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Chitosan – application and limitations in disinfection
No full textHitozan je netoksičan, biorazgradiv, isplativ, biokompatibilan i prirodan polimer
koji se sastoji se od delimično alkalnog deacetiliranog hitina koji potiče od
dva monosaharida: glukozamin i N-acetil glukozamin. Međutim iako je relativno
prostog hemijskog sastava, njegove osobine zavise od procesa polimerzacije. Interesovanje
za hitin i hitozan raste na osnovu bezbroj bioloških i tehnoloških svojstava
koja pokazuju ovi polimeri. Hitozan je jedini polikatjon u prirodi i njegova
gustina naelektrisanja zavisi od stepena acetilacije i pH medijuma. Rastvorljivost
polimera zavisi od stepena acetilacije i molekulske težine. Oligomeri hitozana su
rastvorljivi u širokom pH opsegu, od kiselih do baznih. Hitozan, derivati hitozana i
hitooligosaharidi ispoljavaju antimikrobnu aktivnost protiv različitih mikroorganizama,
uključujuć i bakterije, filamentozne gljive i kvasace. Nanočestične forme
hitozana su stabilne na visokim temperaturama i podešene su protiv mikrobne i
enzimske degradacije sa primenom u neutralnom pH, dok zadržavaju pozitivno
naelektrisane amino grupe što je verovatni mehanizam antibakterijske interakcije
pozitivno naelektrisanog hitozana i negativno naelektrisanih ostataka koje
blokiraju citoplazmatsku membranu mikroorganizama (lipide, ugljene hidrate i
proteine). Za razliku od morfologije bakterijske prokariotske ć elije, eukariotske
ć elije imaju mnogo drugačiju organizaciju, stoga je dokazano da su hitozan i polimeri
i nanočestice na bazi hitozana netoksični za ljudska tkiva, što je još povoljnije
za zarastanje rana. Ima obeć avajuć ih rezultata u materijalima na bazi hitozana
namenjenim za upotrebu na mestima sa velikim bakterijskim optereć enjem kao
što je oralni kavitet, čak i za ortodontske kompozite.Chitosan is a non-toxic, biodegradable, cost-effective, biocompatible and natural
polymer consisting of partially alkaline deacetylated chitin derived from two
monosaccharides: glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine. However, although it
has a relatively simple chemical composition, its properties depend on the polymerization
process. Interest in chitin and chitosan is growing based on the myriad
of biological and technological properties these polymers exhibit. Chitosan is the
only polycation in nature and its charge density depends on the degree of acetylation
and the pH of the medium. The solubility of the polymer depends on the
degree of acetylation and molecular weight. Chitosan oligomers are soluble in a
wide pH range, from acidic to basic. Chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitooligosaccharides
exhibit antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, including
bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts. Nanoparticulate forms of chitosan
are stable at high temperatures and adjusted against microbial and enzymatic
degradation when applied in neutral pH, while retaining positively charged amino
groups, which is the probable mechanism of antibacterial interaction of positively
charged chitosan and negatively charged residues on the membrane that
blocks the cytoplasmic membrane of microorganisms (lipids, carbohydrates and
proteins). Unlike bacterial prokaryotic cell morphologies, eukaryotic cells have a
much different organization, therefore chitosan and chitosan-based polymers and
nanoparticles have been proven to be non-toxic to human tissues, which is even
more favorable for wound healing. There are promising results in chitosan-based
materials intended for use in areas with a high bacterial load such as the oral cavity,
even for orthodontic composites.Zbornik radov
Significance and use of fipronil in veterinary practice
No full textFipronil je fenilpirazolni insekticid širokog spektra koji remeti normalan
prenos nervnog signala insekata ciljanjem na hloridni kanal koji je povezan sa
γ-aminobuternom kiselinom (GABA). Upotreba odgovarajućih doza izaziva prekomernu
nervnu ekscitaciju, tešku paralizu i smrt insekata. Preventivna upotreba
aktivne materije fipronila za pse i mačke najbolja je zaštita kućnih ljubimaca. Veliki
značaj i efikasnost fipronila doveli su do njegove sve veće proizvodnje u svetu.
Međutim, zbog velike proizvodnje i široke dostupnosti efikasnosti pri upotrebi, u
nekoliko slučajeva došlo je i do upotrebe fipronila u nelegalne svrhe. Sa tim u vezi,
važno je istaći pozitivne efektne i vrednosti fipronila, ali sa druge strane i ukazati
na mogućnost njegovih negativnih efekta pre svega po ljudsko zdravlje. Prvi put
je za upotrebu registrovan u Americi 1996. godine, ali se njegova upotreba, način
upotrebe i dozvoljene količine razlikuju u različitim delovima sveta.Fipronil is a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide that disrupts normal
insect nerve signal transmission by targeting the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-coupled
chloride channel. The use of appropriate doses causes excessive nervous excitation,
severe paralysis and death of insects. Preventive use of the active substance
fipronil for dogs and cats is the best protection for pets. The great importance and
effectiveness of fipronil led to its increasing production in the world. However, due
to the large production and wide availability of effectiveness in use, in a few cases
fipronil has also been used for illegal purposes. In this connection, it is important
to point out the positive effects and values of fipronil, but on the other hand, to
point out the possibility of its negative effects, first of all, on human health. It was
first registered for use in the United States in 1996, but its use, method of use, and
permitted amounts vary in different parts of the world.Zbornik radov
Predictive model of foodborne pathogens growth in minced pork
No full textMathematical microbial models predict the
response of microorganisms, including their
growth, survival or inactivation, in food during
processing and storage. Predictive models can
give results faster than a traditional challenge
test regarding food safety, quality, and shelf life.
However, they do not replace laboratory analysis,
and must be used with great caution. This
study was performed to assess the survival of
four foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella
enteritidis, S. typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes,
and Yersinia enterocolitica, in minced pork
stored at 4 °C during 96h applying the Barany
and Roberts model. The maximum growth rate
(μmax) ranged from 0.00075 log CFU/g/h for S.
typhimurium to 0.016 log CFU/g/h for Yersinia
enterocolitica. According to the coefficient of
determination (R2 0.83-0.93), and the standard
error (SE 0.03-0.16) the applied Barany and Roberts
model was reliable in predicting the behavior
of foodborne pathogens in minced pork
stored at 4 °C.Book of abstract
Simultaneous Detection of Antigen and Antibodies of African Swine Fever in a Novel Combo Lateral Flow Assay
No full textAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a contagious disease of wild boar and domestic pigs notifiable
to theWorld Organisation for Animal Health due to its high socio-economic impact. ASF is caused
by the complex ASF virus (ASFV), and it can present different clinical manifestations that can be
confused with other diseases; for this reason, laboratory testing is necessary for the proper diagnosis
of clinically suspected animals. Despite the efforts put into it over decades, no treatment or safe
vaccine is globally available, and disease control is based on early diagnosis and the implementation
of strict biosecurity measures. In this context, rapid tests have the potential to accelerate and facilitate
the identification of infected animals by giving fast on-site results. In this work, we improved
the available point-of-care assays for the diagnosis of the disease by the development of a more
specific antigen test and a more sensitive antibody test. This antibody detection test allowed for the
earlier detection of infected animals than two commercial indirect ELISAs (statistically significant).
Moreover, we developed a combined dual rapid test, unifying, in the same cassette, an antigen
detection strip and an antibody detection strip. In this study, we confirmed that this combo approach
is a useful tool for implementing rapid tests in the field since it increases the percentage of positive
samples detected, even when PCR turns negative, while maintaining a good specificity
Presence of subclinical mastitis and economic losses in dairy farms in Serbia
No full textThe objectives of the study determine the presence of subclinical mastitis in smallholder’s dairy farms in Serbia. We also aimed to show economic losses due to a presence of subclinical mastitis on the farms. The physical-chemical parameters of bulk tank milk samples were analysed: fat content, protein content, lactose and non-fat dry matter content. The total number of somatic cells ranged from 21000-4690000 in pooled milk samples. From 2020 to 2022 based on the number of somatic cells in the milk, there is a increasing the number of collective bulk tank milk samples that did not meet the requirements for the I class a statistically significant p<0.05. Economic losses due to the reduction of milk quality 0.033 euro/l lead to economic losses of approximately 20e per cow every month due to the reduced price of milk based on the classification of milk into classes based on the number of somatic cell
Detection of biofilm forming coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from bulk raw milk
No full textCoagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) are contagious udder pathogen of dairy cows and some of them are capable to form a biofilm leading presistent intramammary infestions. CPS can be easily spread to the udder of healthy cows during the milking and contaminate the equipment and environment. CPS are secreting from infected udder during the milking and entering in the food chain. Many researches confirmed on connection between biofilm forming, multidrug resistance and enterotoxins production on CPS, especially on Staphylococcus aureus. Rapid determination of biofilm producing of CPS and suppression metods are needed to improve good veterinary management and public health protection. The aim of this work was to determine presence of biofim forming CPS isolates from raw bulk milk. From 15 tested bulk tanks with high number of somatic cells, CPS were isolated from all tanks (100%) basis on colony characteristic on Baird Parker agar (BP) and 5 characteristic colony from each plate were tested on gram stain, haemolysis and pigment formation on blood agar, catalase and coagulase tests. The abilty of CPS to biofilm producing was examined by Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. Based on the colour and consistency of the colonies at CRA it was detected that out of 75 CPS isolates 16 (21,33%) produced slime, 28 (37,33%) were suspected producers and 31 (41,33%) isolates did not produce the slime. Results indicated that biofilm forming CPS could be presented in raw milk with high number of somatic cells and, also, that Congo red agar method may be used as a rapid method for detection of biofilm producing CPS isolates
An Innovative Approach: The Usage of N-Acetylcysteine in the Therapy of Pneumonia in Neonatal Calves
No full textNAC has mucolytic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects in living organisms. However,
the therapeutic effects of NAC on clinical recovery among neonatal calves with respiratory diseases
have not yet been studied. Our study represents the first investigation of the effects of NAC in
neonatal calves with pneumonia. The objective of this work was to observe the effects of NAC in
the treatment of neonatal pneumonia, including its ability to reduce the clinical score, shorten the
duration of the treatment, and improve the overall health condition of neonatal calves. For this
study, calves were divided into two groups: a treatment group that received NAC and amoxicillin
with clavulanic acid, and a control group that received amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (antimi crobial only). The findings of this study indicate that NAC treatment significantly shortened the
time to resolution (p < 0.001), compared to the results in the group without NAC treatment. Generally, NAC-supplemented therapy reduced the recovery time by more than 27 hours (or slightly
more than one day), compared to that in the antimicrobial-only group. Our study presents the first
reported usage of NAC in therapy for respiratory disorders
Kontrola zdravlja stada i ekonomski parameteri ovaca
No full textOvčarstvo u Srbiji ima dugu tradiciju. Ovce se uglavnom drže na ekstenzivnim pašnjacima, koji nisu
pogodni za druge vidove poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Ovce osim prozivodnje mesa, mleka, vune,
pružaju i druge inidirektene koristi. Opšte je poznato iskorštavanje pašnjaka, druge zemjišne površine
koje druge životinje nisu u prilici da koriste. Travnjaci i oranice moraju zadovoljiti potrebe ovaca za
volimionznim hranivima (paša, seno,slama) i koncentrovanim (ječam,zob, kukuruz, i u kritičnom
periodu, do 10% sojine sačme ili tostirane soje)., Ako se drže ekstenzivno, prihvataju skoroman
način držanja. Stajnjak je nezameljiv u održavanju obradivih površina i livada.U takvom okruženju
zdravlje ovaca može da bude ugroženo od strane parazitskih, bakterijski ili virusnih infekcija.
Takodje su prisutni i bolesti metabolizma, zatim neadkvatni zoohigijenski uslovi, odnosno način
držanja.Parazitske infekcije su dominantne u ekstenzivnom uzgoju. Bolesti organa za disanje imaju
sezonski karakter. Bolesti organa za varenje mogu biti prisutni tokom cele godine i zavise od niza
etioloških činilaca. U Srbiji ovce su birane prema sistemu gajenja a ne prema proizvodnom prvcu. U
centralnoj Srbiji zastupljene su pramenka (sjenička, svrljiška) i razni melezi. Winterber i Ille de
France od plemenitih rasa. U Vojvodini su zastupleni melezi cigaje, winterberga. Takodje je
zastupljen winterberg i I Ille de France od plemenitih rasa.U Srbiji nije zastupljeno mlečno ovčarstvo.
Mlečnost ovaca se kreće od 50 do 90 L. Ovi parameteri govore da se ovčarstvo zasniva na linijama
za proizvodnju mesa. Danas je ovčarstvo nedovoljno konkuretno. Kao razlog tome navodi se direktna
prodaja živih životionja i mesa poznatim korisnicima.Medjutim, nedovoljno razvijene izvozne
aktivnosti, predstavljaju direktnu prepreku u plasmanu živih grla.Sheep breeding is a long-standing tradition in Serbia. They are usually reared on large pastures where
other types of agriculture are not suitable. Besides meat, milk, and wool production, sheep also offer
other indirect benefits. They help in the utilization of pastures and land areas that other animals cannot
use. Grasslands and fields must meet the sheep's needs for bulk nutrients such as pasture, hay, straw,
and concentrated feed like barley, oats, corn, and sometimes soybean meal or toasted soybeans.
Manure from sheep is vital for maintaining arable land and meadows. However, due to parasitic,
bacterial, or viral infections, metabolic diseases, and inadequate zoohygiene conditions, sheep health
can be at risk. Parasitic infections are more common in extensive farming, while respiratory and
digestive organ diseases can occur depending on various factors. In Serbia, sheep are selected based
on the breeding system, with Pramenka (Sjenica, Svrljiska) and various hybrids being popular in
central Serbia, and Winterberg and Ille de France from noble breeds. In Vojvodina, crossbreeds of
Cigaja and Winterberg are prevalent. Dairy sheep farming is not common in Serbia, with milk yield
ranging from 50 to 90 L, indicating that sheep farming is more focused on meat production. However,
sheep farming faces challenges due to direct sales of live animals and meat to known users, and
insufficiently developed export activities. Serbia has a long tradition of sheep breeding. Sheep are
mostly kept on extensive pastures, which are not suitable for other types of agricultural production.
In addition to the production of meat, milk, and wool, sheep also provide other indirect benefits. The
use of pastures, and other land areas that other animals are not able to use, is widely known.
Grasslands and arable fields must meet the sheep's needs for bulk nutrients (pasture, hay, straw) and
concentrated (barley, oats, corn, and in the critical period, up to 10% soybean meal or toasted
soybeans).. Manure is indispensable in the maintenance of arable land and meadows. In such an
environment, the health of sheep can be threatened by parasitic, bacterial, or viral infections.
Metabolic diseases are also present, as well as inadequate zoohygiene conditions, i.e. the way they
are kept. Parasitic infections are dominant in extensive farming. Respiratory diseases have a seasonal
character. Diseases of the digestive organs can be present throughout the year and depend on several
etiological factors. In Serbia, sheep were selected according to the breeding system. Pramenka
(Sjenica, Svrljiska) and various hybrids are represented in central Serbia. Winterber and Ille de France
from noble breeds. In Vojvodina, crossbreeds of Cigaja and Winterberg are represented. Winterberg and Ille de France from noble breeds are also represented. Dairy sheep farming is not represented in
Serbia. The milk yield of sheep ranges from 50 to 90 L. These parameters indicate that sheep farming
is based on meat production lines. Today, sheep farming is insufficiently competitive. The reason for
this is the direct sale of live animals and meat to known users. However, insufficiently developed
export activities represent a direct obstacle in the placement of live cattle
Značaj insekata u širenju afričke kuge svinja i kontrola vektora kao biosigurnosna mera
No full textAfrička kuga svinja (AKS) je virusna hemoragična bolest domaćih i divljih svinja koja se od 2007.
godine kontinuirano širi Evropom u pravcu zapada, nakon što je virus afričke kuge svinja (AKSV) unet iz Afrike u
Gruziju. U Srbiji, pojava AKS je potvrđena 2019. godine od kada se pojavljuje svake naredne godine. Bolest ima
značajne posledice po zdravlje životinja, ekonomiju i društvo, a nedostatak specifične terapije i vakcine u Evropi
čini je prioritetnom za sprečavanje, kontrolu i iskorenjivanje. Virus AKS je DNK virus iz familije Asfarviridae i
roda Asfivirus, koji se prenosi preko nekoliko vrsta mekih krpelja iz roda Ornithodoros, čime se svrstava u grupu
arbovirusa koje prenose artropodni vektori. U Evropi je prisustvo mekih krpelja roda Ornithodoros ograničeno
na vrstu Ornithodoros erraticus i određena područja u južnoj Španiji. Dokazano je da tvrdi iksodidni krpelji, koji
su najrasprostranjeniji u Evropi, nisu biološki vektori ovog virusa. Međutim, druge artropodne vrste kao što su
insekti iz familija Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Tabanidae i Muscidae mogu biti mehanički vektori, iako je njihova
uloga u širenju bolesti i održavanju AKSV u Evropi još uvek nedovoljno jasna. U slučaju potvrde AKS, mere koje
se primenjuju uključuju ograničavanje kretanja svinja, poboljšanje biosigurnosnih mera i standarda u uzgoju
svinja, brzu detekciju i uklanjanje zaraženih životinja i edukaciju vlasnika o rizicima i preventivnim merama za
pojavu i širenje AKS
Procena kvaliteta mleka i proizvoda od mleka u Republici Srbiji
No full textMleko kao životna namirnica ima veliki nutritivno-fiziološki značaj i posebno mesto zauzima u ishrani dece, starih i bolesnih osoba. Fermentisani proizvodi su lako svarljivi i preporučuju se osobama s razvijenom intolerancijom na laktozu. Smatra se da svakodnevno unošenje ovih proizvoda omogućava uspostavljanje i normalno funkcionisanje intestinalnog trakta. Ovi proizvodi se dobijaju fermentacijom pod uticajem bakterija mlečne kiseline. U fermentisane proizvode spadaju jogurt, kiselo mleko, kefir i voćni jogurt, kao i druge vrste fermentisanih mleka. Proizvodnja bezbedne i kvalitetne hrane je nešto čemu teži svaka država i zbog toga se donose zakoni i propisi koji definišu standarde kvaliteta koje namirnice moraju ispunjavati kako bi se našle na trpezi potrošača. Mleko spada u osnovne namirnice u ishrani stanovništva i njegov kvalitet mora biti kontrolisan. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita kvalitet mleka i proizvoda od mleka u prometu i iz uvoza na području Republike Srbije. Materijal je predstavljalo 70 uzoraka mleka i proizvoda od mleka. Parametri kvaliteta mleka i proizvoda su ispitani prema Pravilniku o kvalitetu proizvoda od mleka i starter kultura (Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije 33/2010, 69/2010, 33/2013, 34/2014). Za ispitivanje su korišćene sledeće standardne metode: SRPS ISO 19660, SRPS EN ISO 8968-4, SRPS ISO 22662/IDF 198. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je 95,71% ispitanih uzoraka mleka i proizvoda od mleka ispunjavalo kriterijume propisane regulativom. Parametri kvaliteteta su zadovoljavajući, ali se preporučuje praćenje kvaliteta mleka i proizvoda od mleka, jer neki od proizvodi nisu ispunjavali kriterijume propisane pravilnikom ili nisu imali odgovarajuću proizvođačku deklaraciju.Related to an English-language version of the following article:
https://reponivs.nivs.rs/handle/123456789/115