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Diverzitet i aktivnost biljnih vaši (Hemiptera: Aphididae), potencijalnih vektora virusa šarke šljive, u zasadima nektarine
No full textNa nektarini se razvija i hrani više vrsta biljnih vaši (Hemiptera: Aphididae) koje
nanose značajne gubitke. Na ovoj voćki se mogu naći i biljne vaši koje u potrazi za biljkom
domaćinom sleću na nektarinu i pri kratkotrajnim probama ćelijskih sokova potencijalno
mogu da prenesu biljne viruse. Ekonomski najznačajniji virus nektarine - virus šarke šljive
Plum pox virus (PPV), upravo prenose biljne vaši na neperzistentan način. U svetu je
registrovano više od 20 vrsta biljnih vaši koje prenose PPV, a najefikasniji vektori su: Aphis
spiraecola Patch, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) i Phorodon humuli
(Schrank). Ove vrste su prisutne na teritoriji Srbije. Let biljnih vaši, potencijalnih vektora virusa šarke šljive, je praćen na nektarini 2020. i
2021. godine na lokalitetima Sremska Mitrovica i Topola, pomoću “Sticky shoot” metode.
Lepljivim aerosolom (Soveurode aérosol, Scotts, France) tretirano je ukupno 10 izdanaka
dužine 10 cm (po dva izdanka na 5 nasumično odabranih stabala). Na svakih 10-15 dana,
tretirani izdanci su odsecani, a aerosolom je tretirano 10 novih izdanaka. Uzorci su u
laboratoriji pregledani pod stereomikroskopom, biljne vaši su izdvojene pomoću terpentina i
sačuvane u 70% etanolu. Od dela jedinki napravljeni su trajni mikroskopski preparati, a
determinacija vrsta je obavljena na osnovu morfoloških karaktera, korišćenjem odgovarajućih
ključeva za identifikaciju krilatih formi bljnih vaši. U cilju karakterizacije diverziteta krilatih
vaši izračunati su Shanon – Weaver i Equitability indeksi diverziteta za oba lokaliteta.
Tokom dve godine praćenja leta biljnih vaši, na dva lokaliteta, prikupljene su ukupno
332 jedinke, svrstane u 42 različita taksona. Na lokalitetu Sr. Mitrovica utvrđeno je 19 taksona
i prikupljene su ukupno 94 jedinke, od čega 20% čine potencijalni vektori virusa šarke šljive,
dok je u Topoli utvrđeno 40 taksona i ukupno 228 jedinki, od kojih su 9% činili potencijalni
vektori. Na oba lokaliteta najbrojnije su bile vrste iz roda Aphis i Therioaphis trifoli (Monell).
Pored navedenih, u Sr. Mitrovici po brojnosti su se izdvojile i vrste iz roda Rhopalosiphum, a u
Topoli vrsta Viteus vitifoliae (Fitch). Vrednosti Shanon – Weaver indeksa (Sr. Mitrovica 1,67-
2,27, Topola 1,54-2,89) i Equitability indeksa diverziteta (Sr. Mitorovica 0,77-0,93, Topola
0,78-0,83) svrstavaju ove lokalitete u kategoriju srednjih po bogatstvu i ujednačenosti vrsta.
Brojnost biljnih vaši na izdancima nektarine se menjala tokom sezone. Na oba
lokaliteta su prve jedinke 2020.godine registrovane početkom maja, dok su tokom
2021.godine, usled hladnog proleća, prve jedinke zabeležene sredinom juna. Najveća
aktivnost biljnih vaši, ujedno i vektora, zabeležena je krajem maja i početkom juna 2020, dok
je 2021. godine registrovana znatno manja brojnost jedinki, na oba lokaliteta
Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Serbia: new species for the country and the Balkan Peninsula, with a key to all known Serbian species
No full textSeven spider mite species were recorded for the first time in Serbia: Bryobia macedonica Hatzinikolis & Panou, 1996 and Bryobia querci Hatzinikolis & Panou, 1997 from Bryobiinae, and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, 1936; Oligonychus bicolor Banks, 1894; Oligonychus platani McGregor, 1950 Tetranychus canadensis McGregor, 1950 and Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, 1913 from Tetranychinae. Together with previously reported data, these findings raise the number of known tetranychid species in Serbia to 44, the second highest number of spider mite species recorded in the Balkan countries. The records of O. bicolor and T. canadensis are also the first ones on the Balkan Peninsula. The most frequent species were T. ludeni and E. orientalis, found in 24 and 13 out of 57 sampling locations. Spider mites were recorded on host plants in four basic habitat types, but predominantly in cultivated habitats and woodlands. A total of 27 plant species from nine families were recorded as hosts for newly recorded spider mites, including 12 plant species as new hosts for four tetranychids, and three plant species as new hosts for the family Tetranychidae. Plant family Rosaceae had the highest number of new hosts (7) and harbored the highest number of spider mite species (5). Tetranychus ludeni had the highest number of host plants (11) with two plant species as its new hosts. Oligonychus bicolor was found on eight host plants including five new hosts for this species and one new host for the family Tetranychidae. The other two new hosts for the family Tetranychidae harbored O. platani and B. querci, respectively. Symptoms of heavy infestations by E. orientalis and T. ludeni were recorded on host plants in several locations
Effects of the technical ingredient clomazone and its two formulated products on aquatic macrophytes
No full textOne active ingredient can be a component of different types of formulations of pesticides, while the toxicity of its formulations may vary depending on various constituents used in the mixture. The present study focuses on evaluating the effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its formulations (Rampa (R) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360 g a.i./l of clomazone) on non-target aquatic macrophytes. The two formulation types differ in their active ingredient release and presumed environmental impact. In order to cover different ecological traits, two species of aquatic macrophytes - the floating monocot Lemna minor and the rooted dicot Myriophyllum aquaticum, were used as test models. The results of this study revealed differences in the sensitivity of tested plants to clomazone. Based on the most sensitive parameters, M. aquaticum proved to be more sensitive than L. minor to the technical ingredient and both formulations. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach that was tried out in an attempt to create a higher tier step of risk assessment of clomazone for primary producers indicates that tests on rooted macrophytes can add value in risk assessment of plant protection products. The capsule formulation of clomazone was less toxic than the emulsion for L. minor, but more toxic for M. aquaticum. The most toxic for L. minor was the emulsifiable concentrate formulation Rampa (R) EC, followed by technical clomazone (EC50 33.3 and 54.0 mg a.i./l, respectively), while the aqueous capsule suspension formulation GAT Cenit 36 CS did not cause adverse effects. On the other hand, the most toxic for M. aquaticum was the formulation GAT Cenit 36 CS, followed by technical clomazone and the formulation Rampa (R) EC, demonstrating a greater effect of the capsule formulation. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Waitea circinata var. zeae Causing Root Rot of Cabbage and Oilseed Rape
No full textCabbage, a widely used and popular vegetable, and oilseed rape, the second most valuable oilseed crop in the world, are two important species from the Brassicaceae family. Two geographically separated outbreaks of cabbage and oilseed rape root rot with estimated incidence of 15 and 20%, respectively, were recorded during 2017 in the Vojvodina region, Serbia. Twelve hyphal-tip isolates were obtained from symptomatic cabbage and oilseed rape plants and identified as Waitea circinata var. zeae based on morphological and molecular features. This indicates that W. circinata var. zeae has expanded its host range to the Brassicaceae family. Sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit of the ribosomal DNA, RPB2, and beta-tubulin genes revealed the highest similarity with multiple W. circinata var. zeae. Neighbor-joining analyses of ITS sequences resulted in a phylogenetic tree with one welldefined branch of W. circinata var. zeae, with two separate groups. All Serbian isolates and the majority of isolates originating from natural infection of dicotyledonous plants grouped together in group I. Following artificial inoculation, W. circinata var. zeae isolates caused mild to medium root necrosis of seedlings of 2 monocotyledonous and 12 dicotyledonous plant species, implying a wider host range than was known for W. circinata var. zeae. Additionally, this is the first occurrence of W. circinata var. zeae on dicotyledonous host plants in Europe. Because cabbage and oilseed rape are important crops grown worldwide, the occurrence of this new soilborne pathogen with a broad host range imposes the necessity for changes in routine disease control practices, particularly crop rotation
Alelopatski potencijal aktinobakterija za suzbijanje divljeg sirka (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.)
No full textAktinobakterije su jedna od najšire rasprostranjenih grupa mikroorganizama u prirodi koje su u velikom broju prisutne i u obrađenim i u neobrađenim zemljištima. Aktivno učestvuju u biodegradaciji zemljišta i formiranju humusa i predstavljaju izvor mnogobrojnih sekundarnih metabolita koji imaju veliki farmakološki, alelopatski i komercijalni značaj. Upravo taj alelopatski potencijal aktinobakterija za stvaranje bioherbicidnih metabolita svrstava ih u grupu dobrih kandidata za biološku kontrolu korova. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se u laboratorijskim uslovima ispita uticaj različitih izolata zemljišnih aktinobakterija na klijanje semena i porast klijanaca kukuruza i divljeng sirka (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) kao jednog od najčešćih korova u ovom
usevu. U ogledu su korišćena semena kukuruza (hibrid NS3022, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad) i semena divljeg sirka sakupljena na lokalitetu Galenika-Zemun, tokom oktobra meseca 2019. godine. Testirana je herbicidna aktivnost 10 izolata zemljišnih aktinobakterija (A01, A03, A06, A07, A10, A11, A17, A18, NOV3 i NOV4) iz kolekcije Instituta za pesticide i zaštitu životne sredine, Beograd (Laboratorija za herbologiju). Primarni inokulumi aktinobakterija su zasejani na tečnu skrobno-kazeinsku podlogu i stavljeni su na mućkanje na tresilicu 8 dana. U sterilne
Petri kutije odbrojano je po 10 semena obe biljne vrste i dodato po 5 ml filtrirane suspenzije aktinobakterija, a zatim su odložene u termostat (26°C). Posle 6 dana mereni su dužina korenka i stabaoca kao i broj isklijalih semena. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da je svih 10 izolata aktinobakterija imalo značajan alelopatski uticaj na klijanje semena i porast klijanaca kukuruza i divljeg sirka. Najveći inhibitorni uticaj na klijanje semena i porast klijanaca imao je izolat NOV3, sa preko 52% za kukuruz i preko 80% za divlji sirak. Sa druge strane, izolat A18 pokazao se kao najbolji kandidat za dalja ispitivanja, jer su utvrđene inhibicije porasta klijanaca za kukuruz bile manje od 35%, dok su za divlji sirak bile veće od 90%. Takođe, klijavost semena kukuruza usled izlaganja izolatu A18, bila je 90%, a za divlji sirak 6,25%, što je značajno niži procenat u poređenju kako sa kontrolom tako i sa ostalim izolatima. Preliminarni rezultati u ovom istraživanju ukazali su da suspenzija aktinobakterijskog izolata A18 ispoljava dobra herbicidna svojstva. Ipak, neophodno je uraditi dalja ispitivanja kako bi se mogućnost suzbijanja divljeg sirka u usevu kukuruza, ovim izolatom, potvrdila i u poljskim uslovima
Efekti zaštite organskih cerealija od štetnih insekata i glodara u podnom skladištu kombinovanom primenom klopki i lepljivih traka
No full textSeveral options of protection of organic cereals (winter and spring wheat, rye and maize) from insect and rodent pests, using a combination of traps (with or without pheromone/ attractant) and sticky tapes and no chemicals, were tested in a warehouse over the summerspring season of 2019/2020. Temperature in the warehouse was 14-29°C and humidity around 50%. The average grain moisture of winter and spring wheat and rye was 10-11%, while it was 12-14% in maize grain, and the average grain temperature of all cereals was 13-27°C. Regarding stored-product insect pests, five coleopteran, two moth and one Psocoptera species were detected, and the coleopterans predominated (98.5%) along with secondary pest insects (94.0%). Regarding rodents, only specimens of Mus musculus were found throughout the test period, their maximum monthly frequency being 72 (in January 2020). A combination of traps (with or without pheromones) and sticky tape barriers was found to provide an effective tool for trapping insects. Also, snap traps and trapping boxes for killing rodents, when used simultaneously with sticky tape barriers, were found to provide good protection of cereals from house mice. The pest control effect was also confirmed by collecting samples of organic cereal grain, which showed no significant presence of stored-product insects or grain damage (0.94% and 0.96% in spring wheat and rye, respectively) at the end of the test period. The results showed a great potential of combined application of traps and sticky tapes for protecting organic cereals in horizontal bulk storages, but the use of chemicals approved for organic food production would be required under extended storage periodsU periodu leto 2019 - proleće 2020. godine je ispitana mogućnost zaštite organskih cerealija (ozime i jare pšenice, raži i kukuruza) od štetnih insekata i glodara u podnom skladištu bez upotrebe hemikalija, kombinovanom primenom klopki i lepljivih traka. Temperatura vazduha u skladištu je bila 14-29°C, a relativna vlažnost vazduha oko 50%. Prosečan sadržaj vode u zrnima svih organskih cerealija je tokom celog perioda skladištenja bio 10-11% u zrnima pšenice (ozime i jare) i raži, a 12-14% u zrnima kukuruza, a prosečna temperatura zrna 13-27°C. Od skladišnih insekata je primenom klopki (sa i bez feromona/atraktanata) i lepljivih traka zabeleženo prisustvo pet vrsta tvrdokrilaca, dve vrste leptira i jedne vrste prašnih vaši, a dominantni su bili tvrdokrilci (98,5%) i sekundarne vrste štetnih insekata (94,0%). Od glodara je tokom celog perioda zabeleženo samo prisustvo jedinki vrste Mus musculus. Utvrđeno je da je kombinovana primena klopki, sa i bez feromona/atraktanata, i lepljivih traka - barijera, vrlo efikasna mera u hvatanju skladišnih insekata. Takođe, konstatovano je da su mehaničke klopke i lepljiva traka u kutijama za deratizaciju, zajedno sa lepljivom trakom - barijerom, vrlo efikasne u zaštiti cerealija od domaćeg miša. Postignut je i efekat "suzbijanja" štetočina, jer u uzetim uzorcima nije detektovano brojno prisustvo skladišnih insekata i nije utvrđeno značajnije oštećenje zrna organskih cerealija. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju veliki potencijal kombinovane primene klopki i lepljivih traka u zaštiti organskih cerealija u podnom skladištu, s tim da bi u slučaju dužeg perioda skladištenja bila neophodna primena hemikalija koje imaju dozvolu za primenu u organskoj proizvodnji hrane
Efekti fungicida i biofungicida u uslovima in vitro i in vivo u suzbijanju verticilioznog i fuzarioznog uvenuća
No full textA survey of in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was undertaken. In in vitro assays, the tested isolate of V. dahliae proved to be very sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 = 0.02 mg/l). However, under greenhouse conditions, the highest efficacy in V. dahliae control on inoculated pepper plants was recorded for a product based on thiophanate-methyl (83.10% compared to control). Among the tested fungicides, the lowest efficacy was recorded for a product based on azoxystrobin (23.10 %) with no significant difference compared to control (p gt 0.05). In in vitro assays, the tested F. oxysporum isolate was the most sensitive to prochloraz (EC50 = 0.07 mg/l) and the least sensitive to fluopyram (EC50 = 1075.01 mg/l). In in vivo assay, the highest efficacy was achieved by products based on captan (95.60%), and the lowest by a product based on thiophanate-methyl (54.40%). Antagonistic activity of the bacterium B. subtilis under laboratory conditions was not satisfying. Also, the antifungal activity and spectrum of a tested product based on tee tree oil was not efficient in suppressing pepper wilting caused by V. dahliae and F. oxysporum.U radu je ispitivana in vitro i in vivo osetljivost izolata Verticillium dahliae i Fusarium oxysporum na nekoliko komercijalnih fungicida i biofungicida. U in vitro testovima izolat V. dahliae je ispoljio visoku osetljivost na difenokonazol (EC50 = 0,02 mg/l). Međutim, u uslovima staklenika, najveća efikasnost na inokulisanim biljkama paprike utvrđena je kod preparata na bazi tiofanat-metila (83,10%). Među testiranim fungicidima, najniža efikasnost koja se nije statistički značajno razlikovala u poređenju sa inokulisanom i netretiranom kontrolom (p gt 0,05), utvrđena je u tretmanu azoksistrobinom (23,10%). Prohloraz je bio najtoksičniji fungicid u laboratorijskim uslovima ispitivanja za izolat vrste F. oxysporum, sa vrednošću EC50 = 0,07 mg/l. U in vivo ispitivanjima najveća efikasnost utvrđena je kod preparata na bazi kaptana (95,60%), a najmanja u tretmanu tiofanat-metilom (54,40%). Antagonistička aktivnost biološkog preparata na bazi bakterije Bacillus subtilis u laboratorijskim uslovima nije bila zadovoljavajuća. Takođe je utvrđeno da biopreparat na bazi ulja čajnog drveta nije bio efikasan u suzbijanju uvenuća paprike čiji su prouzrokovači vrste V. dahliae i F. oxysporum
Multilocus genotyping of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with rubbery taproot disease of sugar beet in the Pannonian Plain
No full textRubbery taproot disease of sugar beet (RTD), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', appeared in 2020 on an epidemic scale in northern Serbia and southern Slovakia, situated at opposite edges of the Pannonian Plain. In the affected locations where the disease was assessed, symptomatic sugar beets were analysed for phytoplasma infection. Additionally, multilocus sequence analyses of 'Ca. P. solani' strains on epidemiologically informative marker genes (tuf, stamp and vmp1) were performed. Symptomatic sugar beets from other countries of the Pannonian Plain (Croatia, Hungary and Austria), one sample from Germany, and red beets from Serbia were included in the analyses. 'Ca. P. solani' was detected in sugar beet in all assessed countries, as well as in red beet. Molecular analyses revealed the high genetic variability of 'Ca. P. solani' with the presence of all four tuf-types (a, b1, b2 and d), 14 stamp genotypes (seven new) and five vmp1 profiles (one new). The most common multilocus genotype in Serbia, Slovakia, Croatia, and Hungary was dSTOLg (tuf-d/STOL/V2-TA). It was dominant on sites with epidemic RTD outbreaks in the Pannonian Plain and in several sugar beet fields with non-epidemic RTD occurrence suggesting the prevalence of a particular epidemiological pathway during the epidemic's phases
Alterations in yield of seed essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare upon infection by Cuscuta campestris
No full textThe purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of parasitism by
Cuscuta campestris on the yield and composition of the essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare). The experiment included the following variants: N - noninfested fennel plants (control);
I - infested fennel plants. The essential oils of fennel were obtained by hydrodistillation in a
Clevenger apparatus. Chemical characterization of the tested essential oils was performed by
gas chromatography (GC) using two types of detectors (flame ionization detector [FID] and
mass spectrometer [MS]). The yields of the obtained essential oils (noninfested and infested
fennel plants) were 5.6% and 5.8%, respectively. Analyses showed that the main components
of the essential oil isolated from noninfested fennel plants were trans-anethole (67.0%) and
fenchone (26.5%). The content of trans-anethole in the essential oil isolated from infested
fennel plants (38.5%) was significantly reduced, while the content of fenchone was higher
(34.5%). Methyl chavicol (19.6%) was an additional dominant component in the essential oil
of infested fennel plants
Zaštita organskih cerealija od štetnih insekata i glodara u podnom skladištu
No full textSavremena zaštita biljnih proizvoda od skladišnih štetočina (insekata i glodara) se
dominantno oslanja na integralan i bioracionalan pristup upravljanja, gde je sprovođenje
mera higijene u skladištima prva mera zaštite, a zatim primena drugih mera i metoda praćenja
i suzbijanja, u optimizovanom odnosu i sa niskim rizikom po zdravlje ljudi i životnu sredinu.
Među njima je vrlo značajna primena klopki sa i bez feromona/hrane (atraktanata), kao i
uzorkovanje/prikupljanje insekata pri unošenju biljnih proizvoda u skladišta, ali i tokom
skladištenja, dok su klopke mrtvolovke za glodare kao i lovne trake efektivne metode za
praćenje i suzbijanje glodara.
U nekim državama EU, u Kanadi i u SAD je za zaštitu organskih biljnih proizvoda u
skladištu, pored primene fizičkih mera, provetravanja, i suzbijanja toplim i hladnim
vazduhom, dozvoljena primena i preparata na bazi sintetisanih jedinjenja (hemijskog ili
prirodnog porekla), na primer, borne kiseline i piretrina, ali i materijala kao što je diatomejska
zemlja (bez sintetisanih supstanci), dok je primena preparata na bazi spinosada dozvoljena,
ali još nisu registrovani za ovu namenu. Prema sadašnjim propisima u skladištima u Srbiji nije
dozvoljena primena hemijskih sredstava za zaštitu organskih biljnih proizvoda.
U ovom istraživanju je namera bila da se u podnom skladištu firme Univerexport d.o.o.,
u Kikindi, ispita i razvije postupak zaštite organskih cerealija, pšenice ozime i jare, raži i
kukuruza, od skladišnih insekata i glodara, odnosno da se utvrdi kombinacija mera i metoda
njihovog praćenja i suzbijanja, i definiše program efektivne zaštite bez primene hemikalija.
Utvrđeno je da je primena klopki, sa i bez feromona/atraktanata, i lepljiva traka –
barijera, vrlo efikasna mera u hvatanju skladišnih insekata (tvrdokrilaca i leptira), a ostvaren
je i efekat „suzbijanja”, jer pri uzorkovanju nije detektovan veliki broj insekata i nije
zabeleženo značajnije oštećenje zrna organskih cerealija. Takođe, utvrđeno je da su
mehaničke klopke i lepljiva traka u kutijama za deratizaciju, zajedno sa lepljivom trakom –
barijerom, vrlo efikasne u zaštiti organskih cerealija od domaćeg miša. Konstatovano je da,
pod navedenim uslovima i nivoom napada skladišnih insekata i glodara u podnom skladištu,
nije bilo potrebno da se primene hemijska sredstva za zaštitu organskih cerealija