 μg ml-1, and cooper-oxychloride 13.27-15.63 μg ml-1. All tested A. solani isolates were the least sensitive to tea tree oil (1323.97-3307.08 μg l-1)
A New Metaculus Species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) on Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Brassicaceae) From Serbia: A Combined Description Using Morphology and DNA Barcode Data
No full textA new species of eriophyoid mite, Metaculus diplotaxi n. sp. inhabiting Diplotaxis tenuifolia ( L.) DC., is described from Serbia. To investigate interspecific variability between Metaculus spp. on three different Brassicaceae host plants ( viz. D. tenuifolia, Lepidium latifolium ( L.), Isatis tinctoria ( L.)), we analyzed phenotypic variability of morphological traits and molecular sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( MT- CO1). Discriminant analysis identified seven traits that significantly differentiate three Metaculus spp: M. lepidifolii, M. rapistri, and M. diplotaxi n. sp. Analysis of MT- CO1 sequences supported the results obtained from the analysis of morphometric features
Micronucleus frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes in a Serbian human population exposed to pesticides
No full textMikronukleus test (MN) se koristi u biomonitoring studijama za praćenje genetičkih efekata kod ljudi izloženih pesticidima. Cilj rada je bio da se, metodom mikronukleus testa, utvrdi oštećenje genetičkog materijala kod ispitanika koji su profesionalno izloženi pesticidima. Istraživanja su obuhvatila 119 ispitanika koji su podeljeni u tri grupe: u kontrolnoj grupi bilo je 39 ispitanika, u grupi izloženoj pesticidima u procesu proizvodnje (proizvođači) bilo je 40 ispitanika i 40 ispitanika koji rade u primeni na terenu. Mann-Whitney U-test je pokazao statistički značajnu razliku između srednjih vrednosti parametara svih ispitivanih varijabli u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Statistički značajne razlike konstatovane su između muškaraca u proizvodnji i primeni za parametar MN4, potom između nepušača u proizvodnji i primeni za parametere MN2, MN3, MN4 i NB, kao i u okviru cele posmatrane populacije između kontrolnih i radnika u proizvodnji za parametar MN2, i između proizvodnje i primene za parametar MN3. Spearman-ov test korelacije je pokazao pozitivnu korelaciju između učestalosti mikronukleusa i starosne dobi ispitanika, kao i navika vezanih za pušenje. Utvrđene su i statistički značajne razlike između ispitanika koji rade u proizvodnji i ispitanika koji rade u primeni u odnosu na praćene citogenetičke parametre. Svi dobijeni rezultati upućuju na zaključak da radnici koji rade na terenu ne koriste adekvatna sredstva lične zaštitite. Takođe, rezultati pokazuju da postoji potreba za kontinuiranim biomonitoringom radnika koji su u kontaktu sa pesticidima.Micronucleus (MN) is a biomarker widely used in biomonitoring studies for determining the genetic risk associated with exposure to pesticides. The purpose of this study was to assess damage to the genetic material of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides as detected in micronucleus tests. The research included 119 subjects divided into three groups: a control group of 39 subjects, a group of 40 subjects exposed to pesticides as producers and a group of 40 pesticide applicators in the field. A Mann-Whitney U-test displayed statistically significant differences between the parameter means of all variables, and the control group. Significant differences were observed between males involved in pesticide production and application for the parameter MN4, then between non-smoking producers and applicators regarding parameters MN2, MN3, MN4 and NB, as well as between the control and applicator groups for parameter MN2, and between producers and applicators for parameter MN3. Spearman's correlation test showed a positive correlation between the frequency of micronuclei and age of respondents, as well as their smoking habits. A statistically significant difference in relation to cytogenetic parameters was detected between the respondents working in pesticide production and those working in the field. The results suggest that applicators in the field do not use adequate personal protective equipment. Regular biological monitoring of workers exposed to pesticides is required
Fungicides in potato protection from late blight (Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) and early blight (Alternaria solani Sorauer) agents and antiresistant strategy
No full textEkonomski najznačajnije bolesti koje se javljaju na krompiru su plamenjača (prouzrokovač Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) i crna pegavost (prouzrokovač Alternaria solani Sorauer). Veliki broj fungicida registrovanih kod nas za suzbijanje pomenutih fitopatogenih gljiva je ujedno i pokazatelj njihove rasprostanjenosti i štetnosti. Za suzbijanje prouzrokovača plamenjače u R. Srbiji je registrovano 76 preparata na bazi 32 aktivne supstance, dok je za suzbijanje prouzrokovača crne pegavosti registrovano 40 preparata na bazi 21 aktivne supstance. Cilja rada je bio da se za pomenute, ekonomski najznačajnije patogene krompira (prouzrokovača plamenjače i crne pegavosti), prikažu registrovani fungicidi za njihovo suzbijanje, kao i mogućnosti za izradu antirezistentne strategije, obzirom da pripadaju grupama različitim po mehanizmima delovanja. Prisutan je i veći broj preparata koji uključuju binarne smeše aktivnih supstanci, takođe različitih po mehanizmima delovanja.Economically, the most important diseases that affect potatoes are late blight (causal agent Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) and early blight (causal agent Alternaria solani Sorauer). A large number of fungicides registered in our country is also an indicator of the distribution and harmfulness of the diseases. In the Republic of Serbia, 76 products on the basis of 32 active substances have been registered for the control of late blight, while 40 products on the basis of 21 active substances have been registered for the control of early blight. The aim of the paper was to present fungicides registered for the control of the aforementioned, economically most important potato pests (late blight, early blight), as well as the opportunities for developing anti-resistance strategies in their use because they belong to different groups in terms of the mechanisms of action. In addition, there is a large number of products which include the binary mixtures of active substances, also with different mechanisms of action
Disease control by chemical and biological fungicides in cultivated mushrooms: Button mushroom, oyster mushroom and shiitake
No full textŠampinjon (Agaricus bisporus), bukovača (Pleurotus sp.) i šiitake (Lentinus edodes) su najviše gajene gljive u svetu i kod nas. Patogene gljive, bakterije i virusi nanose velike štete u njihovoj proizvodnji. Najvažnije bolesti A. bisporus su Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola i Cladobotryum spp., prouzrokovači suve, mokre i paučinaste plesni. Vrste roda Trichoderma, prouzrokovači zelene plesni, ugrožavaju sve tri vrste gajenih gljiva. Poslednjih decenija zelena plesan je najvažnija bolest šampinjona, koju izaziva T. aggressivum. Parazit bukovače je T. pleurotum i šiitake T. harzianum. Bakteriozna pegavost šampinjona je veoma rasprostranjena i izaziva je Pseudomonas tolaasii. Zaštita šampinjona od bolesti u svetu i kod nas se zasniva na primeni fungicida. Međutim, razvoj rezistentnosti patogena na fungicide nakon česte primene i toksičnosti fungicida na domaćina koji takođe pripada carstvu gljiva sužava izbor adekvatnih preparata. Mali broj fungicida se zvanično preporučuje za primenu: prohloraz u zemljama EU, a hlorotalonil i tiabendazol u Severnoj Americi. Uočena je smanjena osetljivost L. fungicola i Cladobotryum mycophilum na prohloraz. Zbog razvoja rezistentnosti, potencijalnog rizika za životnu sredinu i ljude, velika pažnja je posvećena održavanju striktne higijene u gajilištima. Uvođenje novih fungicida biološkog porekla donosi nove mogućnosti u zaštiti gajenih gljiva od bolesti.The most commonly cultivated basidiomycetes worldwide and in Serbia are button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Production of their fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens that are able to cause diseases which affect yield and quality. Major A. bisporus fungal pathogens include Mycogoneperniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola, and Cladobotryum spp., the causal agents of dry bubble, wet bubble, and cobweb disease, respectively. Various Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould, also affect all three kinds of edible mushrooms. Over the past two decades, green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of button mushroom. Oyster mushroom is susceptible to T. pleurotum and shiitake to T. harzianum. The bacterial brawn blotch disease, caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, is distributed globally. Disease control on mushroom farms worldwide is commonly based on the use of fungicides. However, evolution of pathogen resistance to fungicides after frequent application, and host sensitivity to fungicides are serious problems. Only a few fungicides are officially recommended in mushroom production: chlorothalonil and thiabendazol in North America and prochloraz in the EU and some other countries. Even though decreased sensitivity levels of L. fungicola and Cladobotryum mycophilum to prochloraz have been detected, disease control is still mainly provided by that chemical fungicide. Considering such resistance evolution, harmful impact to the environment and human health, special attention should be focused on biofungicides, both microbiological products based on Bacillus species and various natural substances of biological origin, together with good programs of hygiene. Introduction of biofungicides has created new possibilities for crop protection with reduced application of chemicals
Identification and Molecular Characterization of Multiple Phytoplasma Infection in Spartium junceum and Cytisus scoparius
No full textTwo genera of the Fabaceae family showed phytoplasma symptoms in Germany and in Italy. Spartium junceum showing typical SpaWB symptoms was observed in the city of Ercolano (Campania region, Italy) and a similar symptomatology was observed in a group of shrubs of Cytisus scoparius growing in Dahlem botanical garden in Berlin (Germany). Symptomatic and asymptomatic samples were collected in both cases and analysed for phytoplasma presence by nested-PCR assays followed by RFLP analyses. All symptomatic samples produced amplicons of the expected lengths and no product was amplified from asymptomatic plants. Identification and classification of phytoplasmas allowed detection of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii', subgroup 16SrX-D, and 'Ca. P. asteris', subgroup 16SrI-B, in both genera. In some of the samples of C. scoparius, stolbur phytoplasma was also identified
Testing of microbial isolate sensitivity in sterile soil after herbicide treatment
No full textHerbicides are commonly used in integrated weed management programs. Their
application not only controls weed populations, it also affects microbial populations in soil,
such as actinomycetes and azotobacters. This study examined the effects of three herbicides
(nicosulfuron, metribuzin and glyphosate) on a tolerant actinomycete isolate (14/3) and a
tolerant azotobacter isolate (1/13) in sterile soil. The incorporated herbicide concentrations
included the recommended field rates, and 10- and 100-fold higher concentrations. Only 15
ml of sterile distilled water was applied in the control. After incubation for 3, 7, 14 and 30 days
in treated soil, the growth and abundance of test isolates were checked. The results show
that the tested isolates were highy sensitive to glyphosate. On the other hand, stimulating
effects of nicosulfuron and metribuzine on the test isolates indicate their ability to break
down the molecules of those two active ingredients and use them as a source of biogenic
elements and energy for their various processes.November 24-28, 2014, Zlatibor, Serbia,
Доклады 7-ого Конгресса по защите растений „Интегрированная защита растений - научно обоснованный
шаг к устойчивому развитию сельского хозяйства, лесоводства и пейзажной архитектуры
The potential of local populations of (Encarsia formosa Gahan ) in biological control of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood) in Serbia
No full textThe present study investigated the biological parameters (development time, longevity,
parasitism, adult emergence and instantaneous rate of increase) of females from two local
populations of Encarsia formosa Gahan and a commercialized race of the parasitoid (Dutch strain).
The representative local populations of E. formosa were set up from pupae collected from
vegetables and ornamentals grown in tunnel greenhouses in localities without a tradition in
using commercial strains of the parasitoid for biological control of the greenhouse whitefly.
The two local populations and the Dutch strain were reared on tobacco plants infested with
whiteflies. The laboratory conditions included: t°C 26±2, RH 60±10% and L:D=16:8.
The data showed that parasitoid females of the local Bujanovac population had the best
results of longevity (10.14±0.21 days), parasitism of the host (175.09±3.81 pupae/female), adult
emergence (148.76±4.74 adults/female) and instantaneous rate of increase (0.332±0.002
female/day). Compared to the local Negotin population and Dutch strain females, those from
Bujanovac had significantly higher statistical values of parasitism and adult emergence, which
were the most important indicators of biological efficacy. The results make a starting point
for further evaluation of local populations of the parasitoid as a potential biological agent