REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Non-Contagious Disease of Bee Brood – Overheated Brood
No full textOne of the most common diseases of bees at the beginning of summer is overheated brood. Overheated
brood is a non-contagious disease of bee brood caused by an increase in temperature in the area of the comb
where the bee brood is developing. Most often, the disease occurs when the hives are closed and moved to
pasture. Young bee brood is just as sensitive to an increase as it is to a drop in temperature. If the outside
temperature rises excessively or if the hives are exposed to direct sunlight, the bees spray the brood with water
and ventilate with their wings and can maintain the optimal temperature for the development of the brood for a
long time. However, if we close the bee summer, there is a lot of excitement within the bee community, so the
temperature rises significantly. If the ventilation nets are not opened in time, and if the bees are not sprayed
with water, the temperature may rise so much that the bee brood starts to die. The youngest bee larvae die first,
then the older bent larvae, then the extended larvae and finally the pupae and eggs. Overheating of the brood
most often occurs during migration to pasture. As bee colonies are usually very strong at that time, they quickly
remove the dead young bee larvae after opening the hive, so the beekeeper does not notice anything when
inspecting the colony. If the covered brood has died, the changes remain on the comb for a longer time and are
easier to see. In controlling the disease, it is important to remove the causes that lead to overheating of the foal
litter. Before closing the hives, it is necessary to ensure good ventilation of the hive and sufficient supplies of
water
The determination of chemical profile of the bee venom by liquid chromatography
No full textHoneybee venom contains bioactive peptides, enzymes, and amines with therapeutic potential in various diseases. Several analytical techniques, including HPLC with UV, diode-array, or mass spectrometric detection and capillary electrophoresis, have been applied to its analysis. However, existing RP–HPLC methods showed poor separation and baseline instability. This study aimed to develop and validate a precise RP–HPLC method for the quantitative determination of melittin in honeybee venom and venom-based pharmaceutical products
Ocena mana trupova i mesa živine – stanje i perspektive
No full textProizvodnja mesa živine u svetu je u stalnom porastu. Sa porastom broja gajenih
brojlera rastao je i broj klanica za živinu kao i porast kapaciteta klanja u jedinici
vremena. Danas već ima klanica koje kolju 15.000 brojlera na sat. Razumljivo je da
veterinarski inspektori nisu u mogućnosti da pregledaju svaki trup zaklane živine.
Savremeni pristup u proizvodnji hrane koncipiran je tako da je odgovornost za bezbednost
i kvalitet hrane preneta na proizvođača. Otuda, zaposleni radnici, trupove,
delove trupova i unutrašnje organe sa manama „skidaju” sa linije klanja, obrade trupova
i ostavljaju da ocenu upotrebljivosti donese veterinarski inspektor. Savremena
kontrola proizvodnje hrane podrazumeva primenu principa industrijske revolucije
4.0 (IR 4.0) što znači primenu digitalnih tehnologija u industriji hrane. Primena IR
4.0 je za sada još uvek skupa i za najveće proizvođače mesa, ali će se se ona i dalje
razvijati i usavršavati, čime će se smanjiti troškovi njene primene, pa će tako biti
dostupna većini velikih proizvođača mesa i proizvoda od mesa.Production of poultry meat in the world is constantly increasing. With the increase
in the number of raised broilers, the number of poultry slaughterhouses also
increased, as did the increase in slaughtering capacity per unit of time. Today,
there are already slaughterhouses that slaughter 15.000 broilers per hour. It is understandable
that veterinary inspectors are not able to examine every carcass of
slaughtered poultry. The modern approach to food production is designed so that
the responsibility for food safety and quality is transferred to the producer. Hence,
the employed workers “remove” carcasses, parts of carcasses and internal organs
with defects from the line of slaughtering and processing of carcasses and
leave them to be evaluated by the veterinary inspector. Modern control of food
production implies the application of the principles of industrial technologies 4.0
(IR 4.0), which means the application of digital technologies in the food industry.The application of IR 4.0 is still expensive even for the largest meat producers,
but it will continue to be developed and perfected, which will reduce the costs of
its application, so it will be available to most large producers of meat and meat
products.34. Savetovanje živinara : Zbornik radova - Tara 2025: I de
Control program of sheep coccidiosis in the production chain from the breeder to the consumer
No full textSheep farming holds significant economic and cultural value in Serbia, with increasing attention given to improving health and production outcomes. Among the challenges faced in sheep husbandry, parasitic diseases - especially protozoan infections like coccidiosis caused by Eimeria and Cryptosporidium species -are prevalent and CAPÍTULO 4 CONTROL PROGRAM OF SHEEP COCCIDIOSIS IN THE PRODUCTION CHAIN FROM THE BREEDER TO THE CONSUMER economically detrimental, particularly in young lambs. This study presents a comprehensive, multi-year control program for ovine coccidiosis, implemented across nine farms from 2014 to 2018. The program combined systematic parasitological monitoring, targeted therapeutic interventions (notably the use of Toltrazuril), and the application of biosecurity, zootechnical, and prophylactic measures in both pens and pastures. Initial diagnostics showed a high prevalence of subclinical and clinical infections, with lambs being the most affected group. Through successive parasitological examinations and treatments, a significant reduction in oocyst shedding and clinical cases was achieved. By fostering natural immunity through controlled subclinical exposure and timing of therapeutic intervention, the program effectively transformed coccidiosis from an acute production-limiting disease to a managed endemic condition. The study highlights the importance of integrated, farmspecific health strategies and underscores the role of veterinarians in implementing sustainable parasite control measures in sheep f locks in Serbia
Detection of Echinococcus spp. in condemned livers
No full textEchinococcosis, a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus spp. tapeworms, poses a significant public health concern in Europe, but remains under-reported in both humans and
animals. Post-mortem examination of slaughtered livestock offers a valuable opportunity
for early detection and surveillance of parasitic infections, including echinococcosis, in
meat intended for human consumption. In this study, liver samples exhibiting pathological
changes were collected from two abattoirs in Serbia. A total of 31 livers—22 from pigs, 7
from lambs, and 2 from bullocks—were analysed microscopically, and molecularly using
PCR, to detect Echinococcus spp. DNA. The parasite was detected in three pig livers, and
three distinct species were identified: E. granulosus, E. canadensis, and E. multilocularis.
Although the sample size was relatively small, the detection of multiple Echinococcus species in pigs suggests a potential role of these animals in the parasite’s transmission cycle
within Serbia. These findings underscore the ongoing importance of comprehensive meat
inspection protocols in abattoirs for zoonotic disease surveillance. They also highlight the
need for expanded surveillance efforts and enhanced diagnostic procedures, particularly speciation of the tapeworm, to improve early detection and control of Echinococcus infections
at the abattoir level.The paper was presented at the 63rd International Meat Industry Conference “Food for Thought: Innovations in Food and Nutrition” ‒ Zlatibor, October 05th-08th 2025
Pathological and molecular investigation of infectious bronchitis in broilers: analyzing the impact of biosecurity lapses
No full textIntroduction: Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly contagious disease of
poultry that leads to significant economic losses in intensive production systems.
Preventive biosecurity measures are essential to control its spread, particularly
in broiler farms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IB
outbreaks and biosecurity practices on a broiler farm.
Methods: The farm, housing 96,000 broilers, experienced increased mortality
(over 11%) during two consecutive production cycles. Consequently, serological,
pathological, molecular and biosecurity investigations were conducted.
Results: Despite a vaccination program using two types of live vaccines
(Massachusetts serotype and serotype 793B), serological testing revealed
elevated antibody titers against the IB virus, suggesting exposure to a
wild viral strain. Necropsy revealed various lesions, including hemorrhagic
tracheitis, pulmonary hyperemia, fibrinous pericarditis, splenomegaly, and
ascites. Histopathological findings showed necrotic tracheitis, multifocal
hepatitis, and purulent bronchopneumonia. By PCR IB viral RNA was detected
in all 24 swabs and tissue samples. Biosecurity evaluation revealed significant
deficiencies in both external and internal measures, including improper cross-
contamination prevention, inadequate flock management, and insu cient
vaccination strategies.
Discussion: These biosecurity deficiencies, coupled with the inadequate
selection of vaccines not tailored to the prevalent serotypes in the local area,
allowed for the introduction and spread of wild IB virus strains. This highlights
the critical importance of robust, well-implemented biosecurity protocols in
preventing IB on poultry farms
Disorder of water and electrolyte balance in cattle
No full textRuminants’ water needs depend on several factors. Water and electrolyte imbalances can disrupt production and, reproductive performance as well as overall health.Fluid replacement is a key step in the treatment of diseases such as calf diarrhea. This review work aimed to describe in more detail and indicate the importance of waterand electrolyte imbalance disorders in cattle, especially calves, as the most sensitive category of cattle
Prevalence of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in wild boar in Serbia
No full textimportant to the global swine industry. We investigated the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 in eastern Serbia by analyzing 166 wild boar samples with a real-time PCR assay. The cumulative prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 was 72.7%, with true prevalence estimates of 59.2% for PCV2, 49.0% for PCV3, and 31.0% for coinfection. We found higher prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 in the Južnobanatski district compared to previous reports, likely due to differences in detection methods and the inclusion of liver samples. Backyard farms, with free-ranging animals and natural breeding, dominate eastern Serbia, facilitating frequent interactions between wild and domestic pigs. The overlap between backyard and commercial farming practices, along with high wild boar densities and cross-border movements, likely facilitate viral transmission. These conditions, coupled with inadequate biosecurity measures, such as swill feeding and improper disposal of offal, amplify the risk for viral dissemination, with significant implications for spillover into domestic pig populations. Enhanced biosecurity and monitoring strategies are crucial to mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission between wild and domestic pig populations
Retrospective of Clinical Pathology of Herd Pigs in Extensive and Intensive Breeding
No full textThe main characteristic of the herd of pigs in extensive and intensive breeding is the presence of breeding diseases of different aetiology. The research aimed to monitor the frequency of breeding diseases and organize the implementation of prophylactic measures. As part of the health control of the herd of pigs, we took biological material and sent it to laboratories for analysis. The suckling pig category is dominated by enteric diseases caused by different serotypes of E. coli in over 50% of cases. Coccidiosis is becoming an increasingly topical problem and is considered one of the main causes of diarrhoea in piglets aged 5 to 10 days. The percentage of stillborn piglets is highly variable for each pig herd. The biggest piglet losses are during the lactation period and range up to 20% on average. Losses of piglets in rearing amounted to 18%. The losers exceeded 5% on average. Deaths in pig herds are the result of inadequate breeding, nutrition, and the inability to implement rational therapy. Of respiratory diseases, the primary agent is Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacilus pleuroipneumoniae, with a frequency of over 50%. In the majority of pig herds, the presence of PRRS was diagnosed in over 50%. On all pig farms, with controlled health care. We implemented increasing zoohygiene measures, recommended the introduction of vaccines, and raised biosecurity measures to a higher level. A characteristic of extensive breeding is a small percentage of piglets per sow. Different proportions of deaths in all categories. As a result of the mentioned facts, we have a small percentage of fatteners per sow. A characteristic of intensive farming is the presence of circovirus infections, PRRS. We raised the zoohygiene measures to a higher level on all pig farms. The evaluation of biosecurity measures and the implementation of vaccination gave positive result
Detection of vector-borne pathogens from ectoparasites collected from wild carnivores
No full textДивље карниворе (као пто су вукови, шакали, лисице, јазавци, дивље мачке) су присутни у Србији у стабилним популацијама. Поједине врсте, као што је златни шакал (Canis aureus), су у експанзији последњих деценија долазећи све чешће у контакт са људима у приградским и градским стаништима. Биодиверзитет ектопаразита дивљих карнивора у Србији је велики, те више врста крпеља (Acari: Ixodidae), бува (Insecta: Siphonaptera), ваши (Insecta: Phthiraptera), шугараца (Arachnida: Sarcoptidae) паразитирају на њима укључујући се на тај начин у циклусе преношења и ширења векторима преносивих патогена. Циљ нашег рада је био да детектујемо присуство векторима преносивих патогена из ектопаразита дивљих карнивора, ради увида у њихове циклусе преношења у природи и потенцијлну опасност популације дивљих карнивора за људе на испитиваним територијама. Са укупно 122 животиње током 2022. и 2023. године је прикупљено 68 крпеља и 254 буве на територији Срема, града Београда и Браничевског округа. После идентификације ектопаразита урађена је детекција одабраних патогена (узрочника бабезиозе, бартонелозе, Anaplasma phagocitophilum, A. platys, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis, Citauxzoon felis, крпељског енцефалитиса, грознице Западног Нила). Идентификација врста крпеља и бува је урађена применом идентификационих кључева за морфолошку идентификацију. После хомогенизације појединачких узорака и изолације укупне ДНК, детекција патогена је урађена применом молекуларних метода детекције (конвенционални и qPCR). Резултати су показали да су у популацији ектопаразита присутни крпељи врста Ixodes ricinus, Deramacentor reticulatus, Hemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus bursa и буве врста Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, Pulex irritans, Ceratophylus gallinae, Xenopsylla cheopsis. Детектовано је присуство H. canis, Babesia spp. у прикупљеним крпељима, те Bartonella spp. у узорцима бува. Комплексна интеракција вектора, векторима преносивих патогена и домаћина утиче на циклусе преношења и ширења болести у природи. Изузетак нису ни дивље карниворе Србије, те је праћење ове популације и њеног здравственог стања веома важно.Wild carnivores (such as wolves, jackals, foxes, badgers, and wild cats) are present in Serbia in stable populations. Some species, such as the golden jackal (Canis aureus), have been expanding in recent decades, increasingly coming into contact with humans in suburban and urban area. The biodiversity of ectoparasites of wild carnivores in Serbia is high, with various species of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera), lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), and mange mites (Arachnida: Sarcoptidae) parasitizing them, thus becoming involved in the cycles of transmission and spread of vector-borne pathogens. The aim of our study was to detect the presence of vector-borne pathogens in ectoparasites of wild carnivores to gain insight into their transmission cycles in nature and the potential danger wild carnivore populations pose to humans in the examined territories. A total of 122 animals were examined during 2022 and 2023, resulting in the collection of 68 ticks and 254 fleas in the territories of Srem, the city of Belgrade, and the Braničevo district. After identifying the ectoparasites, we conducted the detection of selected pathogens (Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., Anaplasma phagocitophilum, A. platys, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis, Cytauxzoon felis, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus). The identification of tick and flea species was performed using identification keys for morphological identification. After homogenizing individual samples and isolating total DNA, pathogen detection was carried out using molecular methods (conventional and qPCR). The results showed that the ectoparasite population included ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus, Hemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus bursa, and fleas of the species Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, Pulex irritans, Ceratophyllus gallinae, and Xenopsylla cheopsis. The presence of H. canis, Babesia spp. in the collected ticks, and Bartonella spp. in flea samples were detected. The complex interaction of vectors, vector-borne pathogens, and hosts influences the cycles of transmission and disease spread in nature. Wild carnivores in Serbia are no exception, and monitoring this population and its health status is crucial.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj