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Individual and Community Factors as Correlates of Climate Change Awareness and Action among 15 African Countries
No full textIn Africa, the scientific evidence on climate change awareness and action from country-based data is limited, and few studies have examined the associations between individual and community level characteristics and climate change awareness and action. A sample from country-based data (Afrobarometer Round 9), from 15 African countries was used to examine the relationship between individual and community variables and climate change awareness and action. Data were analysed by means of frequency counts, t-tests, analysis of variance, correlation and stepwise regression analyses. The findings revealed that the proportion of individuals who had heard of climate change ranged from 22% in Tunisia to 75% in Zimbabwe, and those who believed that climate change was affecting their countries ranged from 10.2% in Ghana to 53.8% in Malawi. Across the sampled countries, only 47.1% of participants had heard about climate change while 34.6% believed climate change affected them. In all the countries studied, participants believed it was the responsibility of government to check and fight climate change. However, statistical significant differences were observed in the awareness of climate change between urban and rural respondents. Age of respondents and their place of residence were found to be positively correlated with climate change awareness and action. Findings from stepwise multiple regression analysis also revealed that climate change awareness was the most parsimonious predictor of climate change action (R2=0.275). The study concluded that individual and community level variables are important precursors to climate change awareness whilst fostering willingness towards climate change action should be an integral part of any intervention
Regulating Automated Decision-Making: An Analysis of Section 71 of POPIA and Its Implications For Privacy and Data Protection
No full textThe rapid evolution of technology and its integration into various sectors of society has necessitated comprehensive data protection legislation to safeguard individuals’ privacy rights. This paper conducts a comparative analysis between the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) of South Africa and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union, focusing particularly on their regulatory frameworks concerning automated decision-making and its implications for privacy and data protection. POPIA, enacted in 2013 after seven years of development, seeks to regulate the processing of personal information within South Africa, aligning with international data protection standards. However, with the emergence of automated decision-making systems powered by artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, concerns arise regarding privacy, transparency, and accountability. This paper explores how POPIA’s principles, including accountability and data processing conditions, address these challenges, while also acknowledging potential gaps. Drawing parallels with the GDPR — recognised as the international benchmark for data protection — reveals areas where POPIA could enhance its regulatory approach. The GDPR’s emphasis on transparency, explicit consent, and the right to explanation in ADM processes provides valuable insights for POPIA’s refinement. Furthermore, the GDPR’s provisions for regulatory strategies, codes of conduct, and remedies offer potential avenues for strengthening POPIA’s enforcement mechanisms. By evaluating the foundational concepts and core values of both legislations, this paper offers recommendations for aligning POPIA more closely with GDPR best practices, particularly in the context of ADM. It underscores the importance of continuous adaptation and international collaboration in addressing the evolving challenges of data protection in the digital age
The nature of a headquarter company: a comparative analysis*
No full textTen einde Suid-Afrika as ’n poort vir belegging in Afrika te bevorder, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Tesourie in 2011 die hoofkwartier-maatskappy reguleering bekendgestel. Dit behels dat, kragtens wysigings van belastingswetgewing, die bepaalde struikelblokke wat verhoed dat hoofkwartiermaatskappye na Suid Afrika gelok word, verwyder word. Maatskappye met sekere kwalifiserende strukturele eienskappe geniet spesiale belastingbehandeling ten einde belegging in die vorm van hoofkwartiermaatskappye te bevorder. Verskeie internasionale maat-skappye se strukture stem egter ooreen met die eienskappe van hoof-kwartiermaatskappye. In sommige gevalle word die funksies wat deur hierdie entiteite verrig word, gekombineer wat tot gevolg het dat dit die hoofkwartiermaatskappy-funksies van ander entiteite verrig en andersom. Dit skep die geleentheid vir sommige maatskappye, wat nie hoofkwartier-maatskappye is nie, om onbewustelik of bewustelik die voordele wat gemik is op hoofkwartiermaatskappye te verkry. ’n Hoofkwartier-maatskappy is onderskeibaar van verskeie ander vorme van maatskappye wat besigheid in die internasionale sfeer bedryf. Hierdie artikel bespreek die aard van ’n hoofkwartiermaatskappy en onderskei dit van ander soortgelyke entiteite. Dit dui aan dat, alhoewel daar verskeie en verskillende ooreenkomste tussen hoofkwartiermaatskappye en hierdie entiteite is, die funksie en struktuur van hoofkwartiermaatskappye hulle onderskei van die ander entiteite. Dit is belangrik dat die aard van ’n hoofkwartiermaatskappy nie met die van die ander entiteite verwar moet word nie. Indien die hoofkwartiermaatskappy met ander entiteite verwar word sal dit lei tot oningeligte besluite en dat eienskappe daaraan toegedig word wat tot belastingaanslae of verwagtinge in verskillende jurisdiksies kan lei
The continued relevance of the mandament van spolie: recent developments relating to dispossession and eviction: Die Voortgesette Relevansie van die Mandament van Spolie: Onlangse Verwikkelinge met betrekking tot Uitsetting en Onteiening
No full textTen spyte daarvan dat artikel 26(3) van die Grondwet die uitsetting van persone in die afwesigheid van ’n hofbevel verbied, het drie onlangse hofsake aangedui dat sulke uitsettings steeds plaasvind. Hoewel verskeie opsies vir die applikante (staatsorgane) beskikbaar was om persone uit geboue en skuilings te verwyder, (nood-, gesondheids- en rampmaatreëls en die Uitsettingswet 19 van 1998), is uitsetting in die gevalle onder bespreking effektiewelik bewerk deur spoliasie - van die gebou of skuiling as ’n geheel of van elemente wat integraal tot die skuiling was (ontneming van dakplate). Om besitsherstel te bewerkstellig (en uitsetting om te keer), is die mandament van spolie deur die respondente geopper. Hoewel die feite en omstandighede soortgelyk (maar nie identies nie) was, is die uitsprake taamlik uiteenlopend. In twee van die drie sake was die mandament onsuksesvol en is ’n grondwetlike besitsherstelremedie ontwikkel. In die derde geval was die mandament inderdaad suksesvol, hoewel die dakplate met plaasvervangende materiaal herstel moes word.
Die bydrae ontleed die drie sake in die lig van (a) die basiese beginsels van die mandament en die redes vir die remedie in die algemeen; en (b) die noodsaaklikheid (al dan nie) om die remedie te ontwikkel. Dit wil voorkom of die mandament toenemend aangewend word om ander oogmerke, byvoorbeeld grondwetlike beskerming teen uitsetting, te bereik. Dit is problematies in die lig daarvan dat die mandament nooit beoog het om substantiewe regte of, soos in hierdie gevalle, veilige grondbeheer (“secure tenure”) daar te stel nie. Wat egter duidelik na vore kom, is dat (a) die Uitsettingswet nie persone beskerm wat in dieselfde posisie as die respondente is nie omdat die Wet te reaktief is; en (b) dat die mandament steeds relevansie het deurdat alle rolspelers gedwing om aan ʼn formele proses wat by ʼn openbare forum afspeel, deel te neem. Solank as wat die leemtes in die Uitsettingswet voortbestaan, is die mandament relevant, nie net as besitsherstelremedie nie, maar ook as meganisme om die belange van kwesbares - veral by onwettige uitsetting - uit te lig
Hou my vas, Korporaal: Protesting masculinity in Héniel Fourie’s Toekoms Spoke/Future Ghosts: Stairways and Ruins
No full textIdealised notions of heteronormative militaristic masculinity, particularly during the so-called Border War in Southern Africa (1968-1990), were disseminated through South African Defence Force (SADF) publications like Paratus (1970-1994). Artist Héniel Fourie, in collaboration with Paula Kruger and Armand Aucamp, ostensibly problematises this heteronormative militaristic masculine idealisation in the short film Toekoms Spoke[sic]/Future Ghosts (2023) by reflecting on the narrative of an imagined conscript travelling on a train to join the SADF. In Toekoms Spoke/Future Ghosts, Fourie creatively examines the “burden” of mandatory military conscription and the idealisations of heteronormative militaristic masculinity espoused by the SADF. To analyse Fourie’s interpretation of the conscript’s defiant masculinity in the short film, I reference Michel Foucault’s The archaeology of knowledge (1972), where he provides a theoretical framework to analyse discourses. In this article, I argue that the conscript in Fourie’s Toekoms Spoke/Future Ghosts exhibits defiant masculinity in contrast to the heteronormative militaristic masculinity portrayed in the SADF magazine Paratus, by juxtaposing stills from Fourie’s short film with s elected front covers of Paratus
Navigating grief through contemporary commemorative art practice in the form of graphic tapestries: Stairways and Ruins
No full textIn this article, I discuss my artistic praxis following the production of two artworks, DVR (2023) and NVR (2023), exhibited for the themed exhibition, Stairways and Ruins, held at the North-West University (NWU) Gallery in 2023. These artworks function as a diptych – documenting, celebrating, and sharing information about my late parents. The significance of this practiceled research is found in the rhizomatic approach as a means to pay homage to them by creating “graphic tapestries”, which consist of printed paper weavings that portray visual timelines, comprising many photographs and blocks of personal information in each artwork. These are compared with works by Christina Thompson (Burial shroud 2019) and Lynette Diergaardt (Distraction 2015) to situate my works as contemporary commemorative art, drawing parallels and highlighting contrasts in the use of weaving in griefbased work. My artworks and research provide a unique perspective in contemporary commemorative art, through a rhizomatic and novel approach to combining mixed media in weaving
A health and wellness transformation programme to ensure optimal student performance and well-being within ICE environments
No full textIntroduction and aim: International research have identified numerous impacts of the COVID-19 circumstances on students, such as decreased activity, food insecurity and poor mental health. This paper proposes an intervention programme that universities could apply to prepare for similar future situations.
Methods: Design thinking and project management processes were integrated towards a proposed intervention to respond to the challenges found in the research study.
Results: Strategies were developed within two areas, awareness and communication, and resources. In the awareness and communication category the following strategies were suggested: increasing communication, awareness campaigns, developing skills/knowledge and ensuring adequate capacity. The resources category consisted of a wellness software application, an adequate, accessible food relief programme, and a wellness support programme. The proposed programme should be implemented according to the Nadler-Tushman (NT) model of congruence. The programme is adaptable, enabling institutions to respond in alignment with their specific contexts and ensure congruence amongst all elements.
Conclusion: A programme is proposed to institutions through reflection on their current support service structures, and amendment thereof to suit the specific circumstances. The proposed programme serves as a point of departure for institutions aiming to ensure student health and wellness, as well as academic performance during future ICE events. Furthermore, this programme contributes towards the third sustainable development goal: good health and wellbeing
Infringement of the right to goodwill; the basic legal principles in relation to South African case law: Skending van die Reg op Werfkrag; Die Basiese Regsbeginsels in Verband met Suid-Afrikaanse Regspraak
No full textOnregmatige mededinging in die Suid-Afrikaanse gemenereg is gegrond op die algemene beginsels van die deliktereg. Aanspreeklikheid word dus slegs bevind indien al die elemente bevredig word. Die beoordeling van aanspreeklikheid word gewoonlik gedoen teen die agtergrond van die ageerbare ommstandighede wat in respraak oorweeg is. Die gronde vir aanspreeklikheid vorm egter nie ’n numerus clausus nie. Aangesien die tempo waarteen nuwe gronde geïdentifiseer word in pas is met die gereeldheid van geskille wat voor die howe kom, is dit maar ’n stadige proses. Dit sou dus voordelig wees om ’n benadering gegrond op beginsels te ontwikkel om vas te stel watter handelinge of soorte gedrag tot aanspreeklikheid kan aanleiding gee. ’n Benadering gegrond op beginsels moet dus fokus op die indetifikasie van regtens afkeurenswaardige gedrag wat die reg op werfkrag skend en die bewys dat sodanige gedrag ondermatig is
Reflective journals as an assessment method in clinical legal education: Refleksiejoernale as ’n Assesseringsmetode in Kliniese Regsopleiding
No full textAlmal is dit eens dat die kliniese regsopleidingskursus nougeset geassesseer moet word indien dit kredietdraend is vir die verwerwing van die LLB-graad. Alhoewel verskeie vorme van assessering met welslae in kliniese regsopleiding toegepas kan word, konsentreer hierdie artikel bepaald op die gebruik van oordenkingsjoernale as assesseringsmetode. As agtergrond word daar eerstens in die breë tussen formatiewe en summatiewe assessering onderskei, waarna die riglyne vir assessering en puntetoekenning sowel as studente se ondervindings in dié verband bespreek en geëvalueer word. Oordenkingsjoernale word algemeen in buitelandse jurisdiksies as assesseringsmetode gebruik, maar die aanwending daarvan in Suid-Afrika is tot dusver nog beperk. Nadat regstudente aan die regskliniek van die Universiteit van die Witwaters-rand, Johannesburg, aan die einde van die akademiese jare 2009, 2010 en 2011 met behulp van vraelyste gevra is om hulle mening oor die moontlike ingebruikneming van sulke joernale te lug, is ’n proefprojek met oordenkingsjoernale dan ook in 2012 by dié instelling onderneem. Die terugvoering van die studente wat aan die proef deelgeneem het, word dus hier bespreek, en die beweegrede en metodes vir die gebruik van oordenkingsjoernale word voorts aangedui. Verdere kwessies wat aanboord kom, is terugvoering aan studente oor hul joernaalinskrywings, sowel as die vraag of hierdie inskrywings inderdaad geassesseer behoort te word. As ’n praktiese, waardebelaaide element, wat ook as grondslag vir verdere ondersoek en ontwikkelingswerk kan dien, doen die navorsers boonop ’n konsepstruktuur vir ’n instruktiewe refleksiejoernaal aan die hand. Die outeurs kom uiteindelik tot die gevolgtrekking dat hierdie vorm van assessering gepas sou wees vir gebruik in Suid-Afrikaanse kliniese regsopleidingsprogramme, veral ook gedagtig aan die unieke omgewings waarbinne ons regsklinieke funksioneer