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Growth rate and frost hardiness of thiophanate-methyl resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea Pers. originating from ornamental protected cultivation
No full textOrnamental plants are defined as plants that are grown for display purposes or the plants
that have no value beyond being attractive. Their production in the world is constantly
increasing. According to the data from 2010, the production value, realized on the total
area of 740.600 ha, exceeded €26.5 billion. The production of seedlings of seasonal
flowers is the most profitable; it represents more than 50% of the total ornamental
production in almost all countries. Seasonal flowers require large amounts of heat during
winter, and, therefore, in temperate regions, they may be grown only under protected
conditions -greenhouses, tunnels, etc. The production in Serbia is currently characterized
by a large variety of production facilities, which are in most cases shelters or improvised
tunnels. Unlike in high-tech greenhouses, maintenance of the optimum temperature and
humidity for plant development during extremely cold winter months in these structures is
quite challenging. Cold and wet conditions are particularly suitable for the development of
gray mold disease caused by polyphagous fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. Even though the
disease control is mainly based on regular sanitation along with temperature and humidity
regulation, fungicide application remains indispensable way of protection. However, in
recent years, thiophanate-methyl resistant B. cinerea strains were often isolated from
ornamental plants originating from protected cultivation. The aim of this study was to
determine if there is any fitness cost in thiophanate-methyl resistant strains compared to
sensitive once, in order to assess their survival ability in a population in the absence of
thiophanate-methyl application. Growth rate at different temperatures and frost hardiness
of thiophanate-methyl resistant and thiophanate-methyl sensitive strains were tested in
vitro. The growth rate of resistant strains at 20oC was 39.17-64.83 mm/3days, compared to
43.83-65.83 mm/3days of sensitive once. Similar overlapping of the growth ranges was
observed at 5oC and 29oC. In addition, mycelium of both groups of isolates was able to
survive freezing at -20oC for 34-44 days. Therefore, it is unlikely that temporary
suspension of thiophanate-methyl application will result in disappearance of resistant
strains from B. cinerea population
Botrytis squamosa: Onion (Allium cepa) pathogen
No full textPegavost i sušenje lista luka, koju prouzrokuje Botrytis squamosa, predstavlja veliki problem u proizvodnji mladog luka i crnog luka za proizvodnju glavica u većini proizvodnih regiona sveta. U radu su sistematizovana dosadašnja saznanja o prouzrokovaču oboljenja, simptomima koje prouzrokuje na biljkama, epidemiologiji bolesti i mogućnostima suzbijanja. Detaljno je opisano održavanje patogena tokom zime, izvori inokuluma, uslovi za ostvarenje infekcije, razvoj simptoma oboljenja, štete koje prouzrokuje, kao i agrotehničke i hemijske mere suzbijanja.Leaf blight disease, caused by Botrytis squamosa, is a serious treat for green onion and bulb production in numerous production regions. The paper summarizes current knowledge about the disease causal agent, symptoms that develop on plants, epidemiology of the disease and the possibilities of control. Survival of the pathogen during winter, inoculum sources, conditions for infection establishment and the development of the disease symptoms are described in detail. In addition, production losses caused by the disease, as well as cultural an chemical control measures are presented
Antimicrobial activity of biochemical substances against pathogens of cultivated mushrooms in Serbia
No full textPočetkom 21. veka, proizvođači šampinjona su suočeni sa pojavom bolesti koje nanose velike štete. S druge strane, mali je broj raspoloživih fungicida koji imaju odobrenje za primenu u zaštiti gajenih gljiva od bolesti. Usled razvoja rezistentnosti patogenih bakterija i gljiva na antibiotike i fungicide, neophodno je uvođenje alternativnih sredstava zaštite. Istraživanja su pokazala da različita biljna ulja i njihove komponente ispoljavaju jako antimikrobno dejstvo na patogene šampinjona. Etarska ulja origana, majčine dušice i bosiljka su pokazala najjaču i najširu aktivnost za patogene izolovane iz gajilišta šampinjona u Srbiji. Pet etarskih ulja je inhibiralo rast patogene bakterije Pseudomonas tolaasii: zimzelena, origana, limunske trave, ruzmarina i eukaliptusa. Ulja origana, geranijuma i majčine dušice su ispoljili najveću toksičnost za patogene gljive Mycogoneperniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola i Cladobotryum spp. Ulje bosiljka je imalo inhibitorno, a nane letalno dejstvo za Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum. Ulja kleke i bora nisu ispoljila ni inhibitorno ni fungicidno dejstvo na patogene šampinjona. Iako fungitoksična aktivnost etarskih ulja nije jaka, ona mogu biti primenjena kao dodatak u zaštiti od bolesti, kako bi se umanjila količina primene hemijskih preparata.Disease control with few or no chemicals is a major challenge for mushroom growers in the 21st century. An alarming incidence of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria, and to fungicides among mycopathogenic fungi requires effective alternatives. Previous studies have indicated that various plant oils and their components demonstrate strong antimicrobial effects against pathogens on cultivated mushrooms. The strongest and broadest activity to pathogens obtained from mushroom facilities in Serbia was shown by the oils of oregano, thyme and basil. Five oils inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas tolaasii: wintergreen, oregano, lemongrass, rosemary and eucalyptus. The essential oils of oregano, geranium and thyme were considerably toxic to the pathogenic fungi Mycogoneperniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola and Cladobotryum spp. The strongest activity against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum was shown by the oils of basil and mint. Oils of juniper and pine showed neither inhibitory nor lethal effects on mushroom pathogens. Although the fungitoxic activity of oils is not strong, they could be used as a supplement to commercial products for disease control, which will minimize the quantity of fungicides used
Cucumber susceptibility to simulated soil residues of clomazone
No full textBiotest metodom, u laboratorijskim uslovima, ispitivana je osetljivost krastavca na rezidualno delovanje klomazona u zemljištima tipa ilovača i peskuša pri različitim nivoima vlažnosti zemljišta (20, 50 i 70% poljskog vodnog kapaciteta - PVK). Klomazon je primenjen u seriji koncentracija od 0,047 do 6 mg a.s./kg zemljišta. Biljke su rasle 21 dan, a nakon tog perioda mereni su fiziološki parametri (sadržaj karotenoida i hlorofila ɑ i b). Klomazon je izazvao izbeljivanje listova i smanjenje sadržaja pigmenata u listovima krastavca u oba tipa i na svim nivoima vlažnosti zemljišta, a stepen ispoljenih promena je zavisio od koncentracije herbicida. Veći stepen osetljivosti ispoljile su biljke koje su gajene u peskovitom zemljištu, dok su na oba tipa zemljišta najmanje inhibicije utvrđene kada je vlažnost zemljišta održavana na 20% PVK. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, krastavac se može svrstati u grupu biljaka koje su umereno osetljive na prisustvo ostataka klomazona u zemljištima tipa ilovača i peskuša.A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of cucumber to the residual activity of clomazone in loamy and sandy soils. The effects of three different levels of soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% field capacity - FC) was also examined. Clomazone was applied in concentration series of 0.047-6 mg a.i./kg soil. Plants grew for 21 days, upon which period physiological parameters (content of carotenoids, chlorophyll ɑ and chlorophyll b) were measured. Clomazone caused leaf bleaching and reduction in pigments content in cucumber leaves in both types of soil at all levels of soil moisture, and the degree of change depended on application rates. Inhibition was higher in plants grown in the sandy soil, while the least sensitive were cucumber plants grown in both types of soil with 20% FC. The findings in this study showed moderate cucumber susceptibility to clomazone residues in loamy and sandy soils
Antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića na Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz., prouzrokovača paučinaste plesni šampinjona
No full textZaštita šampinjona (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach) u svetu i kod nas se uglavnom zasniva
na primeni fungicida. Međutim, razvoj rezistentnosti na fungicide kao i toksičnost prema domaćinu
koji pripada istom carstvu gljiva znatno sužava izbor adekvatnih preparata. Mali broj fungicida se
zvanično preporučuje za primenu: prohloraz u zemljama Evrope i hlorotalonil i tiabendazol u Severnoj
Americi. Kod nekih značajnijih patogena uočena je smanjena osetljivost na prohloraz. Zbog svega
toga, poslednjih godina se velika pažnja posvećuje uvođenju novih fungicida biološkog porekla u
zaštiti gajenih gljiva od bolesti.
Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi antifungalno dejstvo etarskih ulja cimeta (Cynnamomum zeylanicum
(L.)) i karanfilića (Eugenia caryophyllata (L.)) na patogenu gljivu Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.)
W. Gams & Hooz., prouzrokovača paučinaste plesni šampinjona, jednog od značajnijih patogena ove
gajene gljive. Primenjene su tri različite metode za određivanje minimalne fungicidne koncentracije
(MFC) i minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK) etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića: mikrodiluciona
metoda i dve makrodilucione, fumigantna i kontaktna. Primenom sve tri metode utvrđena je ista vrednost MIK etarskog ulja karanfilića, 1,56 μg mL-1.
Međutim, minimalne fungicidne koncentracije su se razlikovale: 1,56 primenom mikrodilucione, 12,5
kontaktne i 25 μg mL-1 primenom fumigantne metode. Testiranjem ulja cimeta utvrđene su iste vrednosti
MIK primenom makrodilucione kontaktne i mikrodilucione metode, 6,25 μg mL-1. Fumigantnom
metodom je dobijena veća vrednost inhibitornog dejstva, 25 μg mL-1. Što se tiče letalnog dejstva
ulja, niža vrednost MFC dobijena je mikrodilucionom metodom, 6,25, u odnosu na fumigantnu 25
μg mL-1, dok primenom kontaktne metode nije utvrđena ova vrednost, tj. bila je veća od 25 μg mL-1.
Ulje karanfilića ispoljilo je veću antifungalnu aktivnost od ulja cimeta prema C. dendroides. Primenom
mikrodilucione i kontaktne makrodilucione metode dobijene su iste vrednosti MIK, dok su se letalne
koncentracije razlikovale. Najveće vrednosti MIK i MFC su dobijene primenom fumigantne metode.
Poređenjem rezultata ostvarenih primenjenim metodama, utvrđeno je da je najpreciznija mikrodiluciona
metoda uz najmanji utrošak količine testiranih ulja.28. novembar – 2. decembar 2016, Zlatibo
Ispitivanje efikasnosti kombinacije difenokonazol + etarsko ulje čajnog drveta u suzbijanju Venturia inaequalis
No full textProizvodnju jabuke karakteriše konvencionalna proizvodnja, pod kojom se prevashodno po- drazumeva suzbijanje štetnih organizama primenom sintetskih preparata. Međutim, intenzivna i neadekvatna primena ovih preparata je osnovni razlog brze pojave rezistentnosti, što je posebno izraženo kod prouzrokovača čađave pegavosti lista i krastavosti plodova jabuke (Venturia inaequalis), pre svega na fungicide specifičnog mehanizma delovanja kao što su DMI fungicidi i Qo inhibitori (QoI). Razvoj i unapređenje primene novih aktivnih supstanci sa različitim mehanizmom delovanja i povoljnim ekotoksikološkim osobinama predstavlja značajanu meru u smanjenju rizika pojave rezi- stetne populacije patogena. U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja efikasnosti preparata na bazi kombinacije etarskog ulja čajnog drveta i difenokonazola u suzbijanju V. inaequalis.
Ogledi u polju izvedeni su u plantažnim zasadima jabuke sorte ajdared na dva lokaliteta: Padinska Skela i Slankamenački Vinogradi. Ogledi su postavljeni po potpuno slučajnom blok sistemu sa četiri ponavljanja, a u skladu sa metodom EPPO 1/5(3). Ispitano je delovanje kombinacije difenokonazol + etarsko ulje čajnog drveta u dve količine primene, 0,3 i 0,4 l/ha, kao i preparata na bazi difenokona- zola u koncentraciji 0,02%. Na oba lokaliteta urađeno je po šest tretmana u periodu april-maj, kada su uslovi za ostvarivanje primarnih zaraza bili povoljni. Intenzitet oboljenja lista izračunat je prema formuli Towsend-Heuberger-a, a efikasnost po Abbott-u.
Pri intenzitetu zaraze od 26,0% u kontroli na lokalitetu Padinska Skela, najveću efikasnost (74,5%) pokazala je kombinacija difenokonazol + etarsko ulje čajnog drveta pri količini primene 0,4 l/ha. Ista kom- binacija je pri količini primene 0,3 l/ha imala efikasnost 62,2% i nije se statistički značajno razlikovala od efikasnosti preparata na bazi difenokonazola (60,4%). Na lokalitetu Slankamenački Vinogradi, intenzitet zaraze u kontroli iznosio je 23,1%. I na ovom lokalitetu najveću efikasnost od 76,5% koja se statistički zna- čajno razlikovala od kontrole i ostalih ispitivanih varijanti pokazala je kombinacija difenokonazol+etarsko ulje čajnog drveta pri količini primene 0,4 l/ha. Efikasnosti manje količine primene ove kombinacije (64,1%) i difenokonazola (63,8%) nisu se međusobno statistički značajno razlikovale. Sve ispitivane varijante na oba lokaliteta su se statistički značajno razlikovale od netretirane kontrole.
Ispitivanje efikasnosti nove kombinacije difenokonazol + etarsko ulje čajnog drveta u našim uslo- vima pokazalo je zadovoljavajući stepen zaštite jabuke od prouzrokovača čađave pegavosti lista i krastavosti plodova jabuke. Zbog toga je, u cilju optimizacije primene preparata na bazi kombinacije difenokonazol i etarsko ulje čajnog drveta, potrebno nastaviti dalja ispitivanja
Procedure for the Space Certification of a Controller for Soilless Cultivation
No full textAfter a description of soilless cultivations and the presentation of a control system to manage all phases of a greenhouse designed and built for Earth's applications, the article shows a procedure to get the space certification for this kind of system
Impact of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.) on physiological and anatomical changes in untreated and herbicide-treated alfalfa plants
No full textUticaj viline kosice na anatomske i fiziološke promene kod biljaka lucerke ispitivan je u kontrolisanim uslovima. Praćene su sledeće varijante: N - nezaražene biljke lucerke (kontrola); I- zaražene biljke lucerke i zaražene biljke lucerke tretirane sa imazetapirom (T). Imazetapir je primenjen u količini od 100 g a.i. ha-1. Mereni su sledeći parametri: fiziološki - sadržaj pigmenata (hlorofil ɑ, hlorofil b i ukupni karotenoidi); anatomski - stablo: debljina epidermisa i primarne kore stabla, prečnik centralnog cilindra i prečnik stabla; list: debljina epidermalnih ćelija lica i naličja lista, debljina parenhimskog i sunđerastog tkiva, debljina mezofila i prečnik ćelija omotača provodnih snopića. Sadržaj pigmenata i anatomski parametri su mereni: pre primene herbicida (0 ocena), potom 7, 14, 21, 35 dana nakon primene herbicida. Vilina kosica je prouzrokovala značajnu redukciju sadržaja pigmenata kod netretiranih biljaka lucerke. Nasuprot ovome, kod tretiranim biljaka lucerke procenat redukcije se smanjivao od 225% za hlorofil ɑ, 25-1%, za hlorofil b i 21-11% za karotenoide, dok je za hlorofil ɑ i karotenoide 35 dana nakon primene herbicida zabeležen stimulativni efekat od 1-6%. Biljke zaražene vilinom kosicom (netretirane) su imale značajno manje vrednosti za sve merene anatomske parametare u odnosu na tretirane. Naime, mereni anatomski parametri stabla i lista lucerke su značajno veći kod kontrolnih biljaka i tretitanih sa imazetapirom u odnosu na netretirane.The effects of field dodder on physiological processes and the anatomy of alfalfa plants were examined under controlled conditions. The experiment included the following variants: N - noninfested alfalfa plants (control); I - infested alfalfa plants (untreated); T - infested plants treated with imazethapyr. Imazethapyr application rate was 100 g a.i. ha-1. The following parameters were checked: physiological - pigment content (chlorophyll ɑ, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); anatomical - stem parameters: thickness of epidermis and cortex, and diameter of stem and central cylinder; leaf parameters: thickness of epidermis, parenchyma and spongy tissue, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells in alfalfa plants. Pigment contents and anatomical parameters were measured: prior to herbicide treatment (0 assessment), then 7 (I assessment), 14 (II assessment), 21 (III assessment), 28 (IV assessment) and 35 (V assessment) days after application (DAA). Field dodder was found to affect the contents of chlorophyll ɑ, chlorophyll ɑ and carotenoids in untreated alfalfa plants, causing significant reductions in pigment content. Conversely, percent reduction in the treated plants decreased 22-5% for chlorophyll ɑ, 25-1%, for chlorophyll b, and 21-11% for carotenoids, while a stimulating effect of 1-6% was observed for the contents of chlorophyll b and carotenoids 35 DAA. Plants infested (untreated) by field dodder had lower values of most anatomical parameters, compared to noninfested plants. The measured anatomical parameters of alfalfa stems and leaves had significantly higher values in noninfested plants and plants treated with imazethapyr than in untreated plants
Pests of the stored grains and their control
No full textUskladišteno žito i proizvode od žita napada i oštećuje veliki broj organizama kao što su insekti, grinje, mikroorganizmi, glodari i ptice. Smatra se da se u svetu, tokom skladištenja, godišnje izgubi oko 15% zrnenih proizvoda, od čega oko 80% prouzrokuju štetni insekti, a oko 10% glodari i ptice. Skladišni insekti se prema načinu života svrstavaju u primarne i sekundarne, gde su primarne štetočine ekonomski najznačajnije, jer napadaju i oštećuju cela zrna i razvijaju se u njima. Najpoznatije vrste iz reda Coleoptera (tvrdokrilci) su: žišci (familija: Curculionidae) i rizoperta (familija: Bostrichidae), a iz reda Lepidoptera (leptiri) moljci iz familija Gelechiidae i Tineidae. Sekundarne štetočine napadaju samo oštećena žita u toku žetve, transporta ili čuvanja u neadekvatnim skladišnim uslovima, ali i proizvode od žita. Od tvrdokrilaca su najvažniji brašnari iz familija Tenebrionidae, Cucujidae i Silvanidae, a od leptira, moljci iz familija: Phycitidae i Pyralidae. Pored insekata, značajne gubitke u skladištu, prozrokuju svojom aktivnošću glodari, od kojih su najprisutnije štetne vrste u skladištima u našoj zemlji: sivi pacov (Rattus norvegicus Berck.), crni ili brodski pacov (Rattus rattus L.) i domaći miš (Mus musculus L.). Kod ptica su najznačajniji domaći vrabac (Paser domesticus), divlji golub (Columba livia) i gačac (Corvus frugilegus). Zaštita uskladištenog žita od štetočina je, danas, usaglašena sa zahtevima međunarodnih standarda kvaliteta i kodeksima: dobra poljoprivredna praksa, dobra proizvođačka praksa, dobra praksa uskladištenja i standard HACCP, i dominantno se oslanja na primenu preventivnih mera i monitoring štetočina, dok se direktno suzbijanje (posebno korišćenje hemijskih metoda zaštite) preduzima samo kada je to neizbežno. Zato su u ovom radu uz prikaz najvažnijih štetočina uskladištenog žita i njihovih osobina date i mogućnosti primene različitih mera, metoda i postupaka suzbijanja koji pojedinačno ili zajedno mogu pozitivno uticati na očuvanje kvaliteta i količinu žita tokom skladištenja.Stored grain and grain products are attacked and damaged by a great number of organisms such as insects, mites, microorganisms, rodents and birds. It is believed that in the world, the annual loss is about 15% of grain products during storage, of which 80% of damages are caused by harmful insects, and about 10% by rodents and birds. According their lifestyle, storage insects are classified as primary and secondary, where primary pests are economically the most important for they attack and damage whole grains and develop in them. The best known species of the order Coleoptera (beetles) are weevils (family: Curculionidae) and grain borer (family: Bostrichidae), and from the order Lepidoptera (butterflies) worms from families Gelechiidae and Tineidae. Secondary pests attack only damaged grains during harvest, transport or storage in inadequate conditions, but also products from cereals. Among beetles, the most important are flour beetles from families Tenebrionidae, Cucujidae andi Silvanidae and among butterflies, moths from families Phycitidae and Pyralidae. In addition to insects, significant losses in storage are caused by activity of rodents, of which the most present harmful species in warehouses in our country are: the gray rat (Rattus norvegicus Berck.), Black or ship rat (Rattus rattus L.) and domestic mouse (Mus musculus L.). Among birds the most important are domestic sparrow Paser domesticus, wood pigeon Columba livia and Rook Corvus frugilegus. Nowadays, protection of the stored grain from pests is in compliance with the requirements of international quality standards and codex: good agricultural practices, good agricultural practices, good storage practice and HACCP standard, and it is dominantly relied on use of preventive measures and monitoring of pests, while the direct control (especially use of chemical protection methods) are carried out only when it is inevitable. Therefore, with the outline of the main pests of stored grain and their properties in this paper are also presented possibilities of application of various measures, methods and procedures that individually or together can affect positively on the preservation of grain quality and quantity during storage
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on alfalfa and their coccinellid predators in Serbia: Seasonal abundance
No full textPopulation dynamics and flight activity of alfalfa aphids were documented at two locations in Serbia in 2011 and 2012. Additionally, the abundance of coccinellid predators was tested for correlation with aphid abundance. In order to verify the potential presence of the invasive Acyrthosiphon kondoi, aphids were collected from 44 alfalfa fields. Two sampling methods were used: stem samples and water traps. There were two seasonal peaks for aphids and coccinellids during both years, the end of May and the end of August. The most abundant aphid species was Therioaphis trifolii. Eight aphidophagous coccinellids were recorded. The invasive Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) was one of the three most abundant coccinellids. Pearson's product-moment correlation showed a significant correlation of coccinellid predators associated with aphids on alfalfa. Pearson's product-moment correlation between the number of aphids on alfalfa stem and in traps was found significant only for T. trifolii, which was the most numerous species in the traps. More Aphis craccivora were collected with water traps as compared to alfalfa stems, whereas more Acyrthosiphon pisum specimens were collected from alfalfa stems than from traps. The invasive species A. kondoi was not recorded in Serbia during this study